Father, Skorodowski, was deputy inspector of the public high school in Novolipki. Mother is frail and suffering from lung disease and has to resign as principal of the girls' school.
The family moved out of the house on Ferretta Road where they had lived for eight years.
1873 Age six
Father demoted by Russian authorities. In order to subsidize the family, boarders were taken in at home and tutored. At first there were only two or three, but it grew to ten.
Maria goes to a private boarding school, the principal of which is Mrs. Sikorska.
1879-1878 Nine and eleven years old
Oldest sister (1876) died of typhus, and mother (1878) succumbed to a prolonged lung disease.
1881 Age fourteen
Leaves boarding school and transfers to a public secondary school under Russian administration.
Russian Tsar Alexander II is assassinated and Alexander III (1844-1894) assumes the throne.
1882 Age fifteen
Bierre Curie (b. May 15, 1859, age twenty-three), a young French scholar, was employed at the école de Physique et de Chimie of the City of Paris as head of the physics laboratory.
He invented the Curie electrostatic meter with his brother Jacques Curie***.
1883 Sixteen years old
June: graduation from secondary school. The authorities of the public high school, especially the German teacher Buster Medin and the superintendent Mrs. Meyer, persist in their policy of national oppression by the Russian authorities.
After graduation, goes on vacation to relatives in the countryside of southern Poland. Sometimes he crossed the border with his teenage companions to play in the mountains of Galicia, where he could speak Polish aloud and sing Polish songs at the top of his voice.
1884 Seventeen years old
September: returned to Warsaw. Works as a governess in the city.
Joins the "mobile university" where young Polish patriots meet regularly and secretly, attends lectures, conducts scientific experiments, and works to combat illiteracy.
1886 Nineteen years old
January: goes to work as a tutor in Prok, Szczuchowski, Sopot. To finance her second sister Bronislava's education in Paris (the university in Warsaw does not accept girls) and to save for her own advancement.
1891 Twenty-four years old
September: went to Paris to study.
November: Enrolled in the Physics Department of the Faculty of Science at the University of Sorbonne (University of Paris).
1893 Twenty-six years old
July: Passed the Physics Bachelor's Degree Examination.
The "Alexander Scholarship" of 600 rubles from Warsaw solved her financial difficulties and enabled her to continue her studies in France.
Bierre Curie invented the Curie balance, an accurate balance without weights.
October: British physicist Thomson (Lord Colvin, 1824-1907) crosses the sea to visit Curie.
1894 Twenty-seven years old
Accepts a remunerated assignment from the National Commission for the Promotion of Industry to study the magnetism of iron and steel as a supplement to study expenses.
April: Introduced to Bier Curie by the Polish scholar Joseph Kowalski, professor of physics at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, in order to take advantage of the better-equipped laboratories headed by Curie.
July: passes the Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics.
Receives Biel-Curie's thesis "On the principle of symmetry in physical phenomena: the principle of symmetry of electric and magnetic fields".
Bierre Curie discovered that the magnetization of a paramagnetic mass is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature (T), initially known as Curie's Law. Later in 1907 by the French physicist Weiss further research, to be refined, named Curie's law, equation: X = C / (T - Q) ferromagnetic material, the transition temperature is called the Curie point (Q), to reach this temperature, the loss of ferromagnetism, paramagnetism.
The reign of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (1868-1918).
1895 Twenty-eight years old
March: Pierre Curie (age 36) passes the doctoral examination with a dissertation titled: "Magnetism of Matter at Various Temperatures". Spinning off as Professor of Physical Chemistry.
April: Marie Skorodowska's dissertation, "The Radioactivity of the Compounds of Uranium and Thorium," is read by Lippmann to the Academy of Sciences.
July 26: Marie marries Bierre Curie in the Paris suburb of Sauternes.
Marie Curie becomes a teacher at a girls' high school.
December: German physicist Theorchen (1845-1923), rector of the University of Würzburg, discovers X-rays and submits three research papers, including "Preliminary Report on a New Ray". The rays were conventionally called "roentgen rays", but later became known as X-rays.
1896 Twenty-nine years old
March: The French physicist Berkeler (1852-1908) discovered the radioactivity of uranium by studying uranium salts, which was then called the Berkeler ray.
August: Mary passes an examination for the title of university graduate as teacher.
Supported by the principal of the School of Physics and Chemistry, Schutzenberger (1827-1897), Marie secures a position and works in the school's physics laboratory, ****ing with Bier (head of the room).
Death of Nobel (1833-1896), Swedish chemist.
1897 Thirty years old
Thesis: "Magnetization of Tempered Steel".
September 12: Birth of Irene Curie, Nagan.
Curie's mother dies.
1898 Thirty-one years old
Discovery of the radioactivity of thorium: the discovery was also made independently by the German chemist Schmidt (1865-1949) at the end of the previous year or the beginning of the current one.
July: Mr. and Mrs. Curie presented to the Academy of Sciences "On a New Radioactive Substance in Asphalt Uranium Ore," describing the discovery of a new radioactive element, No. 84, four hundred times stronger than uranium and similar to bismuth, and Mrs. Curie suggested constructing the name Polonium for the new element after her native country, Poland.
From then on, Mr. and Mrs. Curie worked closely together **** the same research to establish the earliest working methods of radiochemistry.
December: Mr. and Mrs. Curie and his colleague Belmont presented to the Academy of Sciences "on the asphalt uranium ore contains a new substance of strong radioactivity", explaining the discovery of a new element No. 88, radioactivity is a million times stronger than that of uranium, named radium (Radium).
Marie Curie's report on the discovery of the new element polonium is published in Polish in the monthly Warsaw pictorial Sviatro.
1899 Thirty-two years old
After the suggestion of Suez (1831-1914), a correspondent member of the French Academy of Sciences and a professor of geology at the University of Vienna, the Vienna Academy of Sciences intervened and received a gift from the Austrian government of one ton of asphalt uranium ore residue from the St. Joachimstal mine in the Czech Republic, which it belonged to, to be used in the refining of pure radium.
Three papers: "Studies on Induced Radioactivity" (co-author: De Birner), "The Chemistry of Radium Radioactivity", and "Charges Simultaneously Induced in Radioactivity".
Madame Curie's study of radium, her discovery of the production of ozone in the air in the presence of rays, and her noticing that the rays imparted color to glass and porcelain, led to the establishment of radiochemistry, the study of chemical reactions induced by radiation.
Distributed radium to Rutherford, Berkeler, Willard (1860-1934), Paulson, and other members of the scientific and medical communities.
October: Beale's student, the chemist De Bilna (1874-1949), used ammonium hydroxide and rare earth elements*** to precipitate and isolate actinium (Actinitum), the third new radioactive element contained in pitchblende uranium ore. He later participated in the refining of pure radium.
The atomic physicist Rutherford (1871-1937) discovered what he called radium shot gas, thorium shot gas, that is, radioactive noble gas radon (Radon). Soon the German Dunn (1848-?) also discovered radium gas in 1900. Rutherford distinguished between α-rays, β-rays and γ-rays according to the penetrating ability of radioactive radiation.
German physicists Elster (1854-1920) and Geitel (1855-1923) discovered the law of decay of emitted particles.
The French-Jewish officer Dreyfus (1859-1935) was wrongly accused, and the writer Zola (1840-1902) published "I Complain" to demand his acquittal. Biel-Curie participated in the above struggles, administering justice and protesting against the government's wrongful conviction.
1900 Thirty-three years old
March: Biel gets the position of tutor at the Ecole Polytechnique.
Marie teaches physics at the école Normale Supérieure des Femmes de Sèvres, southwest of Paris.
Marie's thesis "On the atomic weight of radioactive barium compounds".
The Curies presented their paper "On new radioactive substances and the lines emitted by them" at the International Physical Society in Paris
October: on the recommendation of Pencale (1854-1912), Biel taught at the Chair of Physics, Chemistry, and Museums (P.C.N.) at the University of Sulphur, which was organized for medical students.
Two German scholars, Warkoff and Giesel, claimed that radium had a peculiar effect on biological tissues. Later, Mr. and Mrs. Curie proved that radium rays burned the skin.
1901 Thirty-four years old
The Curies' paper "On Radioactive Elements".
Bierre Curie and De Bilna's paper "On Inductive Radioactivity due to Radium Salts". Essay by Biel-Curie and Berkeler, On the Physiological Action of Radium Rays.
The Nobel Prize Committee of the Swedish Academy of Sciences begins the process of awarding prizes in accordance with Nobel's will, and the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen is awarded the first prize in physics in 1901 for his discovery of X-rays.
1902 Thirty-five years old
After three years and nine months of refining, the Curies isolated a trace amount (one centigram) of radium chloride RaCl2 from tons of residue and measured the atomic weight of radium at 225, a precise number later obtained as 226.
Marie's paper, "On the Atomic Weight of Radium".
Bier's paper "On the Absolute Calculation of Time".
Biel's student (1888) Lang Zhiwan (1872-1946) went to work under his teacher, practicing magnetism until 1904, when he moved to the French Academy of Sciences.
German chemist McWhorter independently discovered tellurium-like substances, which were later clarified as polonium.
Russian chemist Mendeyev (1834-1907) came to visit the laboratory, *** with the discussion of radioactivity questioning.
1903 Thirty-six years old
June: Mary presented her doctoral thesis, "The Study of Radioactive Substances", to the University of Thorburn and was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science.
Bier's dissertation "On induced radioactivity and radium gas". Biel and Laborde's dissertation, "On the Heat Automatically Released by Radium Salts," in which they noted that compounds of radium constantly emit heat, one hundred calories per hour per gram of radium.
October 10: Lu Xun, a Chinese writer, under the pen name Zishu, publishes for the first time in the eighth issue of the monthly magazine Zhejiang Chiu (浙江潮), published in Tokyo, the article "Saying", which introduces radium. The article translates Mrs. Curie as "Mrs. Gouri". It is the old translation of radium.
December: The Nobel Prize Committee of the Swedish Academy of Sciences announced that the Nobel Prize in Physics would be awarded to Henri Berkeler and Mr. and Mrs. Curie for the former's discovery of natural radioactivity and the latter's research on the phenomenon of natural radium emission.
1904 Thirty-seven years old
January: the journal Radium is founded, edited by Denne (1872-1935). Denne had been conducting research under Biel's direction since 1901.
Biel and the biologist Bouchard (1837-1915) (Balthasar) for their paper "Physiological Action of Radium Gas", research in this area later led to the invention of Curie therapy, i.e. radium therapy.
Bier and Laborde's paper "On the radioactivity of the gases emitted from hot springs".
Summer: Beale suffers an attack of rheumatism and is unable to travel to Sweden to receive the prize. A little later, the Swedish side handed over the Nobel Prize, the medal, and the prize money (equivalent to 70,000 francs) to the French minister for transmission.
October: Pierre Montsourboune University President Liar recommended that he be appointed as the new Chair of Physics in the Faculty of Science of the University.
November: Marie was appointed director of the Physics Laboratory of the Faculty of Science of the University of Sorbonne.
December: birth of second daughter, Eve Curie.
1905 Thirty-eight years old
June: Mr. and Mrs. Curie travel to the Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, fulfilling the requirement that Nobel Prize winners must travel in person to receive the prize and give an academic lecture.
July: Beale is elected to the French Academy of Sciences.
1906 Thirty-nine years old
April 19: Beale was killed in a car accident at the age of forty-seven when he was run over by a horse-drawn carriage.
Marie declines the Ministry of Education's offer to receive a state pension as the widow of the late Professor Lilly.
May: appointed to the Faculty of Science of the University of Sorbonne to take over from Pierre in the course of physics, at a salary of 10,000 francs a year; in November he began lecturing on the modern theory of the relation between electricity and conducting materials.
July 10: Lang Zhiwan, "Introduction to the Writings of Mr. Curie" published in the Monthly Review.
1907 Forty years old
Madame Curie manages to accept five or six graduate students. Accepts three Carnegie Fellowships for research in the United States in two years.
Radium chloride was refined and measured to have an atomic weight of 226.
Together with her friends Lang Zhiwan and Peihan (1870-1942), she organized a children's class for two years to instruct some eight or nine children of scientists such as Irène Curie and Francie Peihan. Lang Zhiwan taught mathematics, Marie taught physics, Peihan taught chemistry, Henri Mouton taught museums, and Mrs. Peihan taught literature and history.
1908 Forty-one years old
Writes a preface to the Collected Writings of Pierre Curie, tracing the author's performance. The book was commissioned by the Société Fran?aise de Physique to be edited by Lang Zhiwan (and Chenevo?). edited and published in Paris.
Promoted to professor.
1909 Forty-two years old
The German paper "Atomic weight of radium" is published in volume XXXVIII of the Annales de Radioactivity et d'Electronique.
Irene Curie enrolls in a regular school.
1910 Forty-three years old
February: death of Dr. Eugène Curie, father of Biel.
The paper "On Polonium", co-authored with De Bilna, is published in the journal Radium.
The two volumes of On Radioactivity are published.
Extracts the pure element radium, determines its physicochemical properties, determines the half-life of radon and several other elements, and organizes the systematic relations of the metamorphoses of the radioactive elements.
September: participated in the radiology conference held in Brussels, Belgium. Planck, Einstein, Rutherford, and Lang Zhiwan all attended.
Publishes Tables of Radioactivity Coefficients.
Ordered to prepare 21 milligrams of metallic radium, sealed in small test tubes and deposited at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris.
1911 Forty-four years old
January: accepts a friend's suggestion to run for membership of the French Academy of Sciences. Many decent scientists and fair-minded members of the community enthusiastically support the candidacy, and the Parisian newspaper Le Courrier expresses the public's ardent desire by publishing Marie Curie's photograph and handwriting in a prominent front-page spread on January 9, the day of the Academy's review of qualifications. In the end, due to the stubbornness of the Academy and the opposition of some people actually lost the election by one vote.
October: Participation in the Second Solvay Conference on Quantum Mechanics in Bruchhammer.
December: The Nobel Prize Committee of the Swedish Academy of Sciences announces the award of this year's Chemistry Prize to Marie Curie for her discovery of the chemical properties of the elements radium and polonium, which advanced chemical research.
Travels to Stockholm to receive the prize and give an academic lecture. Widowed sister Bronislava and her eldest daughter accompanied her.
1912 Forty-five years old
May: Receives a delegation of Polish professors. The delegation comes with a letter from the Polish writer Hinckwitz (1846-1916), in which Mrs. Curie agrees to direct the establishment of a radiology laboratory in Warsaw.
December: hospitalized for convalescence due to illness.
The paper "Measurement of radioactivity and the standard of radium" is published in the second issue of the Journal of Physics.
Travels to Lagnon and St.
1913 Forty-six years old
Summer: after undergoing a kidney operation, travels to England to recuperate, at the invitation of an English friend, Mrs. Eldon.
Attends meeting of the Britannic Society in Birmingham. Meets with Rutherford. After meeting Madame Curie at the Brussels conference in 1910, Rutherford wrote home about Madame Curie, "She is pale and overworked, and looks much older than her years, and is so weak from too much work that, in short, it is sad to look at her."
The paper "Exposure to Radioactive Objects" was published.
Traveled to Warsaw to inaugurate the Radiological Laboratory.
1914 Forty-seven years old
July: Inauguration of the Laboratory of Biology and Curie Therapeutics, the Curie Building, of the Radium Institute, which was set up at the suggestion of Dr. Roh, director of the Pasteur Institute. Madame Curie serves as a member of the Institute's Board of Governors.
The paper "The Radioactive Elements and Their Classification" is published in the Monthly Review.
July: Outbreak of the First World War.
One gram of valuable experimental radium (worth one million francs, $150,000 at the time) is sealed in a 50-pound lead jar and secreted in a bank vault to avoid being lost in the war.
Appointed by the French Women's Association (French Red Cross), she was in charge of the Radiology Department, guiding the X-ray photography work in various places and cooperating with the field ambulance.
1915 Forty-eight years old
Moved from the Physics Laboratory of the University of Sorbonne to the Radiology Laboratory of the Radium Institute.
Traveled around the country and abroad, directing eighteen field medical service teams.
1916 Forty-nine years old
Offers a crash course in radiology to sanitarians at the Radium Institute, teaching doctors a new method of finding the location of foreign objects (e.g., shrapnel) in the human body, which is praised by the Allied military.
Accepts Irena (nineteen), Marsch Klein (later Mrs. Biel-Weiss), and others as assistants.
1917 Fifty years old
May: and Lang Zhiwan, Peihan, etc. met with British friends Rutherford, Bridge (Royal Navy Lieutenant-Commander), etc., the latter on behalf of the British Government to participate in the Anglo-French Joint Committee, through France to the United States to discuss the three countries military science collaboration program.
The United States entered the war.
1918 Fifty-one years old
Reports to the Quartermaster General's Committee on Radioactive Materials on the subject of radioactive elements, their principles and applications.
Traveled to northern Italy to inspect radioactive material resources.
Irene Curie serves as a commissioned assistant (préparateur d'intermezzo).
Continued training of x-ray technicians for the military, including a training program for U.S. military doctors in the war.
November: The Great War ends and the Allies win.
Poland regains its independence.
1919 Age fifty-two
Returns to the Radium Institute to direct laboratory work.
Accepts again researchers selected by countries for training, private groups and individuals from all over the world who request guidance.
From this year until her death, the Laboratory produced 483 reports and 34 papers, and she personally participated in 31 studies.
1920 Age fifty-three
The Curie Foundation was established on the initiative of the French plutocrat, Viscount Henri de Lothschild. Grants to support the Radium Institute began this year.
May: Mrs. McLonnay (?), editor-in-chief of the American women's magazine The Describer in New York, interviews Curie. -1943) interviews Madame Curie. Upon her return to the United States, she mobilized American women and people to donate money to help Madame Curie solve the difficult problem of the lack of radium for experimental research.
1921 Fifty-four years old
Based on her wartime notes, she wrote Radiologie et le Guerre (Radiology and War), which was published in Paris.
March 8: Received Cai Yuanpei, President of Peking University in China. Cai arrived in Paris on his way to study abroad, invited Mrs. Curie to lecture at Peking University. Answer: "I can not go this time, when in the future summer vacation to seek it. The invitation did not go through.
May: Mother and daughter crossed the sea to the United States to accept the gift of one gram of radium from the Marie Curie Radium Fund Fundraising Committee (Marie Curie Committee) (the price of 100,000 U.S. dollars at the time). The presentation ceremony was held on the 20th at the White House in Washington, D.C., with President Harding presiding.
To Philadelphia, she received five centigrams of the new thorium (mésothorium); and she presented the American Philosophical Society with the piezoelectric quartz meter she had first used.
The paper "On Isotopology and the Isotopic Elements" is published in Paris.
1922 Fifty-five years old
February: elected to the Academy of Medical Sciences in Paris.
May: Invited by Sir Eric Drummond, Secretary General of the League of Nations, the world organization of nations established after the First World War, in accordance with a decision of the International Council, to participate in the International Committee for Cultural Cooperation established the previous year. Initially a member, he was later elected Vice-Chairman. For this purpose, traveled frequently to Geneva to attend meetings.
1923 Fifty-six years old
July: suffered from cataracts, underwent an eye operation, which did not heal, and was followed by three more operations, in 1924 and 1930.
Writes a glossary of words for the Encyclopedia Britannica.
Wrote a biography of Beale Curie (110 pages, published in 1924).
Writes summary of life at the request of Madame de Méronné.
1924 Fifty-seven years old
The 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium is celebrated at the University of Thorburn with a commemorative meeting.
March: De Bilna publishes "In honor of the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium" in Chemistry and Industry.
Fourty thousand francs are given to Madame Curie by the French government and parliament.
End of the year: acceptance of a student, Frédéric Joliot (1900-1958), who had been introduced to the laboratory by Lang Zhiwan, to work as a research assistant. He would have been at the School of Artillery in Poitiers, joining the Aubervilliers works with the rank of second lieutenant.
1925 Fifty-eight years old
Returns to Warsaw to lay the foundation stone of the Institute of Radium Science, as honorary director.
China's translator Wang Vick heard Madame Curie lecture when he was a student at the University of Paris.
1926 Fifty-nine years old
October: eldest daughter Irène Curie and Frédéric Joliot married. After the marriage, Joliot takes on the family name of his in-laws and adopts a compound name: Joliot-Curie.
Mrs. Curie's Polish paper, "The Chemical Properties of Polonium," is published in Warsaw.
1927 Sixty years old
Participates in the Fifth Solvay Conference in Brussels, where she makes additional comments on a report by the American physicist Compton (1892-1962), which are collected in the following year's volume of Electrons and Photons.
The staff of the Radium Institute attracted attention by frequent exposure to radiation, which caused stomach pains, hair loss (e.g., Mrs. Cotterell), burns on the hands (e.g., Madame Curie), and other serious conditions. Protective measures were taken.
1928 Sixty-one years old
The first paper by Mr. and Mrs. Joliot-Curie is published in the Report of the Academy of Sciences.
1929 Sixty-two years old
To the United States, to receive on behalf of the Radium Institute in Warsaw another gram of radium from the American people, with President Hoover presiding over the presentation ceremony.
Mother and daughter's paper, "The Decay of Radium D".
Fall: Acceptance of Shi Shiyuan, the first graduate of the Physics Department of Tsinghua University in China, to the laboratory to study the radiochemical properties of polonium, an actinide element.
China's physics community was also directly under the guidance of Madame Curie Zheng Dazhang (1906-1944), Zheng returned to China to participate in the work of the Institute of Radium Research of the Peking Research Institute.
Eve Curie's "Wartime Visits" recounts her visits to the backwaters of China's war effort, and speaks of Madame Curie's respect and concern for Chinese students.
1930 Sixty-three years old
Applied for a special research grant from the French government and received 500,000 francs.
Joliot-Curie presents his doctoral thesis, "Electrochemistry of Polonium".
Madame Curie's dissertation "On Actinium".
Chinese student Zheng Dazhang writes "The Life of Peter Curie and his Contributions", which is published in the journal of the Chinese Science Fellowship at the University of Paris.
1931 At the age of sixty-four
He traveled to Warsaw to inaugurate the Institute of Radium Science.
At this time, there were about 20 to 30 researchers at the Paris Radium Institute, with 1.5 grams of radium and 200 millicuries of polonium.
Winter: Lang Zhiwan visited China, to Beiping and Hangzhou, and was welcomed by the physics and chemistry communities.
1932 Sixty-five years old
Presented a paper to the International Electrotechnical Society, "The relationship between the three types of rays of radioactive objects and the structure of the atom".
August: The Chinese Physical Society was founded, with Lang Zhiwan as an honorary member.
December: with Peihan and De Birner, he defended Shi Shiyuan's dissertation. In 1979, Shih published "Memories of Madame Curie" in Guangming Daily, which included a photo of the defense.
1933: At the age of sixty-six, he traveled to Madrid, Spain, to attend a meeting of the International Committee for Cultural Cooperation (ICCC), where he was elected chairman and called on all countries to defend science and culture.
Late October: traveled with Mr. and Mrs. Joliot-Curie to the Seventh Physics Conference in Gassol, Brussels.
December: gallbladder stones.
1934 Sixty-seven years old
The book "Radioactivity" (two volumes) is written and published the following year.
Artificial radioactivity is discovered by Mr. and Mrs. Joliot-Curie under the direction of Madame Curie. Madame Curie felt herself physically and mentally failing, but felt a new sense of relief at the progress of her laboratory research and the achievements of the second generation she had personally nurtured. She predicted that her daughters' achievements would be rewarded with a Nobel Prize, which they received the following year.
June: Admission to the Sangseromo Sanatorium in Haute-Savoie.
July 4: Died of pernicious anemia (caused by radium) at the sanatorium.
July 6: Buried in the Curie crypt, Sauternes, Paris. Her brother (Josef Skorodowski) sister (Bronislawa Deluska) sprinkled the grave with soil brought from Poland.
July 7: Cai Yuanpei, president of our Central Academy, called to offer his condolences.
Yan Ji-Chi, director of the Institute of Radium Research at the Peking Research Institute, wrote an article: "Mourning Madame Curie" published in Ta Kung Pao - Science Weekly, and reprinted in the monthly Science, Volume 18, Issue 8, edited by the China Science Society (pp. 1007-12, August 1934).