30 must-read classic Chinese books recommended a
The Analects of Confucius is recognized as one of the world's top ten celebrities is the most far-reaching influence on Chinese culture, politics, institutions and other thinkers, philosophers, educators, record of his and his disciples' words and deeds of the Analects of Confucius is known as "to the Sage" in China.
Tao Te Ching Lao Tzu is the greatest philosopher and thinker of ancient China, and his Tao Te Ching is a profound and profound text, which has been used by philosophers, politicians, militarists, literati, scientists, and even ordinary people for many years to draw wisdom from.
Zhuang Zi Zhuang Zi is a Taoist mastermind, in the turbulent and noisy environment of the Warring States period, his ideas mapped out a serene light. Zhuangzi is a book that can be called the deep and full of the Chinese nation's ideas, resources and philosophical treasure trove, which profoundly affects the soul of every person in China.
"Mencius" is known as the Confucian "saint" of Mencius has become a master of Chinese history, because of its writings "Mencius" embodied in the profound ideas. Mengzi's "vastness of spirit", as well as: "rich and noble can not be obscene, poor and lowly can not be moved, the mighty can not be bent," the temperament. After the year of money can still imagine its strong wind.
"Mozi" as the founder of the school of Mohism, Mozi strong capital, strong economic theory, non-offensive counter-war, defense and self-defense military thinking, unique, complete system of logic, are concentrated in the "Mozi" book.
"Xunzi" Xunzi can be called the collection of the pre-Qin hundred schools of thought of the completion of the person, the heritage of Chinese culture has had a significant impact. The five short fugues in Xunzi created a literary genre known as fugue; he used the folk songs of the time to write the "Chengxiang Chapter", which was written in an easy-to-understand text, and utilized the rap form to express his political and academic thoughts, which had a certain impact on the later generations.
"Han Fei Zi" can be separated from Confucianism, political and philosophical schools, the Qin State and thus complete the unification of the great cause, its sharp and profound thought light shines through the ages, but also has a fairly high literary value. The book Han Fei Zi (Han Fei Zi) focuses on Han Fei's theory of the rule of law, which is a combination of law, art and power. Han Fei's theory of the combination of "law", "art" and "potential" reached the highest peak of the pre-Qin legalist theory, which provided a theoretical weapon for the unification of the six states of Qin, and at the same time, it also provided a theoretical basis for the later feudal authoritarian system.
Sun Tzu's Art of War is a brilliant treasure in China's classical military cultural heritage, and is an important part of China's outstanding cultural traditions. It is the greatest work of military theory in ancient China, and also one of the most influential and widespread works of Chinese antiquity in the world. The strategic and philosophical ideas it expounds are widely used in various fields such as military, politics and economy. Its content is profound and profound, the idea is profound and rich support, logic is meticulous and rigorous.
"Zuo Zhuan" prose art is another outstanding achievement is good at writing people. Although the left biography of the year for the warp, to things for the latitude, is not consciously depicting the characters, but after all, involves all kinds of historical characters.
The book has a name, nearly three thousand people. Among them, the image is more distinctive, with a certain personality of a number of people. Through a series of political, military and diplomatic activities, the author has portrayed many moving images with character traits. Another outstanding achievement of the prose art of Zuo Zhuan is that it is good at writing down words.
30 must-read classic Chinese books recommended two
"Chu Shi" is China's first romantic poetry collection. Because the form of poetry is formed on the basis of the processing of the folk songs of Chu, and a large number of references to the customs and localities of Chu and the dialect of the vocabulary, so called "Chu Rhetoric". Chu Rhetoric" is mainly the work of Qu Yuan, whose masterpiece is "Li Sao", so later people also called "Chu Rhetoric" for "Sao Style".
Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals is a work of miscellany compiled collectively by Prime Minister Lu Buwei of the State of Qin in the last year of the Warring States period (around 221 BC), also known as Lü Duan, and was written in 239 BC on the eve of the unification of the six states by the Qin State.
The book is divided into twelve chronicles, eight overviews, and six treatises, and contains twenty-six volumes, one hundred and sixty articles, and more than 200,000 words. The book honors Taoism and affirms Laozi's idea of conformity to objectivity, but discards the negative elements of it.
At the same time, it integrates the strengths of Confucianism, Mohist, Legalism, and Military Science, forming a theoretical system that includes political, economic, philosophical, moral, and military aspects. The purpose of Lu Buwei was to synthesize the strengths of all schools of thought, to summarize the lessons of history, and to provide a long-lasting strategy for the future rule of the Qin state.
The Records of the Grand Historian (史记) is a record of more than 3,000 years of history, from the time of the legendary Yellow Emperor to the first year of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (汉武帝元狩元年). The book includes twelve biographies, thirty lineages, seventy columns of biographies, ten tables, eight books, **** one hundred and thirty articles, more than 526,500 words.
The author Sima Qian, with his historical knowledge of "studying the interstices of heaven and mankind, understanding the changes of the past and the present, and making a family of words", made the Shiji the first and most famous chronicle-biographical general history of China. The Records of the Grand Historian had a profound impact on the development of historiography and literature in later times. The first biographical method of history was inherited by the later generations of the "official history".
At the same time, Shiji is also considered an excellent literary work, and has an important position in the history of Chinese literature. Lu Xun called it "a masterpiece of the historians, and a leitmotif without rhyme".
The Book of Han - Ban Gu's The Book of Han and the Records of the Grand Historian are both biographies. The difference is that the "Records of the Grand Historian" from the legend of the "Three Emperors and Five Emperors", ending in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, is a general history; and the "Book of the Han" is dedicated to the Western Han Dynasty generation of the history of the history of the intertemporal history. This biographical genre of intergenerational history, is the creation of Ban Gu. From then on, the "official history" of all generations adopted this genre. This is a major contribution of Ban Gu to the historiography of China.
"History? Six families" said: "such as the "Book of Han", the first and last of the study of Xidu, poor Liu's abolition of the rise and rise, including a generation. Written into a book. Words are refined, the matter is very dense, so scholars looking for discussion, easy for its work. Since ancient times to date, no change in the way."
"On Heng" - Wang Chong "On Heng" book is not only a sharp and fierce attack on the Han Confucian thought (but it does not completely negate Confucianism), and it also critically draws on the pre-Qin schools of thought, in particular, Taoism, Huanglao school of thought, the pre-Qin school of thought, "the way of heaven", "rituals and laws," "ghosts and gods and burials", "life", "sexual goodness and sexual evil," and so on, have been systematically commented on. and so on, all of which were systematically commented on. Therefore, later people called the book "On Harmony" a small ancient encyclopedia that "generalizes the words of a hundred schools of thought". Although it was impossible for the book to escape from the limitations of its time, describing the world with naturalism and intuitive observation, and especially being basically idealistic in its social and historical outlook, the book was produced in an important period of Chinese history, that is, when the feudal state was in a state of unity and power, and Confucianism combined with prophecy and theology and became the orthodox thought of the ruling class, and it dared to proclaim that the world was composed of matter, and dared to disavow the existence of ghosts and gods. It dared not to recognize the existence of ghosts and gods, dared to challenge the authority of Confucius and Mencius, and established a relatively complete system of ancient materialism, which played an epoch-making role in history. It influenced future materialists and atheists, such as the philosopher Yang Quan during the Wei and Jin dynasties, the thinker He Chengtian during the Song dynasty in the south, the atheist Fan Jian during the Qi and Liang dynasties in the south, Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan during the Tang dynasty, and the thinker Wang Fuzhi during the Ming and Qing dynasties, to varying degrees.
Jikang collection of the Three Kingdoms Wei literati, thinker, musician. Word Shu night. Qiao Guo (now Anwei, southwest of Su County).
Intermarriage with the Wei clan, the official in the San Dafu, known as JI in the San. He was an advocate of Laozhuang, who practiced the way of health care and food service. He was one of the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove", and was on a par with Ruan Ji.
Because of the advocacy of "non-Tang Wu and thin Zhou Kong", and dissatisfaction with the power of the Sima group, was framed by Zhong Hui, Sima Zhao killed.
Philosophically, he believed that "the vital energy is potent, and all living beings are endowed with it" ("Theory of the Bright Guts"), affirming that everything is endowed with vital energy and born. And put forward "more than the name and religion and let nature", advocating the return of nature, disgusted with the Confucian tedious rituals and teachings. Lu Xun said that his writing "novel ideas, often opposed to the old sayings of the ancient times", "and the mountain source of the book", "difficult to nature and good learning" and so on as a representative work.
Poetry is long in four lines, the style is cool, there is the "ghost anger poem". He also wrote The Theory of Sound and Music, which argued that there is no music in itself, and that the same music can evoke different feelings. He was good at playing the zither, and was especially famous for playing "Guangling San", and made "Zither Fugue", which described in detail the playing method and expressive power of the zither. The author of "JI in the scattered collection", has been lost.
Later edited by Lu Xun, "Jikang collection" for the most detailed.
"Tao Yuanming set" Tao poetry along the Wei and Jin poetry of the simple style and into a more mature situation, like a milestone marking the height of the simple song poetry can reach. Tao Yuanming was also a pioneer of innovation.
He succeeded in elevating "nature" to the highest state of beauty; changing the metaphysics expressed in the metaphysical poems of Lao and Zhuang into the philosophy of daily life; combining poetry with daily life, and creating a new subject of idyllic poetry. His noble and straightforward, free and calm, honest and sincere, simple and kind, and his philosophical thinking about life, together with his works, built a "nest" for the later generations of scholars, a spiritual home.
On the one hand, it can cover them from hypocrisy and ugliness, and on the other hand, it can make them rest and escape. Their strong identification with Tao Yuanming made him a never-ending topic. Tao Yuanming is a spiritual home for Chinese scholars. Many scholars tend to return to Tao Yuanming after they have lost interest in their career or when they are tired of the officialdom, to find a new value of life from him and to comfort themselves by it.
Bai Juyi, Su Shi, Lu You, Xin Qiji and so on. So, not for five buckets of rice also became a fortress in the spiritual world of Chinese scholars to protect their own freedom of choice of provenance. And bland nature has become a noble art in their minds.
Liu Yiqing (刘义庆)《世说新语》- Liu Yiqing (刘义庆) The text of Shishu Xinyao (世说新语), which is a simple prose, is sometimes like a spoken language with a meaningful meaning, which is a characteristic of the writings of Jin and Song dynasty people, and therefore has always been read by the people.
Wenxin Diao Long (文心雕龙)***50篇，包括总论、文体论、创作论、批评论4个主要部分。
The general theory of 5, on the "pivot of the text", is the basis of the theory of the book; style theory 20, each divided into one or two or three kinds of style, the main style of writing are made to "the original table to the end, the interpretation of the name to the chapter meaning, the selection of the text to determine the chapter, laying out the rationale for the lifting of the unity"; creation of 19, divided into the process of creativity, the writer's personality and style, the relationship between the text and the quality of the writing, writing techniques, the rhetoric of voice and law and so on; criticism of the theory of 5, from different perspectives on the past era of literary style, the criticism of the theory of 4 major parts of. Criticism of five articles, from different perspectives on the past era of literary style, the achievements of writers to criticize, and the criticism of the method of discussion; the last "preface" explains the purpose of their own creation and the deployment of the book's intention.
Although this work is divided into four aspects, but its theoretical point of view of the first and last consistent, and each part of each other. As the author said in the "Annexation": "Although the reason is complicated, but no inversion of the good; group of words, although many, but no beams of chaos." The body of the big idea, in the ancient literary criticism works is unprecedented.
The Han Changli Collection is a magnificent collection of poems from the Tang Dynasty.
Ziji Tongjian (often simply called Tongjian), a multi-volume chronicle edited by Sima Guang of the Northern Song Dynasty, ****294 volumes, which took 19 years to complete. Mainly to time as an outline, events for the purpose, from the Zhou Wei Lie Wang twenty-three years (403 BC) to write, to the Five Dynasties after the Zhou Shizong Xiande six years (959 AD) to conquer the Huainan stop pen, covering 16 dynasties 1362 years of history. [1] The Ziji Tongjian is the first chronicle of China[1] and occupies an extremely important position in Chinese official history.
30 must-read classic Chinese books recommended three
The Complete Works of Su Dongpo Su Dongpo, that is, Su Shi, for the Northern Song Dynasty literati, painters and calligraphers. He is one of the eight greats of the Tang and Song dynasties, with his father Su Xun, brother Su Zhe and called "three Su", Su Dongpo in politics, abiding by traditional etiquette and law, but also have to change the 4 Ge's ambition,
Therefore, in the career more than a few bumps in the road. His character is bold, his poetry is unrestrained, fresh and robust, creating a school of boldness. He had an open mind, and although he took the law of the ancients in his calligraphy, he was able to create his own ideas, full of innocent fun. At the same time, he was good at painting, like to make dead wood and strange stones. Su Dongpo claimed that there are three things that are not as good as others in his life, namely, drinking, playing chess and singing songs, but his poetry, calligraphy and painting are famous for generations to come. The spirit of his literature is even more important for future generations to learn.
"The Four Books" chapter and sentence set of notes, Zhu Xi is a master of science, one of the main representatives of Confucianism in China's feudal era. His academic thinking, in China Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, has been the official philosophy of the feudal ruling class, marking the more complete feudal social ideology. Yuan Dynasty Huangqing two years (1313) to restore the imperial examinations, the imperial decree set Zhu Xi "four books set of notes" test scholar, Zhu learning as the field program. Zhu Yuanzhang Hongwu two years (1369) to Zhu Xi and other "notes for the Zong". Zhu Xue then became a strong spiritual pillar to consolidate the ruling order of feudal society. It strengthened the "Three Principles and Five Constants", and played a certain role in hindering the change of the late feudal society. Zhu Xi's academic thinking has also had a significant impact on the world's cultural history. Zhu Xi's main philosophical works include Four Books Annotated, Four Books or Questions, Taiji Diagram Explanation, Tongshu Explanation, Ximing Explanation, Zhouyi Benyi, and Enlightenment of Yixue, etc. In addition, there are Zhuzi Yuzi (The Classics of Zhu Zi). In addition there is Zhu Zi Yu Zi, a book of questions and answers between him and his disciples. So take a look!
"Chuanxilu" is a Chinese philosopher of the Ming Dynasty, the representative of the Songming school of Taoism center of learning Wang Shouren (word Yangming) of the discourse and the study of the epistles." The term "Chuanxi" is derived from the phrase "Chuan Bu Xi Hu" in the Analects of Confucius. The Records of Transmission and Study contains Wang Yangming's main philosophical thoughts, and is an important source for the study of Wang Yangming's thought and the development of his teleology. It is an important source for the study of Wang Yangming's thought and the development of his teleology. The Records of Transmission and Study centrally reflects Wang Yangming's teleology, and has an important position in the history of ancient Chinese philosophy. Until today, Wang Yangming's thought still has its profound influence among contemporary Neo-Confucians. Many thinkers and scholars in this century have been working on its modern interpretation and trying to overcome its bias.
The Burning of the Book Li Zhi wrote The Burning of the Book, also known as Li's Burning of the Book, in six volumes in the eighteenth year of the Wanli reign (1590) at the age of 64. After his death by his disciple Wang Ben Ke edited into a collection, engraved in the forty-sixth year of the Wanli calendar (1618) of the Continued Burning of Books, 5 volumes. The two books include the famous thinker, literary writer wrote during his lifetime of letters, miscellaneous writings, historical commentary, poetry, reading history short essay, etc., indicating his political and philosophical thinking, is an important work for us to study Li Zhi's life and thought.
Li Zhi hated the false doctrine of feudalism and those who are full of benevolence, righteousness and morality of the defenders, hypocrites.
He rebuked those so-called Taoists: too much fame, too much protection. The real more evil, and talk about Zhiren no evil; the real favoritism is good, and talk about universal love and fraternity; the real fixed opinion, and talk about can not be self."" And when they talk about learning, they say that they are for themselves and I am for others; that they are selfish and I want to benefit others", in fact, they are all "studying and seeking high rank, and seeking honor and prominence as an official", and they are all for their own intentions, and "there is not a single cent of them who seek to do anything for others" (The Burning of the Book? The first is the "Geng Sikou" (Answer to Geng Sikou).
Such a mouth is not what it says, words and deeds are not the same hypocrite, rather than the "small man in the city" and "force field authors" real, do what you say (ibid.). He also further denounced the Taoists are a group of moralistic fake Taoism, "Yang for Taoism, Yin for the rich and powerful, was dressed in Confucianism, line like a dog and swine" ("continue to burn books? The three religions have been brought back to Confucianism").
The Taoists are full of benevolence, righteousness and morality, but in fact, the Taoists are borrowing this brick, "to deceive the world for profit", and seek high positions for themselves, they "talk about morality, but the heart of the high-ranking officials, aspiring to great wealth" ("Burning Book? and Jiao Wei Hou"). Li Zhi on the Cheng Zhu theory and the Guardians of the revelation can be said to be spot-on, sentence by sentence.
Daily Knowledge Gu Yanwu's academic achievements and political thinking has had a far-reaching impact in history, he not only opened the Qing generation of academic style, but also China's modern political change from him to absorb the spiritual power. Liang Qichao pointed out in the "Qing Dynasty Academic Overview": "Qing Dynasty Confucianism in order to identify themselves as different from the literati, really Yanwu started. In recent decades, the influence on the body politic by Jingmu is also far from the spirit of Yanwu."
"Mingyi to visit the book was born in the Ming and Qing dynasties, is an enlightened nature of the criticism of the monarchy, calling for a democratic system of government masterpiece. School" advocates expanding the social functions of the school, so that it has the role of political discussion and participation, said: "the son of heaven may not be, the son of heaven may not be wrong, the son of heaven also dare not be right and wrong, and the public right and wrong in the school", "must make the world of the tools, all out of the school, and set up a school of the intention to begin to be ready." Huang Zongxi envisioned the future of the school, similar to modern social opinion centers and parliamentary institutions. Although Huang Zongxi did not fundamentally negate the setup of the ruler and the minister, he advocated an enlightened constitutional system for the monarch, the strengthening of the equality factor, and the expansion of the society's supervisory power over the rulers, with the idea of modern democratic politics. This idea was not influenced by Western civilization, but developed from traditional Chinese culture, making it all the more valuable. This book was censored by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty and did not see the light of day until the end of the Qing Dynasty, when it was valued and praised by Tan Sitong, Liang Qichao and others.
The Treatise on Reading the Tongjian is a historical commentary by Wang Fuzhi, a progressive thinker and historian of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, in his later years. In his understanding of the development of history, the book points out that "there is a reason for life, a reason for death, a reason for governance, a reason for chaos, a reason for existence, and a reason for death. Heaven is the reason, its life, the flow of the reason also? If you violate the principle of life, you will be sick if you are shallow, and you will die if you are deep. People do not know and take from themselves, but from the obscurity of the? The rule and chaos of the country's survival, but also so and self." Volume 24 of the country's survival and chaos and the life and death of people like life and death have their own laws, and to a certain extent can be recognized and mastered by people. Based on this ideological understanding, the author believes that Qin Shi Huang abolished the division of the line of counties, is the inevitable result of historical progress and the development trend of history, is not subject to the will of man. Following the Qin Dynasty, the county system "hanging two thousand years and can not be changed carry on, together with the ancient and modern up and down are at peace, the trend of the situation, is not the reason and can be?" Volume 1, the success of the change of the county by the feudal line is to comply with the "trend of the situation", in line with the "reason"? The result of the objective laws of historical development. The author further pointed out with evidence that "Qin to the heart of the private world and the strike Hou set guard, and the sky fake its private to do its justice" Volume I, Qin Shi Huang is out of the "private world" motivation and the implementation of the county system, and the inevitability of the laws of history is precisely through the subjective motivation of Qin Shi Huang the accidental manifestation of.
The Complete Works of Gong Zizhen is a collection of classical Chinese literature of high literary value.
"Human Words" "Human Words" is a work of literary criticism written by Wang Guowei, a famous master of Chinese literature. Accepted the baptism of Western aesthetic thought, with a new vision of the old Chinese literature comments. On the surface, "Words on Earth" and China has long been inherited poetry, lyrics of a class of works of style, format, and no significant difference, in fact, it has been the first theoretical system, in the old poetry
thesis, called a few works. In the past, even in the world of word theory, many people took it as a guideline, and took its arguments as the basis of lexicography and aesthetics, which had a far-reaching influence. Wang Guowei's "Words on Earth" is one of the most influential works since the late Qing Dynasty.
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