1, medical examination:
In traditional Chinese medicine mainly refers to the physician's patient's "look", (appearance) "smell" (sound), "ask " (medical history), "cut" (pulse).
In Western medicine, this mainly includes questioning, physical examination, laboratory examination, and medical instrumentation.
Inquiry: asking the patient what subjective discomfort (symptoms) he feels, history of present illness, past history, family history, drug allergy history, etc.;
Somatic examination: refers to the doctor's use of his own senses or simple aids (stethoscope, percussion hammer), the patient's careful observation and systematic examination, and to find abnormal signs (physical signs). Including "look", "smell", "ask", "cut" four ways.
Laboratory examination: refers to the examination of the patient's blood, excretions, secretions, body fluids, tissue cells and other specimens by physical, chemical and biological laboratory methods, so as to obtain information on pathogens, pathological changes or the functional status of organs.
Medical instrumentation: such as electrocardiogram, electrocardiogram vector map, phonocardiogram, ultrasonography, pulmonary function tests, fiber endoscopy, CT, nuclear magnetic **** vibration and other tests. With the rapid development of modern natural sciences such as quantum biology, bioengineering, genetic engineering, immunology, nuclear medicine, electronic computers, nuclear magnetic *** vibration, PET, laser technology, automatic detection instruments, optical fiber endoscopy, a number of micronutrient detection instruments, and so on, constantly enriching the means of clinical examination.
2. Diagnosis:
This refers to the process of determining the nature of the disease and identifying the name of the disease through the means of conditioning, signs and symptoms and other examinations, which means a procedure of recognizing the attributes of the disease through the manifestation of the disease.
A perfect clinical diagnosis in addition to reflecting the exact nature of the disease, name, but also to reflect the overall state of the patient's body. Clinical diagnosis can be generally divided into four categories, namely, "etiological diagnosis, pathological anatomy diagnosis, symptomatic diagnosis and pathophysiological diagnosis.
Diagnosis of etiology: the diagnosis is made according to the causative factors. Causative factors can be roughly divided into internal and external factors. Etiologic diagnosis has guiding significance for the prevention and treatment of diseases, and is the most ideal clinical diagnosis.
Pathological anatomy diagnosis: also known as pathomorphologic diagnosis. Its content includes the lesion site, scope, organs and tissues to the cellular level of the nature of the lesion. Pathomorphologic diagnosis in clinical diagnosis does not mean that every patient needs to undergo pathomorphologic examination. Clinical anatomical diagnosis is mostly made by indirect methods such as history taking, physical examination, laboratory tests and special tests, and only when the above methods fail to confirm the diagnosis, various endoscopes are taken and live specimens are taken for histologic examination to make the diagnosis.
Symptomatic diagnosis: the diagnosis is based on the symptoms or signs that have not been identified. Such as fever, chest pain and diarrhea, jaundice, edema, etc. Symptomatic diagnosis due to the cause is not clear, so the clinic is generally also known as the impression or preliminary diagnosis, this type of diagnosis is only to provide diagnostic direction, to be corrected when the cause of the identification.
Pathophysiological (functional) diagnosis: It is based on the changes in the function of various systems and organs, as well as the changes in the interrelationship between the organism and the surrounding environment. Many functional changes have gained further understanding due to the refinement of testing methods, whereby changes in function can be traced back to the level of ultra-trace substances in the body.
3. Therapy:
Therapy refers to the activities carried out to relieve a disease. Pharmacotherapy and manipulative therapy in medicine have now formed two very large disciplinary groups, namely, internal medicine as the basis of drug therapy-based disciplinary group, and surgery as the basis of surgical therapy-based disciplinary group. In addition, new therapies such as physiotherapy, radiotherapy, nuclear medicine, psychotherapy, sports therapy, biofeedback, organ transplantation, and medical laboratories have emerged. New therapies are still emerging. But in terms of its clinical selection of a variety of therapies for the purpose of no more than three cases:
① Elimination of the cause of the disease. Allopathic treatment is also known as material therapy, that is, the purpose of treatment is to eliminate the cause of the disease, can often achieve the purpose of the root cause of the disease, is regarded as the more ideal treatment (such as chloramphenicol treatment of typhoid fever patients and surgical correction of deformities, etc.).
②Symptomatic treatment. The purpose of treatment is not to eliminate the cause of the disease, but to relieve certain symptoms, or palliative care. It should be said that many diseases in the cause is not recognized, the treatment measures taken belong to the scope of symptomatic treatment, such as the ancient medicine used to guide diarrhea, pain medication and cupping, massage therapy. In modern medicine, although sometimes the cause of the disease is unknown or known, but can not be eliminated, or the symptom itself constitutes a threat to life, symptomatic treatment is the necessary and correct choice. The former, such as the removal of tumors, the latter, such as the correction of shock, organ transplantation and so on.
③Supportive treatment. That is, the purpose of treatment is neither to eliminate the cause of the disease nor to target certain symptoms, but to improve the patient's general condition, such as nutrition, mental state and so on. Strictly speaking, all treatment must be based on supportive therapy, which is easily overlooked by medical personnel, especially in the spiritual support of the patient. Supportive therapy is of primary importance when the patient's general condition does not allow for other treatments. Sometimes the improvement of the patient's general condition itself has therapeutic significance, such as malnutrition patients with a number of comorbidities, after improving the nutritional status, often can be self-healing.
In practice these three treatments need to be combined with the specific circumstances of the flexible choice or joint use, according to the disease, according to the person, according to the time, according to the local conditions, for the patient to obtain the amount of benefits, is a very serious task, and sometimes still very complex thinking process. The therapeutic effect is also a clinician level of the main signs.
4, clinical nursing:
Nursing is to help patients or healthy people to maintain, restore, and enhance the health of medical technology services, is an indispensable part of health care. Clinical nursing is a narrow sense of nursing, refers to the medical and technical work performed by nurses. Clinical nursing can include basic nursing and specialized nursing.
Basic nursing care: including observation and recording of the condition, the implementation of medical advice to give drugs and injections, other therapeutic measures, measurement of temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, patient hygiene care, spiritual care, dietary care, defecation care, ward management, patients and their families for health care guidance, etc., jeopardize the patient's care requirements are more stringent. The content broadly includes: (1) for the patient to prepare a comfortable, quiet, clean and safe environment for treatment and recuperation; (2) the patient's cleanliness and hygiene; (3) the observation of vital signs; (4) the observation of gastrointestinal and urinary activities and care; (5) the administration of medication - oral medication, from intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular intravenous; arterial transfusion blood transfusion; (6) Oxygen application, including hyperbaric oxygen chamber care; (7) Various specimen collection; (8) Inhalation - steam inhalation, nebulized inhalation; (9) Hot and cold therapy; (10) Writing and processing of medical documents; (11) Application of human body mechanics in nursing; and (12) Care of terminally ill patients.
Specialty Nursing: Including internal, external, gynecology, pediatric neuropsychiatry, skin, five senses and other departments. Internal medicine in addition to respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urinary and other systems of care, and will be included in the care of infectious diseases and epidemics. Surgery, in addition to basic surgery, brain and neurosurgery, orthopedics, burns, urology, plastic surgery, organ transplantation, microsurgery have made new progress in recent years. Surgical care is based on pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative care, of which anti-shock, anti-bleeding, anti-inter*infection, and maintenance of water-electrolyte balance are also the core of surgical care. The development of nursing disciplines and medical development of the same mutual infiltration, inter*, overlap, some **** content is often written by experts will be merged into a book, such as oncology care, intensive care nursing, the application of new business and new technologies, pain care, hospice care, etc., have their new theories and technical operations.
5. Healthcare:
Healthcare medicine is medicine that protects or safeguards human health. Health care includes the following aspects of content:
Elderly health care: when people into old age, a variety of organs gradually aging based on the occurrence of a variety of geriatric diseases, mostly chronic degenerative lesions. Therefore, the need for health guidance given by medical personnel, regular health checks, supplemented by drugs, physical therapy and other methods to slow down aging and maintain health.
Rehabilitation health care: its services include trauma, disease, congenital and developmental disorders caused by disability. Most of the more common rehabilitation medical care is related to motor dysfunction, such as hemiplegia caused by cerebrovascular accident, paraplegia caused by spinal cord injury. The Ministry of Health on April 2, 1996 issued the "general hospital rehabilitation medicine department management norms" in the general hospital rehabilitation medicine department, is in the rehabilitation medicine theory under the guidance of the application of functional assessment and physical therapy, occupational therapy, traditional rehabilitation therapy, speech therapy,,, psychological treatment, rehabilitation engineering and other rehabilitation medicine diagnostic, therapeutic techniques, in close collaboration with the relevant clinical sciences, focusing on the acute stage of the disease or injury, In close collaboration with the relevant clinical departments, it focuses on providing early clinical rehabilitation medical treatment for patients with physical or internal organ dysfunction in the acute stage of illness and injury and early stage of recovery, and at the same time, it also provides corresponding late rehabilitation medical treatment for patients with other difficult dysfunctions and provides rehabilitation medical training and technical guidance for the rehabilitation of people with disabilities in the communities where it is located. Rehabilitation health care shall be within the scope of medical activities.
6, medical cosmetology:
According to the Ministry of Health on January 22, 2002 announced the "Medical Beauty Service Management Measures" of the provisions of the medical beauty, refers to the use of surgery, drugs, medical devices and other traumatic or invasive medical technology methods of human appearance and all parts of the human body for repair and remodeling of the form. Cosmetic medical institutions, refers to medical institutions to carry out medical cosmetic diagnosis and treatment business. Medical cosmetology for the first level of diagnosis and treatment subjects, cosmetic surgery, cosmetic dentistry, cosmetic dermatology and cosmetic Chinese medicine for the second level of diagnosis and treatment subjects. The attending physician referred to in these Measures refers to a practicing engineer who is responsible for the implementation of medical cosmetology projects with the following conditions: (1) having the qualification of practicing engineer and registered by the registration authority of practicing physicians; (2) having the experience of engaging in the relevant clinical disciplines. Among them, those who are responsible for the implementation of cosmetic surgery projects shall have more than 6 years of clinical work experience in cosmetic surgery or plastic surgery and other related disciplines; those who are responsible for the implementation of cosmetic dentistry projects shall have more than 5 years of clinical work experience in cosmetic dentistry or stomatology; those who are responsible for the implementation of cosmetic Chinese medicine and cosmetic dermatology shall have clinical work experience in cosmetic medicine and cosmetic dermatology; (3) having undergone medical cosmetic professional training or further training and qualified, or having been engaged in Medical cosmetology clinical work for more than 1 year; (4) other conditions stipulated by the health administrative department of the provincial people's government.
7. Occupational Disease Prevention and Control:
Occupational Disease Prevention and Control is a fringe discipline between preventive medicine and clinical medicine, focusing on solving the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of occupational lung diseases, occupational toxic neurological disorders, occupational toxic liver diseases, occupational toxic hematological disorders, occupational toxic nephropathies, occupational neoplasms, occupational dermatology, and occupational diseases of physical factors, and so on. The State has promulgated the Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases, and on March 8, 2002, the Ministry of Health promulgated three administrative regulations, including the Measures for the Administration of Diagnosis and Appraisal of Occupational Diseases, the Measures for the Administration of National Occupational Health Standards, and the Measures for the Administration of Classification of Occupational Disease Hazards in Construction Projects, which were put into effect on May 1, 2002, and which are still in force today. According to the provisions of the above laws, regulations and rules, the current occupational disease prevention and control organizations are medical institutions, engaged in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and scientific research of occupational diseases.
8. Maternal and child health:
According to the relevant provisions of the Regulations on Maternal and Child Health Work promulgated and implemented by the Ministry of Health on April 20, 1986, the administrative department of maternal and child health is to organize the implementation of these regulations by the professional institutions of maternal and child health, the obstetrics and gynaecology departments, paediatrics, health care and other sections of general hospitals, and factories, mines and enterprises and other relevant departments*** with the implementation of these regulations. The tasks of maternal and child health include: (1) to carry out eugenics and eugenic work to improve the quality of national health; to carry out pre-marital examinations, perinatal health care, prenatal diagnosis, counseling on eugenic and genetic disorders and monitoring of birth defects, etc., to prevent and reduce congenital and hereditary diseases. The government has also taken measures to improve the cure rate of common childhood illnesses, investigate and analyze morbidity factors, formulate preventive and curative measures, reduce morbidity rates, and improve cure rates; it has also provided operational guidance to nurseries and kindergartens on health care; it has popularized scientific parenting, advocated breastfeeding, and cooperated with the relevant departments in the early education of infants and toddlers; and it has cooperated with the health prevention and epidemiology departments in the management of vaccination and infectious diseases. (4) Technical guidance on family planning: to promote comprehensive birth control measures based on contraception, to guide and implement safe and effective birth control methods for couples of childbearing age, and to reduce the rate of induced abortions and induced abortions; to implement the Regulations on the Administration of Family Planning Techniques and the Routine of Surgical Surgery for Birth Control, to improve the quality of surgeries, to put an end to accidents, and to reduce and prevent surgical complications, so as to ensure the safety and health of the recipients.
9. Family planning:
According to the relevant provisions of the Regulations on the Administration of Family Planning Techniques (for Trial Implementation) promulgated and implemented by the Ministry of Health on December 15, 1983, the technical work of family planning is mainly carried out by family planning departments, obstetrics and gynecology departments, surgical departments (urology departments), and maternal and child health care teams of health-care units at all levels, as well as by their medical personnel who are engaged in family planning work. The personnel must be kept stable and the team must be professionalized. Middle- and junior-level medical personnel engaged in birth-control techniques must undergo training and assessment in their own specialties, and only those who are qualified are allowed to engage in this work. The main contents of family planning technical work are: (1) to publicize scientific knowledge of birth control and eugenics, and to provide guidance on contraceptive techniques; (2) to carry out birth control surgery and related operations; (3) to prevent, treat and identify complications of birth control surgery; (4) to organize business training and assessment and technical exchanges; and (5) to carry out clinical and scientific research on birth control methods, eugenics investigations and other work. It strictly implements the Sterilization Surgery Routine, ensures the quality of surgery, makes good post-surgery follow-up observation, reduces and prevents complications, and ensures the safety and health of the patients. It is necessary to establish and improve various rules and regulations, such as preaching, outpatient registration, surgical records, errors and accidents, consultation registration, entry and exit, referral, consultation, rescue, follow-up, management of medical records, assessment and rewards and punishments as well as business study, etc., in order to continuously improve the quality of vigilance work and the effectiveness of the work. According to the provisions of Article 61 of the Regulations on the Handling of Medical Accidents: The medical institutions referred to in these Regulations refer to the institutions that have obtained the License to Practice in Medical Institutions in accordance with the provisions of the Regulations on the Administration of Medical Institutions: The medical institutions referred to in these Regulations refer to the institutions that have obtained the License to Practice in Medical Institutions in accordance with the provisions of the Regulations on the Administration of Medical Institutions. Institutions engaged in family planning technical services in cities above the pancreatic level that carry out clinical medical services related to family planning in accordance with the provisions of the Regulations on the Administration of Family Planning Technical Services, and accidents in family planning technical services that occur shall be dealt with in accordance with the relevant provisions of these Regulations; however, accidents in family planning technical services that occur in institutions engaged in family planning technical services in cities above the county level that do not belong to a medical institution shall be dealt with by the administrative department of family planning to exercise the functions of accepting and referring to the medical organization responsible for the technical appraisal of medical accidents for appraisal and compensation mediation, which are assumed by the administrative department of health in accordance with the relevant provisions of these Regulations; and to deal with the institution in which the family planning technical service accidents occurred and its relevant responsible personnel in accordance with the law.
10, preventive vaccination:
Article 35 of the Regulations on the Administration of Medical Institutions stipulates that: medical institutions for infectious diseases, mental illnesses, occupational diseases and other patients with special diagnosis and treatment and treatment shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of the relevant state laws and regulations. Article 4 of the Rules for the Implementation of the Regulations on the Administration of Medical Institutions stipulates that institutions such as sanitary and epidemiological institutions, state border sanitary and quarantine institutions, and medical research and teaching institutions that carry out diagnostic and treatment activities outside the scope of their own business, as well as cosmetic service organizations that carry out medical cosmetology, must apply for the establishment of the corresponding category of medical institution in accordance with the Regulations and these Rules. Article 12 of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases stipulates that the State shall implement a system of planned preventive inoculation. The State implements a system of preventive vaccination certificates for children. Article 11 of the Measures for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases provides that the State shall implement a system of planned preventive inoculation. Anyone within the territory of the People's Republic of China shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the epidemic of infectious diseases, increase the number of preventive vaccinations. Article 12 provides that: the State shall implement a system of preventive vaccination cards for children. Children of school age shall receive preventive inoculation in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State. Parents or guardians of school-age children shall promptly apply for a preventive vaccination certificate from a health-care organization. Childcare institutions and schools should check the vaccination certificate when handling childcare and school enrollment procedures, and children who have not been vaccinated in accordance with the regulations should be vaccinated in a timely manner. It can be seen that vaccination is a medical activity to prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases.
11, border health quarantine:
Border health quarantine is in order to prevent infectious diseases from abroad or from the domestic transmission, to protect human health, and the entry and exit of people and means of transportation, etc. to take the inspection (i.e., border health and quarantine authorities to implement the medical and health inspections), on the quarantine infectious diseases are suffering from, or by the preliminary diagnosis of health and quarantine authorities that have been infected with quarantine infectious diseases or have been licensed. quarantine infectious disease, or by the preliminary diagnosis of the health quarantine authorities, it is believed to have been infected with a quarantine infectious disease or has been branded as the incubation period of a quarantine infectious disease to carry out "quarantine" (refers to the people who have contracted the disease to be detained in the designated premises, to restrict their activities and to carry out medical treatment until the risk of the spread of the infectious disease has been eliminated), and to carry out "stay in quarantine" (meaning that the suspected infected person will be detained in the designated premises for diagnosis and examination). As can be seen, the state border health quarantine includes medical activities such as examination, diagnosis and treatment of people who have or may have quarantine infectious diseases.
12, and medical management activities:
Medical work is a number of departments, a variety of technologies involved in all aspects of the systematic project, the need for strict rules and regulations of the work, the need for personnel, science and education, the party and the community and other aspects of management. These work is not directly involved in the diagnosis and treatment of the patient's disease, but go to the quality and efficiency of medical services, the relationship between the patient's life and health. Therefore, the management activities within the medical organization is also an important part of medical activities.
13, medical-related logistics services:
Medical institutions, like other industries need a strong logistical support system, the need for water, electricity, gas, heat, canteens and other aspects of the work with. It's hard to imagine the consequences of a sudden power outage while a surgical procedure is in progress. Therefore, medical-related logistics services are also an important part of medical activities.
14, emergency rescue:
With the development of China's aging population and changes in the spectrum of diseases, as well as the rapid development of industry, transportation, emergency patients and a variety of disasters, accidents caused by casualties increase year by year. Some major disasters and accidents lead to batches of casualties. Emergency care has become the front line of medical work. To this end, the Ministry of Health has issued a number of documents, such as the Supplementary Provisions on Further Strengthening Emergency Rescue Work issued and implemented on September 18, 1986, and the Supplementary Provisions on Strengthening Emergency Rescue and Improving Emergency Response issued and implemented by the Ministry of Health on July 9, 1987
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