Overview
SARS is an acute respiratory infection. The World Health Organization (WHO) announced its name as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) on March 15. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS). SARS is caused by a new pathogen. Its main clinical manifestation is pneumonia. There is a significant clustering phenomenon in families and hospitals. There are currently cases in some areas of the country.
Atypical pneumonia is actually a group of pneumonia that is different from the so-called typical pneumonia caused by bacteria. It once generally referred to pneumonia caused by pathogens other than bacteria. Now it mainly refers to acute respiratory infections accompanied by pneumonia caused by mycoplasma, chlamydia, Legionella, rickettsia, adenovirus and other unknown microorganisms. These pathogens are also called atypical pathogens. SARS is mainly spread through close air droplets and close contact. It is an acute respiratory infectious disease with relatively strong contagiousness.
Pathogen
The World Health Organization announced that it has officially confirmed that a variant of the coronavirus is the pathogen that causes SARS. Scientists say that the mutant coronavirus is related to the influenza virus, but it is very unique and has never been found in humans before. Scientists named it "SARS virus" (SARS is the English abbreviation of the scientific name of "SARS"). Hong Kong health experts have ruled out the possibility that it is related to influenza A and B viruses, and has no connection with the H5N1 avian influenza virus that emerged in 1997. SARS is usually caused by viruses, such as influenza, adenovirus and other respiratory viruses, according to Hong Kong health officials. SARS can also be caused by organisms.
SARS is a new respiratory infectious disease caused by a variant coronavirus (SARS virus). "It is round in the middle, with gray shadows around it, and the outermost parts are protrusions that are close together." Everything can be seen clearly under the electron microscope, and the virus looks "a bit like the hat on the head of the Statue of Liberty," he said. Called 'coronavirus' or 'coronavirus'. It is basically confirmed to be the pathogen of SARS."
Etiological research trends
Section the ground lung specimen. The extract was injected into mouse brains, chicken embryos and cells cultured in vitro. ""Mouse, chicken embryo, cell" are three different virus cultures. After 30 hours, except for chicken embryos, the other two pathogenic cultures have changed: "8 out of 10 mice vaccinated with the virus All showed pathogenic reactions, and 2 of them died. "The lesions of the cells were also significant. "The cells under the electron microscope showed a network structure of lesions." Since this was the first vaccination, various changes had not yet shown a certain regularity. Next, we must continue to detect the pathogenic bacteria. The mouse lung section extracts were then used to infect more mice and cells to obtain a more stable pathogen. 7 days later, the "coronavirus" was seen in the electron microscope.
"Coronavirus is not new. Rare viruses, but all three coronaviruses currently found in humans can only cause common colds, mild coughs and fevers, and rarely cause pneumonia complications and death. These are all incompatible with the highly contagious nature of SARS. It is very different from lethality.
Thirty sera from SARS patients were collected, and the isolated virus was tested with these 30 sera using the 'immunofluorescence method'. The results showed that 23 of the sera were positive, which directly demonstrated that the coronavirus The virus is most closely related to the pathogen of SARS. The reverse transcription PCR method to determine the DNA sequence of the virus showed that the isolated pathogen has 64% homology with the known coronavirus genes. So what is the reason for the 36% difference? While this basically confirms the pathogen of SARS, it also shows that this coronavirus is a completely new species after genetic mutation.
Based on the characteristics of this coronavirus invading the human body, it is recommended that the public wash hands frequently, which may be more important than wearing a mask. Because this virus can survive in the air for 4 to 5 hours, hands will become their attachment bodies, and hands often come into contact with eyes, mouth and other body parts. The coat protein of these mucosal tissues will become a coronavirus and interact with human cells. Binding receptors then become a channel for the virus to enter the human body.
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And how does this genetic change occur? In a simple overnight experiment on April 11, the coronavirus that was isolated in February and fatal to mice was transformed into A virus that infects cat cells. This result supports the inference that the pathogen of SARS may have been generated when animal and human viruses met and gene exchange occurred. The isolated coronavirus was introduced into a gene fragment of the feline coronavirus. Encoding a coat protein that recognizes and helps penetrate cat cells, the coronavirus demonstrated that after a few hours, the coat protein genes of some virions from the mouse coronavirus changed to cat coat genes and could infect cat cells. The ability to reorganize genes in this way is unusual. Coronaviruses can easily change their infection hosts through genetic changes. It is also possible that the SARS virus mutated into a more deadly form after existing animals were exchanged and infected with humans.
The next step is to establish an "animal experimental model" to provide conclusive evidence for the final confirmation of the coronavirus, complete all experiments of virus genetic sequence sequencing, and truly understand the ins and outs of the pathogen.
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China releases a map of the coronavirus that is responsible for "SARS"
A map of the coronavirus that is responsible for "SARS"
A map of the coronavirus that is responsible for "SARS"
Epidemiology
SARS Epidemiology
SARS is a new disease first discovered in Guangdong Province, China. The earliest cases appeared in mid-November 2002. 17 countries have reported cases of SARS.
WHO is investigating the current widespread epidemic and will release accurate information at an appropriate time to avoid untrue information.
The health department announced that there are currently 2,781 cases of SARS and 111 deaths. The mortality rate of possible SARS cases worldwide is 4%.
Most SARS cases occur in young adults. Medical staff, their family members, social contacts, and international travelers are mostly in this age group. Based on current data, children are less likely to be infected by SARS than adults.
Transmission is most common through close contact, including exposure to infectious droplets and direct contact with infectious body fluids.
The incidence of SARS peaked in China in February, and new cases have been reported since then. As of today, there are 1,290 cases of SARS in mainland China and 55 deaths.
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is the region with the worst SARS outbreak after mainland China, with a total of 998 cases and 30 deaths. The peak of the disease was the outbreak at Tao Da Garden Residence Apartments from March 27 to April 1. Infections among medical staff are still occurring. Health authorities in Hong Kong are strengthening infection control and corresponding community prevention measures.
There are 97 possible SARS cases in Canada and 10 deaths. As of today the outbreak is mostly confined to Toronto. Epidemiological investigation of all cases showed that they were related to a medical institution or had close contact with cases confirmed to be SARS. Canadian outbreaks show higher mortality among patients who are older and often have chronic medical conditions.
The effective implementation of infection control and public health measures in Vietnam has enabled the disease outbreak in Hanoi to be well controlled. Few new cases of disease transmission have been reported after March 24. There have been four deaths since the outbreak of the disease on February 26.
The disease outbreak in Singapore reached its peak in mid-March, and new cases have gradually declined since then, including cluster outbreaks among medical staff, inpatients and visitors at two hospitals. As of April 10, there were 126 cases and 9 deaths. Singapore is currently investigating a new cluster disease outbreak at the Singapore General Hospital. This outbreak involves 52 people, all from two wards 57 and 58, including 19 possible cases and 33 suspected cases. The source of this outbreak was a patient who was treated in the hospital for chronic diseases unrelated to SARS on March 24. Since the patient had no obvious symptoms of SARS at the time, he was not isolated in time according to corresponding measures.
The number of cases in the United States continues to rise, reaching 154. The number of cases in the United States includes probable and suspected cases. There are currently very few cases of infection from patients in the United States to health care workers.
There have been no deaths so far. The definition of "affected" areas is updated daily based on the latest case numbers and disease transmission patterns. Epidemiological data show that all new cases can be traced to travel to "affected" areas or direct contact with patients diagnosed with SARS.
It is highly contagious and is mainly spread through short-distance droplet transmission, contact with respiratory secretions of patients and close contact. The population is generally susceptible, and medical staff are among the high-risk groups for this disease. The incubation period is between two and twelve days, usually four to five days. The infectivity is mainly in the acute phase (early onset of illness), especially when the onset of illness first occurs. When SARS patients are isolated and take anti-viral, immune-improving and other treatment measures, the body begins to recognize the virus and develop a specific immune response against SARS to resist and neutralize the virus. As the disease recovers, the SARS virus is gradually cleared by the body and its infectivity disappears.
Methods of transmission
The disease is contagious to a certain extent and can be transmitted through short-distance droplets and contact with respiratory secretions.
Diagnosis
1. Epidemiological history
1.1 Have a history of close contact with the sick person, or be one of the infected group, or have Clear evidence of infecting others;
1.2 Those who have been to or lived in a city where infectious SARS patients were reported and secondary infection patients were reported within two weeks before the onset of the disease, and other conditions are classified as "SARS" Epidemiological diagnostic criteria.
2. Symptoms and signs
The onset is sudden, with fever as the first symptom. The body temperature is generally >38°C, with occasional chills; it may be accompanied by headache, joint aches, and muscle aches. , fatigue, and diarrhea; there are often no other symptoms of the upper respiratory tract; there may be cough, mostly dry cough, little sputum, and occasionally blood-streaked sputum; there may be chest tightness, and in severe cases, accelerated breathing, shortness of breath, or obvious respiratory distress. The pulmonary signs are not obvious. Some patients may hear a few crackles or have signs of pulmonary consolidation.
The laboratory examination found that "the peripheral blood white blood cell count generally does not increase or decreases; lymphocyte count often decreases" and the chest X-ray examination showed "different degrees of flakes and spots in the lungs" Situations such as patchy infiltrative shadows or reticular changes, which progress rapidly in some patients and appear as large patches of shadow; often bilateral changes, and the shadows are slowly absorbed and dissipated, and the lung shadows and symptoms and signs may be inconsistent, should be considered as "SARS." ". If the test result is negative, it should be reexamined after 1-2 days. At the same time, it should be noted that antibacterial drug treatment has no obvious effect.
In addition to providing suspected diagnostic criteria and clinical diagnostic criteria, the Ministry of Health also reminds clinical patients to exclude influenza, influenza, bacterial or fungal pneumonia, AIDS combined with pulmonary infection, Legionnaires' disease, and tuberculosis. , epidemic hemorrhagic fever, lung tumors, non-infectious interstitial diseases, pulmonary edema, atelectasis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration, pulmonary vasculitis and other respiratory diseases with similar clinical manifestations.
3. Laboratory examination: Peripheral blood white blood cell count generally does not increase or decrease; lymphocyte count often decreases.
4. Chest X-ray examination
There are varying degrees of flaky, patchy infiltrative shadows or reticular changes in the lungs. Some patients progress rapidly and appear in large sheets. Shadows; often bilateral changes, shadow absorption and dissipation are slow. Lung shadows and symptoms and signs may be inconsistent. If the test result is negative, it should be reexamined after 1-2 days.
5. Antimicrobial drug treatment has no obvious effect
Suspected diagnostic criteria: meet the above 1+2+3 or 2+3+4.
Clinical diagnostic criteria: Meet the above 1.1+2+4 and above, or 1.2+2+3+4 or 1.2+2+4+5.
Including epidemiological history, symptoms and signs, laboratory examination, chest X-ray examination and no obvious effect of antibacterial drug treatment.
Differential diagnosis: Clinically, attention should be paid to exclude influenza, influenza, bacterial or fungal pneumonia, AIDS combined with pulmonary infection, Legionnaires' disease, tuberculosis, epidemic hemorrhagic fever, lung tumors, non-infectious Interstitial disease, pulmonary edema, atelectasis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration, pulmonary vasculitis and other respiratory diseases with similar clinical manifestations.
New diagnostic methods: including the use of PCR technology. PCR is an in vitro gene replication technology that can amplify genes to millions of times in tens of minutes, making genes easy to detect.
It is reported that the new testing method will not be limited to monitoring blood samples. Sputum, saliva and mouthwash can also be used as the basis for rapid testing. Since the news of rapid SARS testing was announced, many military and local hospitals have sent blood samples and requested the Academy of Military Medical Sciences to assist in testing.
Reference Criteria for Discharge Diagnosis of SARS
Meet the following three conditions at the same time:
1. No antipyretic drugs have been used, and the body temperature has been normal for more than 7 days;< /p>
2. Respiratory symptoms improved significantly;
3. Chest imaging showed significant absorption.
Clinical manifestations
■High fever
The symptoms of SARS are as follows:
1. First, the patient has a high fever (above 38 degrees); Dry cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing chills, headache, loss of appetite, malaise, rash and diarrhea. There are no common flu symptoms such as runny nose and sore throat, and there is no white or yellow sputum common in common colds. Occasionally, patients have blood streaks in their sputum, patients have shortness of breath, and individual patients have respiratory distress syndrome;
2. The white blood cells of patients with atypical pneumonia are normal or decreased;
3. The characteristics of chest Shadow changes in the lungs can be seen on the chest X-ray; but this time, when the clinical symptoms were not yet severe, the X-ray showed flocculent shadows in the patient's lungs, which were developing rapidly;
4. Usually antibiotics will have obvious effects on patients with high fever, but antibiotics for this disease are mostly ineffective. Most SARS patients can recover on their own, but the condition of some individuals worsens dangerously, and about 7% of patients require artificial respiration.
■Incubation period
There are many opinions on the incubation period of SARS. It is generally believed to be 2-12 days, usually 4-5 days. Health experts say the death rate from SARS is between 3% and 5%. Patients may develop complications, with their condition worsening rapidly in as little as five days. There is no difference in the incidence between men and women, with 70% of cases occurring in young adults. Due to insufficient protective measures when the disease first started, medical workers were among the people at high risk of SARS, and there were clusters in homes and hospitals.
■Droplets
Droplets from sneezing or coughing are one of the ways SARS pathogens are transmitted. They are usually spread within about one meter through droplets and come into direct contact with patient secretions. can also become infected. The virus can also be transmitted indirectly, surviving for three to six hours after leaving the body. Health experts have not ruled out the possibility of airborne transmission of the virus. SARS patients should be isolated. Healthcare workers and visitors should wear effective masks, glasses, aprons, hoods and gloves when in close contact with patients.
■Suspicious cases
After February 1, 2003, showing fever (>38℃) and one or more respiratory symptoms, including cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing , has one or more of the following behaviors: traveled to endemic areas ten days before the onset of illness (according to WHO revised information on March 16, 2003, including Guangdong and Hong Kong, China, Hanoi, Vietnam, Singapore, and Toronto, Canada); and Those who have been diagnosed with SARS cases have a history of close contact. Close contact refers to caring for SARS cases, living with SARS cases, and having direct contact with respiratory secretions and body fluids of SARS cases.
■Possible cases
1. Those who meet the definition of suspicious cases and have pneumonia or respiratory distress syndrome confirmed by chest X-ray;
< p> 2. Death cases caused by unexplained respiratory diseases. Autopsy results show pathological changes of respiratory distress syndrome and no clear cause;3. In addition to fever and respiratory symptoms, SARS has not yet May be accompanied by: headache, muscle stiffness, loss of appetite, physical discomfort, confusion, rash, diarrhea and other symptoms and signs.
The disease mainly manifests as acute onset, with fever as the first symptom, and occasionally chills, accompanied by headache, joint aches, body aches, and fatigue. There are obvious respiratory symptoms: dry cough, less phlegm, and some patients occasionally have blood-streaked sputum. Some patients have symptoms of upper respiratory tract virus infection such as accelerated breathing and shortness of breath. Most patients have mild symptoms.
High fever above 38 degrees and dry cough with little phlegm should be essential symptoms of SARS
Treatment methods
(1) General treatment: rest, appropriate Replenish fluids and vitamins and avoid straining and severe coughing. Closely observe changes in the condition (most patients may be in the progressive stage within 14 days of onset). Regularly review chest X-rays (the early review interval should not exceed 3 days), heart, liver, kidney function, etc. Monitor surface blood oxygen saturation every day.
(2) Symptomatic treatment:
1. For those with fever exceeding 38.5℃ and obvious body aches, antipyretic and analgesics can be used. Those with high fever should be given physical cooling measures such as ice compresses and alcohol baths.
2. Those who cough or expectorate should be given antitussive and expectorant drugs.
3. If the function of the heart, liver, kidney and other organs is damaged, corresponding treatment should be carried out.
4. Patients with obvious shortness of breath and mild hypoxemia should be given continuous nasal cannula oxygen as early as possible.
Children should not take aspirin because it may cause Reye syndrome.
(3) Macrolides, fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, tetracyclines, etc. are selected for early treatment. If sputum culture or clinical evidence indicates drug-resistant coccal infection, ( Nor) vancomycin, etc.
(4) Application of glucocorticoids: The recommended indications for the use of glucocorticoids are: ① Those with severe symptoms of poisoning; ② Those who meet the criteria for severe cases. It should be used regularly, and the specific dosage should be adjusted according to the condition. Use with caution by children.
(5) Traditional Chinese medicine can be used as auxiliary treatment. The treatment principles are: febrile disease, syndrome differentiation and treatment of Wei, Qi, Yingxue and triple burner.
(6) Antiviral drugs can be used.
(7) Drugs that enhance immune function can be used.
(8) Handling and treatment of severe patients:
1. Those who have obvious difficulty breathing or meet the diagnostic criteria for severe cases should be monitored.
2. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, nasal mask CPAP is the preferred method. Commonly used pressure levels are 4-10cmH2O. An appropriate mask should be selected and should be applied continuously (including during sleep) with pauses of no more than 30 minutes until the condition resolves. Recommended standards for non-invasive positive pressure ventilation: respiratory rate >30 breaths/min; SaO2 <93% under oxygen inhalation of 3-5 liters/min;
3. Severe dyspnea and hypoxemia , SaO2 <90% or oxygenation index <200mmHg under the condition of 5 liters/min of oxygen, and there is no improvement after non-invasive positive pressure ventilation treatment, or those who cannot tolerate non-invasive positive pressure ventilation treatment should promptly consider invasive positive pressure treatment Ventilation therapy.
4. Once shock or MODS occurs, corresponding treatment should be carried out in time. If there are difficulties in treatment or insufficient conditions, relevant experts should be consulted in time.
Treatment with traditional Chinese medicine
SARS belongs to the category of "heat disease" in traditional Chinese medicine. The cause is the pathogen caused by the epidemic virus, and the disease is located in the lungs. Its basic pathogenesis characteristics are: heat, poison, phlegm and blood stasis, obstruction of the lung collaterals, excessive heat evil, internal dampness evil, depletion of qi and damage to yin, and even the crisis of shortness of breath and asthma. On this basis, experts have provided guiding opinions on the prevention of susceptible groups and the treatment of patients of different types and stages of the disease based on the different groups of people targeted and the climate characteristics of the region. The prevention plan is based on the implementation of "community comprehensive preventive measures (trial)". It is recommended to refer to the use of traditional Chinese medicine preventive measures for the purpose of improving the population's resistance to SARS:
General healthy people Chinese medicine prescription 1: 20 grams of fresh reed root, 15 grams of silver flower, 15 grams of forsythia, 10 grams of cicada, 10 grams of silkworm, 6 grams of peppermint, 5 grams of raw licorice, decoction in water instead of tea. Take it continuously for seven to ten days.
Prescription 2: 12 grams of Atractylodes, 15 grams of Atractylodes, 15 grams of Astragalus, 10 grams of Fangfeng, 12 grams of Patchouli, 15 grams of Adenophora, 20 grams of Silver Flower, 10 grams of Guanzhong Two grams, decoction in water, twice a day, for seven to ten days.
Prescription 3: Ten grams of Guanzhong, ten grams of Yinhua, ten grams of Forsythia suspensa, ten grams of Daqingye, ten grams of Suye, ten grams of Pueraria, ten grams of Agastache, ten grams of Atractylodes, Prince Edward Fifteen grams of ginseng and ten grams of Perrin, decoction in water, twice a day for seven to ten days.
Chinese medicine prescriptions for healthy people who have contact with SARS cases or suspected cases to take under the guidance of a doctor: 15 grams of raw astragalus, 15 grams of Yinhua, 10 grams of Bupleurum, and 10 grams of Scutellaria baicalensis. Fifteen grams, 15 grams of Guanzhong, 10 grams of Atractylodes, 15 grams of raw Yiren, 10 grams of Patchouli, 10 grams of Fangfeng, and 5 grams of raw licorice. Decoction in water and take twice a day for ten to fourteen days.
The treatment is based on prevention and treatment technical plans such as the "Recommended Treatment Plan and Discharge Diagnosis Reference Standards for SARS Cases or Suspected Cases (Trial)" formulated by the Department of Disease Control of the Ministry of Health. In order to further improve the atypical pneumonia Regarding the clinical efficacy of pneumonia, it is recommended that doctors refer to the following traditional Chinese medicine treatment methods according to the actual situation, and provide individualized treatment for atypical pneumonia cases or suspected cases in accordance with the principles of syndrome differentiation and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine, according to local conditions, by stage and syndrome. At the same time, treatment rules should be adjusted in a timely manner according to changes in the condition, and additions and subtractions should be made according to the syndrome.
Early stage: In the early stage, the pathogenesis of patients is characterized by heat poison attacking the lungs and dampness suppressing heat resistance. Clinically, it is divided into three syndrome types: heat poison attacking the lungs, dampness and heat blocking, and cold on the outside and heat on the inside sandwiched by dampness. For those with the syndrome of heat toxin attacking the lungs, it is advisable to clear away heat and dissipate the lungs, clear the surface and unblock the meridians, and you can use Yinqiao San and Maxing Shigan Decoction. For those with the syndrome of damp-heat suppression, you should use Sanren to dispel dampness and heat, and remove evil. Add or subtract the decoction combined with Shengjiang Powder. If the dampness is heavy and the heat is light, you can also use Huopu Xialing Decoction. For those with syndrome of cold exterior and interior heat mixed with dampness, you should use Maxing Shigan Decoction combined with Shengjiang Powder. Addition and subtraction.
Mid-term: In the mid-term, the disease virus invades the lungs, the inside and outside are hot, the dampness and heat accumulate poison, the evil blocks Shaoyang, the epidemic poison is strong, and the lungs are filled with internal and external heat, which are the pathogenesis characteristics. Clinically, it is divided into four syndrome types: epidemic poison invades the lungs, external and internal heat is blazing, damp and heat accumulates poison, damp and heat stagnates Shaoyang, and heat and toxin are blazing. For those with the syndrome of epidemic poison invading the lungs and scorching external and internal heat, it is appropriate to clear away heat and detoxify, purge the lungs and reduce inverse conditions, and you can choose Qingfei Jiedu Decoction; for those with the syndrome of dampness and heat accumulating poison, it is appropriate to remove dampness, eliminate filth, clear away heat and detoxify, and you can choose Ganlu Disinfection Pill. Modifications and subtractions; For those with the syndrome of damp-heat stagnation and Shaoyang obstruction, it is advisable to clear away Shaoyang and distinguish dampness and heat, and you can use Haoqin Qingdan Decoction. For those with the syndrome of excessive heat and toxins, you should clear away heat and cool blood, purge fire and detoxify, and you can choose Qingwen. Addition and subtraction of poison.
Extreme stage: The pathogenesis of patients in the extreme stage is characterized by excessive heat and toxins, excessive evil and deficiency of righteousness, damage to both Qi and Yin, internal closure and external prolapse. Clinically, it can be divided into three syndrome types: phlegm, dampness and blood stasis, obstruction of lung collaterals, dampness and heat obstruction of lungs, damage to both Qi and Yin, excess of evil and deficiency of qi, and internal obstruction, asthma and prolapse. For those with the syndrome of phlegm, dampness, stasis, and obstruction of lung collaterals, it is appropriate to replenish qi and detoxify, resolve phlegm and dampness, cool blood and unblock collaterals, and you can choose Huoxue Xiefei Decoction; for those with the syndrome of dampness and heat obstructing the lungs, and damage to both qi and yin, it is appropriate to clear away heat and relieve pain. To moisturize, replenish qi and nourish yin, you can use Yifei Huazhuo Decoction; for those with syndromes of excess evil and deficiency of internal organs and asthma, it is appropriate to replenish qi and consolidate qi, unblock and open the orifices, and you can use modified Shenfu Decoction.
Recovery period: The pathogenesis of patients in the recovery period is characterized by injuries to both Qi and Yin, deficiency of the lungs and spleen, and incomplete dampness, heat and blood stasis. Clinically, it is divided into two syndrome types: Qi and Yin damage, residual evil, and lung and spleen deficiency. For patients with Qi and Yin injuries and lingering evils, it is advisable to nourish Qi and nourish Yin, remove dampness and unblock collaterals, and Li's Qingshu Yiqi Decoction can be used; for patients with lung and spleen deficiency syndrome, it is advisable to replenish Qi and strengthen the spleen. Use Shenling Atractylodes Powder and Gegen Qinlian Decoction.
Preventive measures
Experts remind citizens to take preventive and protective measures from five aspects to avoid infection:
First, maintain air circulation in the living and working environment;
The second is to fumigate and disinfect the air with edible acid vinegar;
The third is to wash hands frequently;
The fourth is that anyone who comes into contact with patients must wear a mask and pay attention to hand hygiene. Cleaning and disinfection;
Fifth, according to weather changes, pay attention to keeping warm and cold, and participate in more exercises to enhance your ability to resist diseases and prevent the occurrence of diseases.
If symptoms similar to the above appear, you should go to the hospital in time.
■Air disinfection
Open windows for 10-30 minutes each time to allow air circulation and eliminate germs outside. If possible, you can also use some air disinfectants approved by the health administration department and follow their instructions for spray or fumigation.
■Floor disinfection
Carry out wet cleaning to avoid flying dust and bringing germs into the air. At the same time, attention should be paid to keeping the ground dry.
■Object Disinfection
Tables, chairs, thermos bottles, handles, switches, floors, toilets, baths, etc. can be sprayed or wiped with 500mg/L effective chlorine disinfectant, such as faucets and toilet door handles. And in relatively humid places, germs are easy to contaminate and multiply, so disinfection should be focused on.
■Tableware disinfection
Can be boiled together with leftover food for 10-20 minutes. Tableware can be disinfected with 500mg/L available chlorine or soaked in 0.5% peracetic acid for 0.5-1 hour. When sterilizing tableware, all dishes must be immersed in water, and the sterilization time starts from the time of boiling.
■Hand Disinfection
Wash your hands frequently with running water and soap. It is best to use 250-1000 mg/L 1210 disinfectant or 250- Disinfect with 1000 mg/L iodophor of available iodine or with an approved commercially available hand disinfectant.
■Disinfected cotton cloths, quilts, towels and diapers can be boiled for 10-20 minutes, or soaked and disinfected with 0.5% peracetic acid for 0.5-1 hour. For some chemical fiber fabrics, silks, etc., only Chemical immersion disinfection methods can be used.