Air and water pollution are the biggest problems in environmental pollution.
There are many reasons for serious pollution, the most important of which are eight:
1. Enterprises that pollute the environment in developed countries are relocated to developing countries in large numbers. Some of our local governments, in order to develop the local economy, introduced a large number of such enterprises, but also to give a variety of preferential policies.
2, some domestic small and medium-sized enterprises, do not pay attention to protect the environment. Even purification of pollutants in the equipment is just for show, is to cope with the inspection and set up, usually random sewage.
3, the government departments concerned only pursue economic indicators, regardless of the people's lives. All major pollution incidents are related to the malfeasance of the government departments concerned.
4, for the enterprises that cause pollution, the treatment is ineffective. When a major pollution incident occurs, only a symbolic fine, can not play a warning role, the local government even to harbor connivance.
5, for the smuggling of foreign garbage is not dealt with, so some places, some people dare to get foreign garbage from abroad to make money, but polluted their own environment.
6, the blind expansion and development of cities, ignoring public **** transportation, unrealistic development of private cars, resulting in traffic jams, motor vehicle exhaust emissions seriously pollute the atmosphere.
7, the excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers.
8, urban garbage is not properly handled, not classified collection, resulting in garbage pollution.
China's environmental problems and water resources to solve China's top ten environmental problems
1, air pollution:
China's sulfur dioxide emissions in 2000 was 19.95 million tons, ranking first in the world. According to expert estimates, to meet the environmental capacity requirements of the national weather, sulfur dioxide emissions should be cut by at least 40% on the existing basis. In addition, in 2000 China's soot emissions of 11.65 million tons, industrial dust emissions of 10.92 million tons. Air pollution is now China's number one environmental problem.
2, water pollution:
China's seven major water systems in order of pollution: Liaohe, Haihe, Huaihe, Yellow River, Songhua River, Pearl River, Yangtze River, of which 42% of the water quality exceeds the standard of 3 (can not be used as a source of drinking water), and 36% of the country's urban river section of the poor quality of the 5 water quality, the loss of the use of function. Large freshwater lakes (reservoirs) and urban lakes generally poor water quality, more than 75% of the lake eutrophication increased, mainly caused by nitrogen and phosphorus pollution.
3, garbage disposal problems:
China's national annual industrial solid waste generation amounted to 820 million tons, the comprehensive utilization rate of about 46%. The annual generation of municipal waste nationwide is 140 million tons, less than 10% of which meets the requirements for harmless treatment. White pollution caused by plastic packaging and agricultural films has spread across the country.
4. Problems of land desertification and sandstorms:
At present, the desertified land on China's territory has accounted for 27.3% of the total land area of the country, and the area of desertification is still growing at the rate of 2,460 square kilometers per year. The number of strong sandstorms and dust storms that China suffers each year has increased from five in the 1950s to 23 in the 1990s. Land desertification has caused residents in some areas of Inner Mongolia to be forced to migrate to other places.
5. Soil erosion:
China loses more than 5 billion tons of soil annually, and 40 million tons of standard fertilizer (equivalent to the country's annual fertilizer use). The total amount of arable land destroyed by soil erosion in China since 1949 has amounted to 40 million mu, which is a great loss to China's agriculture.
6, drought and flood problems:
In the 1950s, China's annual average drought farmland was 120 million mu, and in the 1990s, it rose to 380 million mu. 1972, the Yellow River had its first break in the river, and after 1985, it broke every year, and in 1997, the number of days of break in the river amounted to 227 days. Relevant experts speculated after investigation: China will continue to be in drought in the next 15 years. While the frequency of flooding in the Yangtze River Basin has increased significantly, over 500 years, the Yangtze River Basin *** occurred 53 times, but in the past 50 years, every three years, there is a major flooding, the 1998 flood caused huge economic losses.
7, the problem of biodiversity destruction:
China is a country where biodiversity destruction is more serious, endangered or near-endangered species of higher plants amount to 4,000-5,000 species, accounting for about 15-20% of the total number of species owned by China, higher than the world average of 10-15%. Among the 40 endangered species in the world of the United Nations, China has 156 species, accounting for about 1/4 of the total number of species. the phenomenon of indiscriminate killing of wild animals and mass predation of wild animals in China is still very serious and unceasing.
8, WTO and environmental issues:
China's accession to the WTO will face two new environmental issues. On the one hand, the international "green trade barriers". Because China's current environmental standards are generally lower than those of developed countries, Chinese products in the food, mechanical and electrical, textile, leather, ceramics, tobacco, toys, shoes and other industries will be restricted in export trade. On the other hand, China's ecological, environmental and natural resource damage may be exacerbated by the international market's massive demand for Chinese minerals, stone, medicinal plants, agricultural and livestock products. At the same time, China may become the location for the transfer of foreign pollution-intensive enterprises and the location of a large amount of foreign industrial waste "processing", which will greatly aggravate China's environmental problems.
9. Environmental Problems in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area:
The Three Gorges Project is a huge water conservancy project currently underway in China. The project is scheduled to start generating electricity in 2003. The impact of the completion of the Three Gorges on the geological environment, the water resources environment, the ecological environment (involving the two banks of the reservoir area and the entire upstream area), and how to effectively prevent and control the pollution in the reservoir area are the big issues currently before the builders of the Three Gorges. The Three Gorges Project has become an environmental issue of world concern.
10, persistent organic pollutants:
With China's economic development, difficult to degrade persistent organic pollutants began to appear. Internationally this year signed the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, which identified the first banned the use of 12 kinds of persistent organic pollutants in China's environmental media have been detected, China is a signatory to the Convention. These organic pollutants have the characteristic of transferring to the next generation and showing their harmful effects after many years, and are also known as "environmental hormones" or "environmental hormones", which are seriously harmful. These organic pollutants are now widely found in chemicals used in agriculture, industry and urban construction.
China's water problems and solutions
Limited resources
China's water shortages and water pollution have become the world's most serious problems, and urban water supply is facing serious challenges due to water shortages and over-exploitation as well as increased water pollution. China's water resources are very limited, simply can not meet the 1.3 billion people, the current per capita water resources is only 2,200 cubic meters, just a quarter of the world's per capita water resources. Because of the extreme uneven distribution of water resources, mainly concentrated in Yunnan, Tibet, Qinghai and other western places, and five of the seven major rivers are seriously polluted. With the problem of innate deficiencies and acquired handicaps, high-speed urbanization and the need to consume large amounts of water resources, which puts even more enormous pressure on water resources. At present, the sewage treatment rate of China's more than 600 cities has reached 45.7 percent, but there are still nearly 300 cities without sewage treatment plants, and the vast majority of towns have no sewage treatment plants, and the groundwater is seriously contaminated; many of the sewage treatment facilities that have already been built in cities are not in good operating condition, and a regulatory mechanism for sewage treatment needs to be established urgently.
Serious waste
Experts pointed out that China is now wasting water resources is very serious. Agriculture is a big waste of water resources. In our country, "soil canals, water irrigation" agricultural irrigation is still commonly used, half of the irrigation water in the process of water loss in the leakage, natural precipitation utilization rate of arable land is only about 45%. Because of the backwardness of the existing water facilities and technology, China's industrial water consumption of 103 cubic meters per ten thousand yuan of output value, Japan is only 6 cubic meters; at present, China's industrial water reuse rate is only 55%, while the average developed countries for 75% -85%. Urban residents do not talk about saving water, the phenomenon of wastefulness is also very serious. Only the city toilet tank leakage of water loss of hundreds of millions of cubic meters per year. Experts said frankly, most of our city water resources leakage rate should be more than 30% of the national average.
Construction of a water-saving society is the only way out
Water Resources Minister Wang Shucheng recently re-emphasized that the construction of a water-saving society is the fundamental way out of China's water resources problems. By 43 academicians and 300 experts to submit the "China's sustainable development of water resources strategy research report" that the solution to China's water problems, the core is to improve the efficiency of water use, the construction of a water-saving society. Building a water-saving society is the most fundamental and effective strategic measure to solve the problem of water shortage in China, and it is also an important support for building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way. Practice has proved that building a water-saving society is the only choice for solving the problem of drought and water shortage under the condition of socialist market economy. Through the construction of water-saving society, so that the efficiency of resource utilization has been improved, the ecological environment has been improved, the ability of sustainable development has been strengthened, and promote the harmony of man and nature, so as to promote the whole society to embark on the development of production development, living in affluence, ecologically sound development path.
Experts also pointed out that, at present, with the society's awareness of water conservation and the implementation of relevant government measures, in the case of sustained and rapid development of the national economy, the country's total annual water consumption is under control, water use efficiency is improving, water conservation work has begun to bear fruit. The national economy has been growing at a rate of more than 7 per cent in recent years, but the country's annual water consumption (excluding the repeated use of water by industry) has not changed significantly, remaining stable at around 550 billion cubic meters. This is mainly because China's agricultural water conservation has begun to bear fruit, industrial water use to realize the "increase in production does not increase water", 10,000 yuan of industrial added value of water withdrawal by an average annual decrease of 9%
China is facing a serious shortage of water resources and pollution, per capita water resources of 2,100 cubic meters, only 1/4 of the world's average level; due to inter-regional and inter-annual distribution of serious imbalance, the water resources of the country's water consumption (excluding industrial water reuse) has not changed significantly, stabilized at about 550 billion cubic meters. Due to the serious imbalance in inter-regional and inter-annual distribution, the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in the northern and coastal areas is still prominent. The Minister of Water Resources, Wang Shucheng, visualized the situation by saying: "All rivers are dry, and all water is polluted". There are both natural and man-made factors that contribute to this phenomenon. According to the Dam Safety Management Center of the Ministry of Water Resources, China has the largest number of dams in the world, with half of the world's 120,000 reservoirs. Take the Huaihe River as an example, half a century of Huaihe River control, the Huaihe River Basin built more than 5,300 large, medium and small reservoirs. Under the control of these dams, the natural hydrological properties of the river have been changed, and the ability of the water body to dilute and self-purify has been drastically reduced. During the dry season, the entire Huaihe River basically does not flow, becoming stagnant water, not only "all the five poisons", but also extremely high concentrations. Abundant water season, especially the upper and middle reaches of the flood, high concentrations of pollution group downstream, the formation of incredibly vicious pollution.