China's aerospace industry, "two bombs and one star" has made great progress, China's first atomic bomb exploded successfully on October 16, 1964, China's first hydrogen bomb exploded successfully in 1967, which is the famous "two bombs". 1970 China's first artificial Earth satellite "Dongfang Hongyi", the first artificial Earth satellite "Dongfang Hongyi". China's first artificial Earth satellite "Dongfanghong No. 1" into space orbit, announcing China's entry into the aviation era. The two bombs and one star were recorded in history. After more than 10 years of efforts, according to the needs of spaceflight, China has successfully developed four series of rockets, namely Long March I, Long March II, Long March III and Long March IV. "China successfully developed four series of rockets, and later developed nine types of rockets. 1999, "Shenzhou" manned space test spacecraft was successfully launched, and in 2003, "Shenzhou" No. 5 rode on Yang Liwei, which created a new era of China's aerospace industry. In 2005, Shenzhou VI sent two astronauts, Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng, into space, and in 2008, three astronauts, Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng, successfully completed their space mission on board Shenzhou VII, taking the first step in Chinese spacewalking. China became the third country in the world, after the Soviet Union and the United States, to send human beings into space. "Chang'e-1" is another feat in the space industry, and the successful launch of China's first lunar probe satellite "Chang'e-1" in 2007 has become a new milestone in China's space industry.
China's entry into the Internet era is a major social change, in 1986, Chinese scientists launched the China Academic Network, in 1994, China's realization of a full-featured connection with the international network, becoming a member of the international Internet family, Chinese society into the era of informatization, the establishment of China's Ministry of Information Industry in 1998, the total number of Chinese netizens in 2005 exceeded the one hundred million mark, ranking second in the world. Everyone can go online to send e-mail, video communication, access to information, online trading? can have blogs and personal web pages, China's Internet and social informatization has made world-renowned achievements.
The achievements in education, health and culture are enormous, and the country has implemented the strategy of developing the country through science and education. The country has popularized nine-year compulsory education, vigorously developed high school education, and basically formed a vocational education system with a complete structure and specialties. Higher education, the State launched the "211 Project", educational reforms in a comprehensive manner, the establishment of a set of awards, loans, grants, supplements, "remission" of the financial assistance to help students in need of policy system. In recent years, China's institutions of higher learning more than 20 million undergraduates and graduates of colleges and universities, 170 times more than in 1949. 2008 graduates of colleges and universities amounted to 5.5 million people, more than 1.1 million postgraduates, for the modern construction of the delivery of specialized personnel.
After the founding of New China, the Party and the government have prioritized people's health and life safety. The average life expectancy of the nation has increased from 35 years before liberation to 72 years, the health level of the 1.3 billion people is close to that of developed countries, the basic medical insurance system for urban workers has been set up and a new rural cooperative medical system launched, a large number of hygienic towns and villages have sprung up across the country, and medical and healthcare facilities are constantly being improved. China has basically solved the health problems of the world's most populous country. The annual report of the World Health Organization notes that the health of the Chinese people is generally at the forefront of developing countries. At the same time, China has formed a modernized radio and television network covering the largest population in the world, with a comprehensive population coverage rate of 94 percent, covering more than 1.2 billion people.
Sports are flourishing, moving into the ranks of sports powerhouses. National implementation of the "Comprehensive Fitness Program Outline" and "Olympic Games Program Outline", in 2001, China's bid to host the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games was successful. Realize the 100-year Olympic Games and fulfill the dream of 100 years. Let the world feel the improvement of China's national soft power, in 2008 China and the successful hosting of the Olympic Games, so that the world applauded for China, the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games Chinese athletes won 51 gold, 21 silver, 28 bronze, listed in the first place on the gold medal list, the year Chinese athletes*** won 120 world championships, there are 11 people, 2 teams, 16 times 16 world records.
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I. Biotechnology
--Bioscience
(1)
In 1965, our scientists successfully synthesized the
insulin artificially after deciphering the bovine insulin gene for the first time in the world. Tiselius, chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee, commented on this, saying, "More convincing
than nuclear power is insulin. For one can learn to make an atomic bomb from a book, but one cannot learn to make
insulin from a book ......"
(2)
On April 15, 1998, the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) again succeeded in using genetic methods to recombine human insulin .
(3)
On March 9, 1984, China's young scholars Xuyi Gan, in cooperation with Japanese scholars, bred the world's first "
test-tube goats", and in 1989, "test-tube sheep" was successfully bred.
(4)
Yuan Longping, known worldwide as the "father of hybrid rice", was the first in the world to breed indica-type hybrid
rice in 1973. The impact of hybrid rice continued into the 1990s.
--Genetic engineering
(5)
Starting in 1980, a major breakthrough was achieved in the research on transgenic sheep containing human coagulation factor IX in their milk, conducted by the Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics in cooperation with the Institute of Genetics of Fudan University, which placed China's transgenic sheep technology
The research on transgenic sheep containing human coagulation factor IX in milk, conducted by the Institute of Genetics of Fudan University, has achieved a major breakthrough, placing China's transgenic sheep technology at the leading international level.
(6)
A kind of transgenic pig with low growth consumption, good meat quality and strong disease resistance has been successfully cultivated by the Institute of Animal Husbandry of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and the total efficiency of its gene importation is 2.1%, which is more than double that of foreign countries, and exceeds the international advanced level.
(7)
In terms of genetic drugs, in 1988, China successfully developed a genetically engineered vaccine for hepatitis B. In 1992, China successfully developed
a number of genetically engineered drugs, such as synthetic interferon, which is a special therapeutic effect in the treatment of hepatitis A and hepatitis C, and some of the drugs have been introduced into the market. Second, agricultural technology
(8)
As early as 1956, farmer breeders in Guangdong Province bred China's first large-scale dissemination of short-straw indica
good seed. Since then, with the breeding and promotion of a series of dwarf varieties, in 1965, China's southern rice areas basically
realized the dwarfization of indica rice, and the yield per acre was increased from 200-2 50 kilograms to 300-350 kilograms.
(9)
In the 1990s, China's agricultural scientists and technicians used modern biotechnology to isolate and clone the light-sensitive nuclear sterility gene, and further
developed the two-line method hybrid rice technology using only male sterile and maintained lines. In the national large-scale
trial planting, it showed high-yield, high-quality and multi-resistant characteristics, with an average yield of up to 11,250 kilograms per hectare.
(10)
In November 1995, the State Key Laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CASA) Plant Protection Institute and the Department of Biology of Shandong University jointly bred
gong the world's first strain of transgenic wheat varieties resistant to barley dwarf virus.
(11)
In July 1997, Huang Dainian, a researcher at the China Rice Research Institute (CRI), and his scientific research collaborators successfully
transferred a herbicide-resistant gene into rice and applied it to hybrid rice after years of research.
(12)
In October 1997, Guo Sandui of the Biotechnology Center of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences succeeded in developing China's first bivalent insect-resistant cotton
.
(13)
In September 1998, Gao Mingyu, a professor at the Institute of Nuclear Agriculture of Zhejiang Agricultural University, led a group that utilized the Agrobacterium-mediated method to
breed the first successful transgenic stem borer-resistant strain of stem borer rice in the world.
In addition, China has also made
great achievements in laser breeding, radiation mutagenesis breeding, space breeding and other advanced technologies. Third, industrial technology
(14) In July 1956, the Shenyang Aircraft Factory successfully test-produced China's first jet aircraft.
(15) In July 1957, Kunming Machine Tool Factory test production success of China's first high-precision electric should coordinate boring machine.
(16)
October 1957, Anshan Iron and Steel Second Primary Rolling Mill trial production success of China's first 1150 mm primary rolling mill.
(17)
In June 1958, Changchun No. 1 Automobile Manufacturing Plant successfully test-produced China's first domestic premium sedan.
(18)
In April 1961, Shanghai Jiangnan Shipyard successfully manufactured China's first 10,000-ton hydraulic press.
Four, communication technology
--Large-scale computers
(19)
In December 1983, the Computer Research Institute of the National University of Defense Technology (NUDT) developed a large-scale computing named "Galaxy".
machine system. From then on, China stepped into the ranks of the world's development of giant machines.
(20) In October 1993, the Dawning One large parallel computer was successfully developed.
--Microelectronics Technology
(21)
Since the first successful research and development of monolithic integrated circuits in 1965, several key research and production bases for integrated circuits have been established. Now it can produce 250 million circuits annually, with a growth rate of 45%. "At the end of the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the mass production of integrated circuits was at the level of 1-1.5 microns, and the level of research was at 0.8 microns, with results achieved in the pre-production of 0.5-0.6 micron industrial
technology.
--Intelligent robots
(22)
Currently, China has developed successful intelligent robots are: mobile work robots in the nuclear industry; wall climbing
walking robots; mobile robots working in harsh outdoor environments; underwater 1000 meters and 6000 meter cable-free robots
......
--Laser technology
(23)
After more than 10 years of research, China has made great progress in the fields of X-ray, oxygen-iodine chemical laser, free-electron laser, high-power solid-state titanium laser, and laser technology.
The research on X-ray, oxygen-iodine chemical laser, free-electron laser, high-power solid titanium laser and excimer laser has reached or approached the international advanced level.
--Three major high-energy physics research devices
(24)
In the 1980s, China successively built three major high-energy physics research devices--Beijing Positive and Negative Electron Collider, Lan
zhou Heavy Ion Accelerator and Hefei Synchrotron Radiation Device.
--New Material Technology
(25) Following a few countries such as the United States and Germany, scientists in China have developed micro-alloyed steel.
(26)
China is now able to pull large-diameter silicon single crystals with a diameter of 300 millimeters and a weight of 81 kilograms. The actual information
written at the international leading level.
(27) Performance in energy, ceramics, superconductivity and other materials has reached the world's advanced level.
V. Two bombs and one star and space technology
- two bombs and one star
(28)
October 16, 1964, China's first atomic bomb exploded successfully, the world was shocked; in 1967, our
country's first hydrogen bomb exploded successfully In 1967, China's first hydrogen bomb was successfully exploded. This is China's famous "two bombs". And on April 24, 1970, China's first
An artificial satellite sang "Dongfanghong" and flew out of the earth into space. Since then, "two bombs and one star" was written
into the history of science and technology of the new China.
(29) In 1960, China's first close-range surface-to-surface missile was successfully developed.
--Long March series of rockets
(30)
China began to develop large-scale launch vehicle technology in the early 1960s, and the successful launch of a large-scale launch vehicle into the Pacific Ocean in May 1980
marked that China's launch vehicle technology had reached a new level. The launch of a large launch vehicle to the Pacific Ocean in May 1980 was a success, marking a new level of China's launch vehicle technology.
(31)
On September 20, 1981, China used a large rocket for the first time to send three satellites with different purposes into the Earth orbit
channel, successfully realizing the feat of multiple stars in one arrow.
(32)
According to the needs of space transportation, China successfully developed the Long March I, Long March II, Long March
III, Long March III and Long March III. At present, China's Long March rocket family has developed
into a series of rockets with nine models, making foreign countries realize China's spaceflight capacity and level, marking a solid foundation for Chinese
national spaceflight technology.
-- Artificial Earth satellites
(33)
On April 24, 1970, China carried out the first launch of an artificial Earth satellite, successfully sending the first satellite
into the predetermined orbit.
On March 3, 1972, China launched a second November 1975
16, China's first return remote sensing satellite launched successfully. VI. Energy Technology
--Peaceful Utilization of Nuclear Energy
(34) In October 1966, China's first experimental launch of a missile nuclear weapon was successful.
(35) In August 1971, the first nuclear submarine made by China itself was launched.
(36)
In June 1958, with the help of the former Soviet Union, China built its first experimental atomic reactor. Qinshan Nuclear Power Station in Zhejiang
Province is the first nuclear power plant designed and built by China itself. It adopts the world's mature technology,
safe and reliable pressurized water reactor type, and adopts the safety design standard which has been tested in practice. 1984, the construction started, and in 1991
December, it was completed and connected to the grid for the first time to generate electricity. So far, China has two nuclear power plants, Qinshan and Daya Bay in Guangdong, and the country
proposes to build four more nuclear power projects in the near future.
(37)
In addition, China is also developing several other nuclear reactors: 1, Tsinghua University Nuclear Energy Design and Research Institute has developed
successful 5 megawatts of nuclear heat reactor; 2, 600,000 kilowatts of advanced pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant AC600, is currently being developed by the China
Nuclear Power Research and Design Institute; 3, 10 megawatts of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor Experimental reactor development and development, is currently being carried out at the Nuclear Energy Design and Research Institute of Tsinghua University
; 4, fast breeder reactor nuclear power plant is expected to be put into commercial
operation in 2020 or so; 5, fusion reactor nuclear power plant manufacturers since 1958, is now included in the "863 program".
--Other new energy
(38)
Magnetic fluid power generation has been studied since the 1960s, and in the 1980s, three research bases of a certain scale have been established
, and this project has been included in the "863 Program".
This project has been included in the "863 Program", which plans to build a 2 MW coal-fired magnetic fluid power
electricity and a steam combined cycle experimental device at the end of this century.
(39)
The development of solar power generation began in 1958, and there are now about 38 units and universities engaged in photovoltaic research
and and development work. Since the commercialization of terrestrial solar cells began in 1976, there are now **** 12 production lines or factories for
terrestrial solar cells.
(40)
Wind power generation in the northern regions of the three northern and southeastern coastal and island development is rapid, the introduction of Shandong Rongcheng City in 1986
3 generator sets, composed of China's first wind power station in 1991 with Germany *** with the completion of the construction of Zhejiang Shengsi wind
power plant, and grid power are running well.
(41)
Biomass energy is in recent years, the Chinese government to take "local conditions, complementary energy, rational use, and seek efficiency
benefit" policy, and vigorously develop rural energy, and has achieved significant results.
(42)
Geothermal energy, China's Tibet has built the use of geothermal power generation Yangbajing geothermal power station, power generation capacity
for 27,000 kilowatts.
(43)
China has built several experimental tidal energy power stations in the southeast coastal area, with an installed capacity of 40-640 kilowatts. VI
Scientific Expeditions
-- Scientific Expeditions to Qinghai-Tibet
(44)
China's scientific expeditions to the Tibetan Plateau region have been going on uninterruptedly since the 1960s. in the 60s and 70s
Generation The two scientific expeditions to the Mount Everest area and the comprehensive scientific expedition to the Tibetan Plateau of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the 1970s
, a comprehensive and systematic investigation of the Tibet Autonomous Region, published 46 ****56 volumes of works.
Since 1973, several generations of Chinese scientists have gone to the Grand Canyon eight times to carry out scientific investigations, and have gained a new understanding of the history of the formation of the Grand Canyon, its resources and environment, and its interrelationship with human beings and natural resources.
--Oceanic and Polar Scientific Expeditions
(45)
In 1970, the vessel Xiangyang Hong 5 conducted the first comprehensive survey of a specific oceanic area in the Pacific Ocean, and obtained the results of the ocean gravity
, magnetic force, water depth, geology, hydrology and other multi-disciplinary valuable information. In May 1980, Xiangyanghong 5 went to the Pacific Ocean to carry out its mission to explore the "El Ni?o" phenomenon, contributing to China's marine cause, national defense construction and international cooperation in the oceans.
(46)
In the mid-1980s, China began polar expeditions; on December 30, 1984, China's first Antarctic expedition boarded
George Island and established the Chinese Antarctic Changcheng Station, which was inaugurated on February 20, 1985, and on September 26, 1989, the Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan Station was inaugurated on the Antarctic continent.
(47) In June 1999, China made its first expedition to the North Pole.
--Paleontological Fossil Expedition
(48)
In 1984-1995, Chinese scientists discovered a large number of fossilized fauna in Chenggang, Yunnan Province, which revealed the suddenness of biological evolution
, and provided a new perspective to the traditional "gradualism". "
In 1984-1995, scientists in China discovered a large number of fossilized fauna in Chengjiang, Yunnan Province, revealing the suddenness of biological evolution, which challenged the traditional Darwinian theory of evolution represented by the theory of gradualism, and was called one of the most astonishing discoveries of the twentieth century by the international scientific community.
(49)
In 1997, scientists in China examined the Precambrian phosphorus-bearing strata in urnan, Guizhou, and found a large number of miniature multicellular
animals and grater embryo fossils, which pushed the time of the origin of the animals forward by 50,000,000 years, and once again made a major breakthrough in the study of the early animals
.
--Xia Shang Zhou Dating Project
(50)
The Xia Shang Zhou Dating Project is a large-scale project combining natural sciences with social and humanities sciences to solve the problem of dating the three generations
. The project set nine topics, 40 themes, and 170 scholars have made fruitful achievements in literature,
astronomy, archaeology, and paleography after a joint expedition, and these achievements will be a new starting point for the study of ancient Chinese civilization toward the 21st century
.
The above is from Baidu