The annoying fly and the grandiose spaceflight cause seem to have nothing to do with each other, but bionics has closely linked them. Flies are notorious "by the odor of the husband", wherever the smell of dirt, there are their traces. The fly's sense of smell is particularly sensitive, thousands of meters away from the smell can also be sniffed. But the fly does not have a "nose", it relies on what to act as a sense of smell? It turns out that the fly's "nose" - olfactory receptors are distributed in the head of a pair of antennae. [9] Each "nose" - olfactory receptors - is distributed in the head of a pair of antennae. [9] Each nose has only one nostril that is connected to the outside world and contains hundreds of olfactory nerve cells. If an odor enters the nostril, these nerves immediately convert the odor stimulus into electrical nerve impulses, which are sent to the brain. The brain can distinguish different odor substances according to the different nerve impulses generated by different odor substances. Thus, the fly's antennae act like a sensitive gas analyzer. Bionic scientists are inspired by this, according to the structure and function of the fly's olfactory organs, imitated into a very peculiar small gas analyzer. The "probe" of this instrument is not metal, but a live fly. It is a very thin microelectrode inserted into the fly's olfactory nerve, will lead out of the nerve electrical signals amplified by the electronic circuit, sent to the analyzer; analyzer once found the signal of the odorant material, it will be able to send out an alarm. This instrument has been installed in the cockpit of the spacecraft, used to detect the composition of the gas in the cabin. This small gas analyzer can also measure harmful gases in submarines and mines. The use of this principle can also be used to improve the input devices of computers and the structural principles of the relevant gas chromatography analyzers. From Fireflies to Artificial Cold Light
From Fireflies to Artificial Cold Light
Since mankind invented electric light, life has become much more convenient and abundant. But electric light can only turn a very small part of the electrical energy into visible light, most of the rest are wasted in the form of heat, and the heat rays of electric light are harmful to the human eye. So, is there a light source that only emits light and not heat? Human beings have turned their attention to nature again. In nature, there are many organisms can glow, such as bacteria, fungi, worms, mollusks, crustaceans, insects and fish, etc., and the light emitted by these animals do not produce heat, so it is also known as "cold light." Fireflies are one of the many animals that emit light. There are about 1,500 species of fireflies, which emit cold light in yellow-green, orange color, the brightness of the light also varies. Fireflies emit cold light not only has a high luminous efficiency, and emit cold light are generally very soft, very suitable for human eyes, the intensity of light is also relatively high. Therefore, biological light is an ideal light for humans. [10] Scientists have found that the luminescent apparatus of fireflies is located in the abdomen. This luminescent apparatus consists of three parts: the luminescent layer, the transparent layer and the reflective layer. The luminescent layer has thousands of light-emitting cells, all of which contain two substances, luciferin and luciferase. Under the action of luciferase, luciferin, with the participation of water in the cell, and oxidized to emit fluorescence. The glow of fireflies is essentially the process of converting chemical energy into light energy. As early as in the 1940s, people based on the study of fireflies, the creation of fluorescent lamps, so that the human lighting source has changed a lot. In recent years, scientists first isolated pure luciferin from the luminaries of fireflies, and later isolated luciferase, and then, artificially synthesized luciferin by chemical methods. By luciferin, luciferase, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and water mixed into the biological light source, can be full of explosive gas in the mine when the flash. Because this light has no power supply, does not produce magnetic fields, and therefore can be in the biological light source of illumination, do the work of removing magnetic mines and so on. Now, people have been able to use the method of doping certain chemicals to get a cold light similar to biological light, as security lighting.
Electric Fish and Volt Batteries
There are many creatures in nature that can generate electricity, and there are more than 500 species of fish alone. People will be able to discharge these fish, collectively referred to as "electric fish". A variety of electric fish discharge ability is different. The most powerful ones are the electric ray, electric catfish and electric eel. Medium-sized electric skate can produce about 70 volts of voltage, while the African electric skate can produce a voltage as high as 220 volts; African electric catfish can produce 350 volts of voltage; electric eel can produce 500 volts of voltage, there is a kind of South American electric eel can produce as high as 880 volts of voltage, called the electric shock champion, it is said to be able to kill as big as the horse as the animal. Electric fish discharge mystery in the end where? After an anatomical study of the electric fish, finally found in the body of the electric fish has a strange power generation organs. These generators are made up of many translucent disk-shaped cells called electric plates or electric plates. Due to the different species of electric fish, the shape, position and number of plates of the generator are not the same. The electric apparatus of the electric eel is prismatic and is located in the muscles on both sides of the tail spine; the electric apparatus of the electric ray is shaped like a flattened kidney and is arranged on both sides of the midline of the body,*** there are 2,000,000 electric plates; the electric apparatus of the electric catfish originates from a certain kind of gland, and is located between the skin and the muscles, and there are about 5,000,000 electric plates. The voltage produced by a single plate is very weak, but because there are many plates, the voltage produced is very large. This extraordinary ability of the electric fish has aroused great interest. in the early 19th century, the Italian physicist Volt, modeled on the electric fish's power generating organs, designed the world's first Volt battery. Because this battery is based on the electric fish's natural power generator design, so it is called "artificial electric organ". The study of the electric fish also gave people the revelation that if we could successfully imitate the electric organ of the electric fish, then the power problems of ships and submarines could be well solved.
The jellyfish's paramecium
In nature, jellyfish, as far back as more than 500 million years ago, they have been living in seawater. "But what does a jellyfish have to do with a paramecium?" One would certainly ask such a question. This is because jellyfish swarm to the sea before a storm arrives, signaling that a storm is approaching. But what does this have to do with the "wind ear"? It turns out that in the blue ocean, the infrasound (frequency of 8-13 Hz) generated by the friction of air and waves is a preview of the coming storm. This infrasound, the human ear can not hear, but for jellyfish is easy to do. Scientists have found that the jellyfish's ear grows a thin handle, a small ball on the handle, the ball has a small hearing stone. Imitating the structure and function of the jellyfish's ear, scientists designed the Jellyfish Ear Storm Predictor, which quite accurately mimics the jellyfish's organ that feels infrasound.
Skill-training giraffes and astronauts in weightlessness
The ability of giraffes to transport blood through their long necks to their heads is due to the giraffe's high blood pressure. It has been determined that giraffe blood pressure is two times higher than normal blood pressure in humans. Why doesn't such high blood pressure cause giraffes to suffer from cerebral hemorrhage and die? It has to do with the structure of the giraffe's body. First of all, the giraffe blood vessels around the muscle is very developed, can compress the blood vessels, control blood flow; at the same time, the giraffe legs and the whole body of the skin and fascia taut, conducive to the lower limbs of the blood upward return. Scientists thus inspired, in the training of astronauts on, set up a special device, so that astronauts use this device to exercise a few hours a day, in order to prevent the astronauts around the blood vessels muscle degradation; in the spaceship lift-off, scientists according to the giraffe use of the principle of taut skin can control the pressure of blood vessels, the development of the flight suit - "anti-load suit". The anti-load suit is equipped with an inflatable device, as the speed of the spacecraft increases, the anti-load suit can be filled with a certain amount of gas, thus generating a certain pressure on the blood vessels, so that the astronaut's blood pressure to remain normal. At the same time, the astronauts below the abdomen is set into a sealed device to remove the air, which can reduce the astronauts legs blood pressure, and facilitate the upper part of the body to the lower limbs of the blood transfer.
Eggshells and thin-shell construction
Eggshells are arched, spanning a large distance, and include many mechanical principles. Although it is only 2 mm thick, it is difficult to break it with a hammer. Architects have imitated it by designing thin-shell buildings. These buildings have many advantages: they use less material, have larger spans, and are stronger and more durable. Thin-shelled buildings are not always arched, and the world-famous Sydney Opera House resembles a set of sails at anchor in a harbor.
Structural members
For members, placing the material as far away from the center and axis as possible, given the same cross-sectional area, is an effective cross-sectional shape. Interestingly, this conclusion is also reflected in the organization of many plants and animals in nature. For example, "a swift wind is a strong wind," and the stems of many plants that can withstand gusts of wind are vascular structures with hollow cross sections. Bones that support weight-bearing and movement in humans have a cross-section of dense bone mass distributed around the perimeter, while soft marrow fills the inner cavity. Hollow floor slabs, box beams, sheet metal beams with work-shaped cross section, as well as folded plate structures and space thin-walled structures, which are often used in building structures, are based on this conclusion.
Zebra
Zebra lives in the African continent, the appearance of the general horse is no different, the stripes on their bodies are adapted to the survival of the environment and the derivation of the protective color. Among all zebras, the fine zebra grows the largest and most beautiful. Its shoulder height is 140-160 centimeters, its ears are round and large, and its stripes are fine and numerous. The zebra is often seen outside with the savannah antelope, oryx, gazelle and ostrich*** to defend itself against natural enemies. The human zebra stripes applied to the military is a is a very successful example of bionics.
Insects and bionics
Insects are small in size, huge in variety and number, accounting for more than 75% of all existing animals, and are found all over the world. They have their own survival skills, some of which are inferior to those of humans. People's use of natural resources in a wider and wider range, especially any achievements in bionics, are from a certain characteristic of living things, this paper briefly introduces insects and bionics. （Butterflies and bionics
Butterflies and bionics Colorful butterflies, such as the moonlight crested butterfly and the brown-veined golden-spotted butterfly, especially the glow-winged crested butterfly, whose hindwings are sometimes golden yellow, sometimes emerald green, and sometimes change from purple to blue under the sunlight. The study of butterfly colors has brought great benefits to military defense. During World War II, the Germans surrounded Leningrad and attempted to destroy its military targets and other defenses with bombers. Based on the lack of understanding of camouflage at the time, the Soviet entomologist Schwanwitch proposed to cover military facilities with butterfly-like camouflage using the idea that butterfly colors are not easy to detect in flowers. As a result, despite all the efforts of the German army, the military bases in Leningrad remained safe and sound, laying a solid foundation for the final victory. Based on the same principle, camouflage clothing was later produced, greatly reducing casualties in combat. [11] Artificial satellites in space due to constant changes in location can cause sudden changes in temperature, sometimes the temperature difference can be as high as two or three hundred degrees, seriously affecting the normal work of many instruments. Scientists are inspired by the butterfly scales will automatically change the angle with the direction of sunlight and regulate the body temperature, the temperature control system of the satellite made of the front and back of the blade radiation, heat dissipation ability of a large difference in the style of the shutters, in the rotating position of each window is installed in the temperature-sensitive wire, with the temperature can be adjusted to open and close the window, thus maintaining the internal temperature of the satellite constant, solving a major problem in the aerospace industry. This has solved one of the major problems in the space industry. Beetle and bionic air step beetle self-defense, can be sprayed with a bad smell of high-temperature liquid "shells" to confuse, stimulate and frighten the enemy. Scientists will be dissected and found that the beetle body has three small chambers, respectively, stored binary phenol solution, hydrogen peroxide and biological enzymes. Binary phenol and hydrogen peroxide flow to the third chamber and biological enzymes mixed with the chemical reaction, instantly become 100 ℃ venom, and quickly shot. This principle is now used in military technology. During the Second World War, the German Nazis, in order to meet the needs of the war, created a new type of engine with great power and safe and reliable performance according to this mechanism and installed it on the flying missiles, which made the flight speed faster, safer and more stable, and increased the hitting rate, and London, the United Kingdom suffered heavy losses in the bombardment by it. American military experts were inspired by the principle of beetle spraying to develop an advanced binary weapon. This kind of weapon will be two or more kinds of chemical substances that can produce poisonous agents in two separate containers, after the shell is fired the diaphragm rupture, two kinds of poisonous agent intermediate in the projectile flying within 8-10 seconds of mixing and reacting, in the moment of arriving at the target to generate lethal agent to kill the enemy. They are easy to produce, store and transport, safe and resistant to failure. Fireflies can convert chemical energy directly into light energy, and the conversion efficiency of 100%, while the luminous efficiency of ordinary electric lamps only 6%. People imitate the firefly's light-emitting principle made of cold light source can increase the luminous efficiency more than ten times, greatly saving energy. In addition, according to the beetle's visual reaction mechanism of the successful development of air-to-ground speedometer has been successfully used in aviation. Dragonflies and bionics The dragonfly can generate a localized unstable airflow different from the surrounding atmosphere through the vibration of its wings, and the well uses the vortex generated by the airflow to make itself rise. Dragonflies can fly with very little thrust, not only forward, but also backward and to the left and right sides of the flight, and its forward flight speed of up to 72km / h. In addition, the dragonfly's flight behavior is simple and easy to understand. In addition, the flight behavior of the dragonfly is simple, only by two pairs of wings constantly flapping. Scientists have successfully developed helicopters based on this structure. When the airplane is flying at a high speed, it often causes violent vibration, and even sometimes breaks the wings and causes the airplane to crash. The dragonfly relies on the weighted wing moles in high-speed flight, so people follow the dragonfly in the two wings of the airplane with a balance weight, to solve the high-speed flight caused by vibration of this thorny problem. Flies and Bionics Entomologists discovered that the hind wings of a fly degenerate into a pair of balance rods. When it flies, the balance rods vibrate mechanically at a certain frequency, which can regulate the direction of movement of the wings and is a navigator to keep the fly's body balanced. Scientists according to this principle developed into a new generation of navigators - vibration gyroscope, greatly improving the flight performance of the aircraft LlJ, can make the aircraft automatically stop the dangerous tumbling flight, in the body of a strong tilt can also automatically restore balance, even if the aircraft in the most complex sharp turn is also foolproof. The fly's compound eye contains 4,000 independently imaged individual eyes that can see almost 360 degrees. In the fly's eye inspiration, people made by 1329 pieces of small lenses composed of a time can shoot 1329 high-resolution photographs of the fly's eye camera, in the military, medicine, aviation, aerospace is widely used. The fly's sense of smell is particularly sensitive and can quickly analyze dozens of odors and can immediately respond. Scientists according to the structure of the fly's olfactory organs, a variety of chemical reactions into electrical impulses, made of very sensitive small gas analyzers, has been widely used in spaceships, submarines and mines and other places to detect the composition of the gas, so that scientific research, production of a more accurate and reliable safety factor. Bee and Bionic Beehive by a neatly arranged six-pronged cylindrical hive composed of small, each small hive at the bottom of the rhombus by the same three components, these structures and modern mathematicians precisely calculated - rhombus obtuse angle of 109. 28', acute angle of 70. 32' exactly the same, is the same as the rhombus obtuse angle of 70. 32', is a very sensitive small gas analyzers. These structures are exactly the same as those precisely calculated by modern mathematicians - 109.28' for the obtuse angle of the rhombus and 70.32' for the acute angle - and are the most material-saving structures, with a large capacity and great solidity, which have made many experts marvel. People imitate its structure and make honeycomb sandwich structure boards with various materials, which are strong, lightweight, and not easy to conduct sound and heat, and are ideal materials for construction and manufacturing of space planes, spaceships, and artificial satellites. Each single eye of the compound eye of the honeybee is arranged adjacent to the polarizer that is very sensitive to the direction of polarized light, and can use the sun to accurately locate. According to this principle, scientists have successfully developed a polarized light navigator, which has long been widely used in navigation.
Other insects and bionic
The flea's jumping instincts are very strong, aviation experts on this. Biologists through the study of spider silk to create advanced silk thread, tear-resistant parachutes and temporary suspension bridges with high-strength cables. Boats and submarines came from people imitating fish and dolphins. Rattlesnake missiles and other modern weapons developed by scientists imitating the snake's "hot eye" function and the principle of natural infrared sensing ability of a camera-like device arranged on its tongue. Rocket lift-off is the use of jellyfish, cuttlefish recoil principle. Researchers have developed a lot of military camouflage equipment for troops by studying the color-changing ability of chameleons. Scientists studied the eyes of frogs and invented the electronic frog eye. Termites not only use adhesive to build their mounds, they can also spray adhesive at their enemies through small tubes in their heads. So the same principle was used to create a working weapon - a quick-drying adhesive shell. The United States Air Force through the viper's "hot eye" function, research and development of a miniature thermal sensor. China's textile scientists and technicians use the principle of bionics, drawing on the fur structure of land animals, designed a KEG thermal insulation fabric, and has the function of windproof and moisture conduction. According to the principle that rattlesnake's cheek sockets can feel the temperature change of 0.001℃, human beings invented the rattlesnake missile for tracking and chasing. Humans also designed the toad rammer by utilizing the principle of frog jumping. Humans imitated the police dog's highly sensitive sense of smell made for the detection of the "electronic police dog". Scientists made the world's first gas masks based on the boar's peculiar ability to detect poison with its snout. Bionics is a method that has been used by mankind, such as imitating the dolphin skin and the construction of the "dolphin skin swimsuit", scientists study the whale's skin, and found that there is a ditch on the structure of the canal, so there is a scientist in accordance with the whale skin structure, resulting in a thin film masked on the surface of the aircraft, according to experiments can save 3% of the energy if the country's airplanes are masked with such a surface, can save tens of millions of dollars a year. If all airplanes in the country are covered with such a surface, billions of dollars can be saved every year. Another example is that some scientists study spiders, found that the spider's legs do not have muscles, legged animals will walk, mainly by muscle contraction, now the spider does not have muscles why will walk? After studying the spider is not by muscle contraction to walk, but by which the "hydraulic" structure to walk, according to which people invented the hydraulic walker ...... In short, from the natural world to get inspiration, imitation of the structure of the invention. This is bionics. This is one aspect of what we learn from nature.
Giraffe - load-resistant suit
Sea mother - storm checker
Lobster - odor detector
Airplane - geese
Robot - People
Butterflies: camouflage clothing
Beetles: armored cars
Duck flippers: scullboards
Flies: compound-eye cameras