Provisions for initial and advanced management of refrigerants that describe?LEED?certification? Scientific assessment of the combined impact of refrigerants on ozone layer depletion and global warming over the life cycle of the chiller. Taking the domestic LEED Gold Award program as an example, it lists the relevant scores with the LEED Gold Award program. award projects in China, for example, the calculation results related to the scoring are listed to show that projects using either R123 or R134a chillers can satisfy the scoring criteria of LEED certification in refrigerant management. certification in terms of refrigerant management scoring criteria. Keywords: green building? LEED certification? Refrigerant?1?Introduction to green building certification and requirements for refrigerant management? The requirements for refrigerant management are summarized in the following table. The Green Building Evaluation Standard (GBES) formulated by the Ministry of Construction of China is China's first green building evaluation standard for residential and public buildings. The Green Building Evaluation Standard (GBES), developed by the Ministry of Construction of China, is the first recommendation for the comprehensive evaluation of green buildings in China, starting from the whole life cycle of residential and public *** buildings. It is the first recommended national standard for comprehensive evaluation of green buildings in China from the whole life cycle of residential and public **** buildings. From energy saving and energy utilization, water saving and water resource utilization, land saving and? Outdoor Environment, Material Saving and Material Resource Utilization, Indoor Environmental Quality, and Operation Management. The six major aspects of green building are standardized. Green building? Evaluation of the necessary conditions should be to meet all the requirements of residential buildings or public **** building? The requirements of the control items in the building, according to the number of general items and the number of preferred items, green buildings are classified into three levels. Degree, green building is divided into three levels, respectively, one star, two stars, three stars. two-star, three-star. The international green building certification (LEED? certification) by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). International Green Building Certification (LEED) is issued by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) and is the most advanced and practical green building certification program in the world. It is one of the most advanced and practical green building certification rating systems in the world. It is one of the most advanced and practical green building certification scoring systems in the world, enabling projects to meet leading international standards for energy consumption, indoor air quality, environmental protection, etc. It is one of the most advanced and practiced green building rating systems in the world. [1]? It is divided into four levels according to the score,? as shown in Table 1?
Table 1?LEED certification levels? The LEED certification rating is based on a four-point scale, as shown in Table 1. Rating? Achievement?26-32?Silver?33-38?Gold?39-51?Platinum?52-69?Green building standards focus on energy efficiency and environmental protection. Since the beginning of the last century, the ozone layer in the stratosphere has been depleted. Since the last century, the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer and global warming on the environment? have become the main environmental problems facing the world today. The problem of global warming has become a major environmental issue for the world. In order to prevent further deterioration of the global environment, in the latter part of the last century, the Ozone Layer Protection Act (OLPA) was enacted. In order to prevent further deterioration of the global environment, in the latter part of the last century, the Montreal Protocol for the protection of the ozone layer and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the prevention of global warming were adopted. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol to prevent global warming were introduced one after another. Kyoto Protocol were introduced one after another, setting out the protection of the environment? Specific measures have been put in place to strongly stop the continued deterioration of the environment. For the? air-conditioning industry, due to the refrigerants used in chiller units, such as CFC, HCFC, HFC, etc., which cause different degrees of damage to the environment, due to? This has aroused widespread concern in and outside the industry.? China's "Green Building Evaluation Standards" for air-conditioning equipment and systems. China's "Green Building Evaluation Standard" puts forward clear requirements for air-conditioning equipment and system energy consumption, with reference to the "Public *** Building Energy Efficiency Design" (GB?). The provisions of "Public **** building energy-saving design standard" (GB?50189-2005) put forward higher? requirements. However, it does not specify the refrigerant used for air-conditioning equipment. It is not clear what refrigerants are used in air-conditioning equipment. The international green building LEED certification not only puts clear requirements on the energy consumption of air-conditioning equipment and systems, but also provides a clear requirement for the use of refrigerants in air-conditioning systems. The LEED certification not only puts forward clear requirements on the energy consumption of air-conditioning equipment and systems, but also has mandatory regulations on the management of refrigerants used in air-conditioning equipment. Refrigerant management has mandatory provisions. For new buildings and main building? building renovation, the fourth major category of LEED-NC standard version 2.2? "Energy Use and Atmospheric Protection" has a prerequisite item? "Primary Management of Refrigerants" and one rating condition, "Advanced Management of Refrigerants". Advanced Management"? [1]? (see Table 2). The following summarizes the specific requirements of these two scoring items. The specific requirements of these two scoring items are described below. Table 2: LEED "Energy Use and Atmosphere Protection" scoring items? Scoring conditions? Scoring items? Score 1? Basic system operation and commissioning 0 2? Minimization of energy consumption 0? Condition?3?Primary refrigerant management?0?1?Energy use optimization?1 to 10?2?Renewable energy sources?1 to 3?3?Advanced operational commissioning?1?4?Advanced refrigerant management?1?5?Measurement and auditing?1?Rating? Conditions?6?Green Power?1?2?Refrigerant Primary Management? CFC refrigerants are not used in air-conditioning equipment and systems in new buildings. When renewing old buildings, phase out CFC refrigerants in air-conditioning equipment and systems before project completion. CFC refrigerants in air-conditioning equipment and systems. For small refrigeration equipment, the use of CFC refrigerants in air-conditioning equipment and systems should be phased out before completion of the project. (b) For small refrigeration equipment. (a) Refrigeration equipment and systems Refrigeration Refrigerant Refrigerant Container? What is the content? Less than 0.5 lb. Less than 0.5 lbs. /? Cold tons of cold air. (i.e., 0.0645 kg/kW) Air-conditioning equipment and systems such as refrigerators and freezers that are not part of the building are not subject to the above requirements. conditioning equipment and systems that are not part of the building are exempt from the above requirements. [1]?76?Table 3?Main environmental evaluation indexes of commonly used refrigerants? Refrigeration Refrigerant? Refrigerant?ODP?GWP?100?years? Atmospheric lifetime? (years)?CFC-11?1.0?4680?45.0?CFC-12?1.0?10720?100.0?HCFC-22?0.04?1780?12.0?HCFC-123?0.02?76?1.3?HFC-134a?~0?1320?14.0?R410A?~0?1890? -?R407C?~0?1700?-?CO?2?0?1.0?Ammonia?0?0?0?Propane?0?3?Related terms are explained as follows:?1)? Global Warming Potential (GWP): a comparison of a greenhouse gas? emissions relative to the climate impact of an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide emissions? GWP is defined as the time accumulation caused by pulses of emissions of 1kg of a GHG versus 1kg of CO2 over a fixed time horizon (e.g., 100 years), and is defined as the time at which the emissions of a GHG are measured over a fixed time horizon (e.g., 100 years), and the time at which the emissions of a GHG are measured over a fixed time horizon. (e.g., 100 years) of radiative energy. (2) Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): Comparison of an ODS substance's emissions relative to a CCS substance's emissions. ODP: Comparison of the ozone depletion potential of an ODS substance emitted relative to the ozone depletion potential of a CFC-11 substance emitted. (ODP): Comparison of ozone depletion from emissions of an ODS substance relative to emissions of CFC-11. (3) Atmospheric lifetime: The time it takes for any substance emitted into the atmosphere to be decomposed by one-half (in quantity). half (amount) of time required.? Table 3 shows that commonly used chemical refrigerants (fluorocarbons) all have a negative impact on the environment. substances) all have a negative impact on the environment, and the longer the atmospheric lifetime, the greater the impact? The longer the atmospheric lifetime, the greater the impact. Natural refrigerants such as CO2, ammonia, propane, etc. have negative impacts on the environment in terms of flammability, cost, and energy efficiency. There are also weaknesses in terms of flammability, cost, and energy efficiency (see Figure 1),
so the perfect refrigerant has yet to be found. Figure 1?Illustration of the properties of various refrigerants? The 19th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol agreed to accelerate the phase-out of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) at the component stage. The Parties to the Montreal Protocol agreed at their 19th meeting to adjust the phase-out of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) to an accelerated phase-out schedule, which is about one year ahead of schedule overall. The schedule of the accelerated phase-out of HCFCs has been advanced by about 10 years overall to 2030, when the phase-out of production and consumption will be completed. The phase-out of production and consumption will be completed by 2030, and the phase-out of HCFCs will be completed by 2030. An average of 2.5% per year is allowed for servicing during the period 2030-2040. There is no limit to the phase-out date for the use of recovered and reclaimed refrigerants. At present, more than 80% of the industrial and commercial refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment in China is using HCFC-22 refrigerant, and there is no fully satisfactory alternative to HCFC globally. HFCs are explicitly listed in the Kyoto Protocol as a refrigerant that should be replaced because of their high GWP value. HFCs are explicitly listed in the Kyoto Protocol as greenhouse gases for which emission reduction should be implemented. HFCs have been explicitly included in the Kyoto Protocol's list of greenhouse gases that should be reduced. In terms of long-term development trend, the consumption phase-out of HFCs in the future is inevitable. The only uncertainty is the timing of this substitution process. The only uncertainty is the timing of this replacement process. The search for environmentally friendly refrigerants with zero ODP and low GWP has become a global ****same responsibility. Therefore, if HFCs are replaced by HFCs, this technical direction and time uncertainty is very important for the development of the new technology. and time uncertainty for China's refrigeration and air-conditioning industry, there are huge risks and challenges. There are huge risks and challenges. [3]? The environmental friendliness of refrigerants is also related to the energy efficiency of chiller units,? Chiller power consumption produces ?CO?2? emissions, contributing to global warming? s indirect impact. 95% of the potential global warming impact is due to equipment? 95% of the potential global warming impact is due to CO?2? emissions from equipment energy consumption. 3 Advanced refrigerant management Choose 1 and score 1 point for not using refrigerants. Or Option 2, If any refrigerant is used, it should be reduced and eliminated. refrigerant leakage, which is conducive to protecting the ozone layer and preventing global climate? warming. Its score is determined by the calculation result of equation (1). If Eq. (1)'s calculation result is ≤ ?100, then it will be scored 1?point. ?LCGWP?+?LCODP?×?100,000?≤?100?(1)? In equation (1), ?LCGWP?=? [GWP?r?×? (L?r?×?life?+M?r?)? ×?R?c?]/Life?LCODP?=? [ODP?r?×? (L?r?×?life?+M?r?)? ×?R?c?]/Life?LCGWP: Life Cycle Direct Global Warming Potential Index?Lifecycle?Direct?Global?Warming?Index;?LCODP?: Life Cycle Ozone Depletion Potential Index?Lifecycle?Ozone?Depletion?Index;?GWP r?: Global Warming Potential of refrigerant;?ODP?r?: Ozone Depletion Potential of refrigerant;?L?r?: Annual refrigerant leakage rate (% of refrigerant charge, 0.5% to 2%);?L?r?: Annual refrigerant leakage rate (% of refrigerant charge, 0.5% to 2%). ratio, 0.5% to 2%; the default value is ?2% unless proven). (proof). ?M?r?: refrigerant loss rate at end of life (% of refrigerant ? charge, 2% to 10%; default value is ?10%); ?R?c?: refrigerant charge per unit of refrigeration, (0.5 to 5) lb/? ton i.e. (0.0645-0.645) kg/kW, ARI? working condition;?Life: equipment life (default value is ?10? years, unless proven). Life: equipment life (default value is ?10? years, unless proven). For multiple units, it is permissible to use the "weighted average" of equation (2). (2)? In equation (2), Qunit:? Qtotal:? Qtotal:? For small refrigeration equipment (refrigerant content less than ?0.5? lb/? refrigerant content is less than ?0.5? lb/? cold ton i.e. ?0.0645kg/kW) such as refrigerators, freezers and other air-conditioning equipment and systems that are not part of the building. building air conditioning equipment and systems are not subject to the above requirements.? [1]? Trane Air Conditioning and related organizations have sampled ?2?000? ∑[(LCGWP?+?LCODP?×?100,000)? ×?Q?uni?t?)]?Q?t?ot?al?≤?100?77? centrifuge units of Trane R123 centrifuge units. s annual refrigerant leakage was less than ?0.5%. Climate Change Magazine The article "Impact of HCFC-123 use and emissions on the atmospheric ozone layer and the climate" in Climate Change magazine, "The impact of HCFC-123 use and emissions on the atmospheric ozone layer and the climate", was published by Trane. Climate". describes the results of this survey. U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) Building Council (USGBC) confirms on its official website that the annual refrigerant leakage of Trane R123 off-center units is about 1,000 pounds per year. centered units have a refrigerant leakage of ?0.5% per year and are used in the LEED-?NC2.2? version of the refrigerant calculation formula? [2]? (see Figure ?2). Visit this page. [2]? for detailed information. Figure 2?USGBC official website information?4?LEED Gold Case Score Calculation Demonstration? The new factory building of Colorful Communication Technology (Suzhou) Co. Ltd. received China's first LEED?�0�3 Gold certification, and its office building received LEED?�0�3 Silver certification. The project selected two 450-cool-ton (1,580kW) three-stage compressed air compressors. (1580kW) three-stage compression centrifugal chiller (COP?6.20) and 1?225?cooling ton (790kW) screw chiller. units (COP?5.67). The project satisfies one of the prerequisite items? "Primary Management of Refrigerant" and one rating condition "Advanced Management of Refrigerant" to receive one rating condition "Advanced Management of Refrigerant". Advanced Management" to receive a rating. (1) The R123 unit is environmentally friendly and receives one rating. The R123 unit has a cooling capacity of 450 refrigerated tons (1580 kW), a COP of 6.20, a charge of 750 pounds (340.5 kg), an R?c?=750/450=1.66, and an L?r?=0.005, LCGWP?=[76?×?=[76?×?=[76?×?=[76?×?=[76?×?=[76?×?=[76?×?=[76?×?=[76?×?=[76?×?1.66], and an L?r?=0.005, LCGWP?=? [76?×? (0.005?×?25?+0.1)? ×?1.66]/25?=?1.135?LCODP?=? [0.012?×? (0.005 × 25 + 0.1)? ×?1.66]/25?=?0.00017928?LCGWP?+?LCODPx100,000?=19.06≤?100?(2)?R134a?units are environmentally friendly, and receive a rating of?R134a?unit cooling capacity: 225?cool tons (790kW),?COP=5.67, charge 525?lbs ( 238.35kg)?R?c?=525/225=2.33, L?r?=0.02?LCGWP?=? [1320?×? (0.02?×?25?+0.1)? ×?2.33]/25?=?73.8?LCODP?=0?LCGWP?+?LCODP?x?100,000?=73.8≤?100?(3)? Multiple chillers for this project will receive one rating? Since the project has ?2?450?cooling tons (1580kW) three? stage compression centrifugal chillers and ?1??225?cooling ton? (790kW) screw chillers, and therefore, according to the multiple units? The "weighted average" formula (2) can be used to obtain a score of ? (19.06×2×450+73.8×225)/(?2×450+225)? =?30.0?≤?100?(4)?The combined environmental performance of R123? units is higher than that of R134a? units? (limited to the units of this project, different values for different units)? According to the refrigerant calculation formula (1), the value of R123? unit (19.06) is less than that of R134a? (19.06) is smaller than the value of R134a? units (73.8), and the value of the project's 3? project's 3? chiller units have a value (30.0) ≤?100, which earns a? a score. 5?Summary? (1)? Green building standards focus on energy saving and environmental protection. Since China's ? Green Building Evaluation Standards do not specify the refrigeration agent used in air-conditioning equipment, it is possible to learn from the International Green Building Evaluation? agent is not clearly stipulated, it can draw on the international green building evaluation? standards (LEED? certification) for the refrigerant used in air-conditioning equipment. The international green building evaluation standard (LEED) certification can be used as a reference for the refrigerant management of air-conditioning equipment. (2)? Protecting the ozone layer and preventing global warming are the main environmental issues facing the world. LEED certification does not allow the use of CFC refrigerants; for HCFC or HFC refrigerants, a comprehensive assessment of the chiller's life-cycle performance is required. For HCFC or HFC refrigerants, it is necessary to comprehensively assess the impact of the chiller on ozone layer depletion and global warming during the life cycle of the chiller. global warming, and the leakage of refrigerant should be emphasized.? (3)? According to the relevant calculation formula for LEED certification, it is stated that projects using ?R123? or R134a? chiller units can meet the refrigeration? agent management scoring criteria. Take the domestic LEED certification gold? project as an example to demonstrate the corresponding calculation method and results.