Ming Dynasty **** sixteen emperors, founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, Hongwu first year (1368) to build the capital of Nanjing, Hongwu thirty-one years (1398) after his death was buried in the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing Zhongshan (Zijinshan Mountain). The second generation of Emperor Huiji, Zhu Yun Χ, whose whereabouts were unknown during the "Battle of Pacification", did not have a mausoleum. The third generation of Ming Emperor Zhu Di officially moved the capital to Beijing on the first day of the first month of the 19th year of the Yongle reign (1421), and was buried under Tianshoushan in the Changping district of Beijing after his death in the 22nd year of the Yongle reign (1424). From Chengzu Zhu Di to Si Zong Zhu Yuchan, **** fourteen emperors. Only after the death of Dai Zong Zhu Qiyu because of the restoration of Ying Zong Zhu Qizhen, Zhu Qiyu will be buried in Beijing Jinshankou with the Prince rites; after his son Xian Zong Zhu Jin Shen for his father to restore the emperor's name, in the same place to expand the Jingtai Mausoleum. In addition to the rest of the thirteen emperors buried in the suburbs of Beijing Tianshou Mountain, known as the thirteen mausoleums.
Dr. Joseph Lee, a famous British scientist, once said: "The Imperial Tomb is a major achievement in Chinese architectural form. Its entire pattern is perhaps the greatest example of the whole architectural part combined with the art of landscape." The Ming Royal Mausoleum belongs to China and to all mankind, and it comes into the World Heritage List as a unique cultural heritage with the pride and honor of the Chinese people.
The Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of Ming Dynasty. So far nearly 700 years of history, Hongwu fourteen years (1381) began construction, the following year buried Queen Ma. Queen Ma posthumous name "filial piety", so the name "filial piety mausoleum". Hongwu sixteen years (1383) the main project was completed, Zhu Yuanzhang died and was buried. The construction of the entire mausoleum lasted until the eleventh year of Yongle (1413) ended, before and after 32 years. The mausoleum is located in Nanjing Zhongshan (Purple Mountain) at the southern foot of the Dulongfu play under the Pearl Peak, known as "Zhongfu Dragon Pan, Shicheng Tiger," said Zhu Yuanzhang, is Zhu Yuanzhang's self-selected "Shouzhaoyu of the ground. At the beginning of the vast area, from Zhongshan in the north, south to Xiaolingwei, from Linggu Temple in the east, west to the city wall, mausoleum wall circumference up to 45 miles. Xiaoling architecture is quite distinctive, the mausoleum wall is planted with 100,000 pines and cypresses, and thousands of reindeer are reared. Its overall layout is divided into two major parts, the first part of the filial piety mausoleum guide part, that is, with the mountain on the trend of bending into the "S" shape of the Divine Path, from the lower Ma Fang, including the Divine Martyrs' Hill monument, Dajinmen, the red gate and the West Red Gate (the two gates have been destroyed), the Western City (i.e., the "Daming Xiaoling Shengong Shengdebei "Pavilion"), to the stone carvings to the end. The stone carving consists of twelve pairs of stone beasts, a pair of stone pillars, four pairs of stone figures and a latticed gate. Along with the undulation of the mountains arranged into a long about 800 meters of the Divine Path stone carvings, all for the whole block of stone carving and become, rough lines, vivid and unrestrained, is the most successful work of the Ming Emperor Mausoleum stone carvings. The second part is the main building of the mausoleum, from the stone bridge, including the main gate, the Pavilion of Monuments, the Hall of Enjoyment, the Great Stone Bridge, the Square City and the Treasure City. There are 30 corridors and huts inside and outside the original central gate, imperial kitchens inside and outside the gate, Zaijia Pavilion on the left, and the Hall of Apparel on the right (all of which have been destroyed). Enjoy the hall only survives Sumeru pedestal and a hall built during the Qing dynasty Tongzhi. Square City is a building in front of the Treasure City, it is a solid building made of stone, that is, the underground Palace City, a symbolic gate, the center of the tunnel, from the bottom up 54 steps, the upper part of the Square City built a bright building, the top of the building has long been collapsed, now only the four walls of the existing gate, but also can be seen that year's momentum. Bao Cheng, also known as "Bao Ding", for a round mound of about 400 meters in diameter, planted with pines and cypresses, under the tomb of Zhu Yuanzhang and Empress Ma.
The three-temple layout of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum's Shinto path, the sacrificial area, and the inner palace area became the model for Beijing's Thirteen Mausoleums. Just thirteen mausoleums of the Shendao into one, by thirteen emperors mausoleum **** with, but each mausoleum is divided into another two areas is similar to the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, so the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum created the Ming and Qing Dynasty 500 years of the royal mausoleum form of the precedent.
Thirteen Ming Tombs is located in Beijing Changping District, Tianshoushan southern foothills surrounded by mountains on three sides of a small basin. North of Tianshoushan Dragon Vein, East Mangshan, West Tiger Valley on both sides, the mountains towering, south of the Long Longshan and Crouching Tiger Mountain stand, the central Hall of the vast, a plain, and there are curved water surrounded by beautiful water, is a piece of ground Feng Shui victory. The mausoleum area from the Yongle seven years (1409) to Chongzhen seventeen years (1644), before and after the construction of more than 230 years. The entire mausoleum area is about 9 kilometers from north to south and 6 kilometers from east to west, covering an area of about 40 square kilometers. Combined with the natural terrain, it forms a complete environment that encircles the interior, and its layout is very similar to that of Ming Beijing. The thirteen mausoleums face the main mausoleum, Changling, forming a very strong central axis, while the other twelve mausoleums are arranged in an arc. Northeast for the Jingling Mausoleum, Yongling Mausoleum, De Ling; northwest for the Xianling Mausoleum, Yuling Mausoleum, Maoling Mausoleum, Tailing Mausoleum, Kangling Mausoleum, Qingling Mausoleum; southwest for the Zhaoling Mausoleum, Tingling Mausoleum, Si Ling. Ranging from four to five hundred meters to a thousand meters apart from each other, they form a huge mausoleum. The entire volume within the valley is utilized as a memorial to the deceased emperors. Architecture has a grand and magnificent Tang and Song Dynasty features, inherited the pattern of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, mausoleum domain is 12 kilometers of battlements on the periphery of the thick wall of the mausoleum, the internal mausoleums and the close integration of the environment, each living in a mountain under the middle of a sacred road communication, forming a clear distinction between primary and secondary grandeur of the whole, not only to speak of the unity and coordination, but also the pursuit of the mausoleums of self-contained. Such a centralized mausoleum group is unprecedented. The unified entrance to the mausoleum area is a 5-door, 6-pillar 28.6-meter-wide, 14-meter-high large alabaster stone plaque, and then into the *** with the Divine Path, through the Great Red Gate, the Pavilion of Steles, stone statues (*** 18 pairs - horses, lions, camels, elephants, civil ministers, generals, etc.), to the Longfengmen*** 2.6 kilometers long, from the Longfengmen to the Thirteen Tombs of the Center i.e. Changling is 4 kilometers. Thirteen mausoleum is gradually built, in addition to the size of the area, the building complexity is different, the layout of its buildings, regulations, etc., are basically the same, are rectangular, behind the round or oval treasure city, building since the stone bridge, in turn, the mausoleum door, Pavilion, latticework door, latticework Hall, Ming building and treasure city.
The Changling Mausoleum of Ming Emperor Zhu Di is the main mausoleum of the Thirteen Tombs, which is a typical representative of the Thirteen Tombs and occupies a prominent position. The Changling Mausoleum was built in 18 years, and it is the largest one in the architectural system of the Thirteen Tombs, and is relatively well preserved among the Thirteen Tombs. It is known for its magnificent ground architecture, the building system is very complete, ground architecture is basically modeled on and exceeded the Nanjing Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang's Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, the architectural style is heavy and deep, majestic and solemn, extraordinary temperament. The Changling Mausoleum has three courtyards, the latticework hall in the second courtyard is the largest one among all the buildings in the Thirteen Mausoleums, and it is also the only one of the giant halls of native nanmu in our country, which is almost comparable with the Hall of Taihe in the Forbidden City, with a length of 66.75 meters, 3 meters longer than that of the Hall of Taihe and a depth of 29.3 meters, and the height of the three stone steps of the pedestal is 3 meters, with a surface area of 1,956 square meters. Inside the hall, there are 32 golden nanmu pillars, and the biggest 4 in the middle have a diameter of 1.17 meters and a height of 14.3 meters. The material of the fine, the construction of the clever, unparalleled in the world. Its Bao Gong diameter of 300 meters, the crown of the Ming Tombs.
The scale of the medium-sized Yongling is not as long as the mausoleum, but the construction is exquisite and meticulous, three courtyards of the Hall of seven, two hipped halls of nine; Ming building is more intact, in the thirteen mausoleums in the title; wall stacks with flower spotted stone jade masonry, arches, eaves, rafters, forehead square are carved stone. Zhaoling mausoleum also has its unique architectural style, the layout is rigorous, construction is fine, according to the mountain built a complete drainage system, the most complete ground building. Dingling underground chamber building, repair at a depth of 27 meters underground, building area of 1195 square meters, using the whole stone arch structure, since the completion of so far more than 500 years, without a stone subsidence and collapse, around the drainage is good, no water in the palace, enough to prove that the building and construction skills of the superb. Thirteen mausoleums in the smallest, the most simple is Si Ling, Chongzhen Emperor died, the rebels will be buried with Zhou and Tian Fei simple, Qing Shunzhi in the thirteen mausoleums for his construction of the Pavilion, the Hall and the Hall.
Mausoleum as the emperor's palace after his death, the buried goods in the palace is extremely colorful and precious. Only to Dingling in 1956 in the excavation, the unearthed artifacts are 3,000 pieces of gold and silverware, jade, porcelain, textiles and so on. Among them, the Wanli emperor Zhu Yijun's gold crown and the queen's phoenix crown is extremely delicate and wonderful. Gold crown woven with gold wire, weighing one catty three two three money, its top plate with a pair of gold dragons playing beads, phoenix crown has two, are wrapped in gold silk dragons and phoenixes, the crown has more than 100 pieces of gemstones and more than 5,000 pearls, in addition to a hundred clothes and so on. All these reflect the high skill of the Ming Dynasty handicrafts. Other yet to be excavated dungeons, I believe, will also still be a variety of treasures, cultural relics.
After the founding of New China, the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and the Thirteen Tombs were identified as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. Successively on the long mausoleum, dedicated mausoleum, Jingling mausoleum, Yongling mausoleum, Zhaoling mausoleum and other mausoleum building renovation, mausoleum around the dense forest and the courtyard of carefully cultivated flowers, the mausoleum decorated extraordinarily beautiful. 1956 archaeological excavation of the Dingling Mausoleum treasure Palace, built the Dingling Mausoleum Museum, on September 26, 1959 with the Changling Mausoleum and other officially open to the public. 1981 for the purpose of centralized and unified leadership, the establishment of thirteen mausoleums Special Administrative Region Office. On November 8, 1982, the state council will be the thirteen mausoleums for the first batch of national key scenic spots. 1992 thirteen mausoleums was listed as the world's most. Qing Qianlong years, the mausoleum (Mu Zong Zhu Zai listening) has demolished the big change small repairs, the original building has been damaged not whole. 1985 SAR Office according to the Ming Dynasty remains on the foundation, in accordance with the architectural style of the Ming Dynasty carried out a comprehensive restoration of the construction, and on September 1, 1990 was officially opened to the public.
In recent years, the Office of the SAR to self-financing, supplemented by national investment, the damaged mausoleum salvage repair old as the old project. Virtue mausoleum (Xizong Zhu Yu school) was built in September 1627, Qing Qianlong fifty years (1786) had a construction, after more than 200 years of erosion, has become dilapidated. 2002 March, spent 38 million yuan, two phases of the project restoration. A phase for the square city, Ming building, dumb courtyard, treasure city wall and drainage system; the second phase for the stone bridge, three gates, the temple foundation and mausoleum wall. It has now been completed and is not open to the public for the time being. In addition, proposed from 2003 to 2008, with six years, will then invest heavily in the King, Yu, Mao, Tai, Kang, Yong and other serious damage to the mausoleum for restoration repair.
SARO focus on the environmental management of the mausoleum area. Has built a daily capacity of 700 tons, the application of biological contact oxidation treatment process of Dingling sewage treatment plant. Sewage treatment by six processes, discharged into the river, can reach the national secondary discharge standards. It has changed both the water environment within the Tingling area and the water environment around the outside of the Tingling.
In order to protect the thirteen mausoleums of this treasure of mankind, to avoid overloading the operation of the man-made destruction caused by the approval of the competent authorities, this year and the implementation of the ticket price control methods, divided into two seasons, appropriately raise the ticket price.
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Thirteen Tombs, should have been in November 2000, held in Australia, Kaixiangs 24th World Heritage Committee on the consideration and adoption of the "Ming and Qing Dynasty Royal Mausoleums" (obviously mausoleums, Qing East Mausoleum, Qing West Mausoleum) project is included in the "list". However, the project was postponed due to the fact that the environment around the 13 mausoleums was disorganized, there were too many commercial outlets, and the unnatural landscape around the mausoleums was too large, which was obviously not in harmony with the overall atmosphere of the mausoleums, etc. The project was originally planned to be listed in 2002. Would like to strive to be included in 2002, but in time for the World Heritage Committee to change the validation process, so the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and the Thirteen Tombs of the "declaration" has been delayed again and again. To this end, the Thirteen Tombs Special Zone Office in the years of reinforcement and protection on the basis of the declaration of heritage before the investment of 170 million yuan, in line with the protection of the work to be basically in line with the authenticity and integrity of the requirements of the resolute implementation of the "in the world heritage site must be set up to protect the scope of the decision and the buffer zone". In mid-August 2002, the following nine tasks were successfully completed: ① demolition of the mausoleum area within 30 meters on both sides of the center line of the road from Shibibefang to the Thirteen Tombs all buildings; ② demolition of the Thirteen Tombs of the mausoleums within 50 meters of the surrounding houses and other buildings (① ② two demolition of the area of 80,000 square meters); ③ Thirteen Mausoleums of the two sides of the highway to unify the installation of a total of 30,000 meters of the length of the iron fence; ④ demolition of all violations and irregularities of 68 pieces of billboards. norms of 68 billboards, 25 billboards according to international standards to change the color of uniform specifications; ⑤ new construction of 3340 meters of road from the Wanniang Tomb to the Siling; ⑥ demolition has been opened to the Mausoleum God Road and other scenic spots within the commercial booths and so on 42, counting 4,000 square meters; ⑦ Tingling Plaza floor to change the pavement of the green bricks and alabaster concreted磋; ⑧ the new Thirteen Mausoleum Tourism Commodities Mall, open-air takeaways and irregular stalls all moved into the center. Stalls all moved into the center of the business; ⑨ vigorously green, beautify the environment of the mausoleum area.
December 30, 2001 ushered in the World Heritage Center and the International Council on Monuments and Sites experts of the first phase of the assessment, inspection; February 1, 2002 by the World Heritage Center evaluation and consideration, agreed to the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, the Thirteen Tombs declared the project; in 2002, the end of August, the World Heritage Center experts and the second phase of the assessment and inspection; in 2003, the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and the Thirteen Tombs, finally stepped into the world. Thirteen Tombs, finally stepped into the threshold of the world heritage.
In October 1955 by Wu Han, Guo Moruo, Fan Wenlan, Deng Tuo, Shen Yanbing and other people jointly petitioned the State Council, recommended the excavation of the Ming Tombs. After approval, set up a long mausoleum excavation committee, by the 29-year-old Zhao Qichang excavation captain, Zheng Zhenduo guide the work, in May 1956 began first trial excavation of the Dingling mausoleum. The first exploratory trench, 3.5 meters wide and 20 meters long, was opened from the inner side of the Treasure City of Dingling. 3 months later, one end of the tunnel was discovered. This is an open avenue sandwiched by two large walls, Zigong passed and backfilled with loess. In the Ming building west and opened a 10-meter-wide, 30-meter-long second ditch. September 3, 1956, when dug to a depth of 7.5 meters found a small stone monument, engraved with "this stone to the front of the wall of the King Kong Pi sixteen zhang, three zhang five feet deep," the words. Opinions on this monument are divided, but according to the monument pointed out, in May 1957 at the end of the tunnel, found a large wall, when it is the wall of the King Kong. There were dents in the wall, apparently traces of a door. Remove the gap, down the rope, in addition to the ground scattered material beads and paved wood, nothing else, this is certainly not the underground palace. Excavators called it a tunnel coupon. Tunnel coupon for the brick top arch coupon, one end of two large stone door, nine rows of nails, animal head ring, white and moist, inside the top of the "from the stone". Workers only with wire and wood, less than 5 minutes to skillfully sleep 337 years of the underground palace opened.
Through the excavation of the Dingling Mausoleum, proved that the Dingling Mausoleum underground palace did not have the legendary wounding organs. Dingling underground palace, there is no legend of the camping of imperial tombs buried in the tomb. Thirteen Ming Tombs, only long, dedication, Jing three tombs, martyrdom, martyrs do not enter the palace and into the "well". The mausoleum area of the east and west of the two wells buried Zhu Di consort 16 people, Zhu Gaoqi consort 5 people, Zhu Zhanji consort 10 people. Although other tombs also have martyrs, but for the sake of concealment, and not in the history books.
Only the Dingling Mausoleum has been test-excavated. Dingling excavation report, after 33 years, in 1989 to organize. At that time, the co-signers of the report have been ancient, the excavation of the person in charge of the only remaining captain Zhao Qichang a living, and has retired.
The following is the imperial tomb of the Qing Dynasty:
The Qing Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty in Chinese history. After the Qing Dynasty, ten emperors, in addition to the last emperor Puyi did not set up a mausoleum, the other nine emperors were respectively in Zunhua County, Hebei Province and Yi County to build a large-scale mausoleum. Because of the two mausoleums from Beijing city east and west of a hundred miles, it is called "qing east mausoleum" and "qing west mausoleum". Qing East and West two mausoleums in the regulation of the basic inherited from the Ming Dynasty, the difference is that the mausoleum mound on the addition of the crescent city. In addition, among the thirteen Ming tombs, only the Changling Mausoleum has the "Shengde Shengongbei", while the Qing East and West Tomb has several of them. The layout of the mausoleum also developed to a more mature stage compared with the Ming Dynasty. According to the order from the south to the north, are composed of stone statues, large monument building, large and small stone bridges, dragon and phoenix gate, small monument pavilion, God's kitchen, east and west of the court room, Lunen door, east and west of the hall, Lunen Hall, glazed door and other large and small buildings. The garden bedrooms of the empress and concubines are usually attached to the vicinity of each imperial mausoleum. The Qing East Mausoleum and Qing West Mausoleum are the largest and best-preserved imperial mausoleum complexes in China. Compared with the mausoleums of the emperors of the past dynasties, it is the most recent and influential, and is in a prominent position in the history of the development of mausoleums. Chinese working people affluent Qing Dongling, Qing Xiling ingenious architectural art, is the motherland's precious historical and cultural heritage.
Three mausoleums in the early Qing dynasty
Prior to the entry of the Qing dynasty, Nurhachu's Fuling Mausoleum, Huang taiji's Zhaoling Mausoleum, and the Yongling Mausoleum of the Qing dynasty, collectively referred to as the "early Qing dynasty, three mausoleums". Qing customs before the mausoleum building that carried forward the tradition of ancient Chinese architecture, but also has a unique local style. With the entry of the Qing dynasty after the east and west of the two mausoleums are different, it highlights the mausoleum area of the natural scenery and the combination of feudal castle-style architectural layout, the mausoleum area is full of simple, solemn, mysterious atmosphere.
Yongling
Yongling is Nurhachu's distant ancestor, great-grandfather, father, uncle and his wife's grave. Nurhachi in Xinbin County, Liaoning Province. Backed by Qiyun Mountain, in front of the Suzi River, and Chimney Mountain across the mountain. Yongling mausoleum is small, but the depth of the scene is open, beautiful scenery, as if dotted in the mountains in a red leaf.
The mausoleum is surrounded by a red wall, the south gate of the four horizontal rows of pavilions, monuments # standing, the inscription of thousands of words, are for the ancestors to sing the praises of the words of praise. Pavilion to the north is the Kaiyun Hall. Kaiyun Hall is a place to worship ancestors, but also the main building of the mausoleum, yellow glazed tile roof, the four walls of the hall inlaid with colorful glazed dragon, the hall for the warmth of the pavilion, the treasure beds and the god, there is a burned in front of the temple # building. Kaiyun Hall to the north is the treasure city, the city in the mausoleum mound ring, are flat ground from the sealing, sealing the earth for the Palace, which is mostly pick up bones to move the burial, there may be a crown burial. Yongling mausoleum original old elm tree, the Qianlong emperor had an east tour to the Yongling, for which the "God Tree Fugue", and the royal pen in person, carved in the hall of the monument.
Yongling mausoleum in the early Qing dynasty in the three mausoleums in the smallest scale, because the burial of the people have not been born as emperor, also not called Khan, just ancestor to the son of the obvious only.
Fuling Mausoleum
Fuling Mausoleum is the Qing Emperor Nurhachu and Empress Gao's mausoleum, also known as the "East Mausoleum". Located in the eastern suburbs of Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, on the hilly ground, in front of the Hun River, backed by Tianzhu Mountain. Ten thousand pines towering cui, hall cloud, mausoleum and natural scenery as one, unique style.
Fuling Mausoleum covers an area of more than 190,000 square meters. Mausoleum on both sides of the distribution of the dismounted monument, stone lions, Huabiao and stone tablet. Inside the gate, pale pines stand in a forest. Entering the mausoleum door, the terrain gradually rise, a more than one hundred stone steps in the pines between the bucket folded serpentine, coiled up the mountain, with a "mountain steep, stirrups Road layer folded, deep and towering, the dark and unfathomable" feeling. Climbing up the steps, across the stone bridge, facing the monument building. Monument building erected by the Kangxi personally wrote the inscription of the "Qing Fuling Sacred Virtue Monument" one. Behind the monument building is an ancient castle-style square city, which is # worship place of worship, but also the main building of the mausoleum.
The emperors of the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to ancestor worship, and the annual ritual activities up to more than thirty times. Sacrifice is divided into four kinds of big sacrifice, side sacrifice, small sacrifice and special sacrifice. The big sacrifice in the annual Qingming, mid-autumn, winter solstice and spring. Side festival is held in the anniversary of the death of Nurhachu and high Queen. Small festival held on the first and fifteenth day of the lunar calendar every month. Special sacrifice is a temporary sacrifice in the event of a national ceremony. Sacrifice items used have certain specifications and number. Shunzhi years, the provisions of the big sacrifice with cattle, sheep, pigs, each one, offering fruit and wine, light incense and candles, burning #, toast, perform a big ceremony. After the middle of the Qing dynasty, the uprising, the Qing dynasty rulers in order to seek help from the ancestors "in heaven", blessing the stability of the Qing dynasty, further expanding the scale of the sacrifice. Large offerings increased to two cows, four sheep, eight hundred pounds of noodles, four hundred pounds of oil. Every year only sacrifice Fu Ling with silver fifty thousand taels.
Fuling water lingers in the river, high mountains like arch, quiet and solemn. Red walls and yellow tiles of the mausoleum building is reflected in the sea of pines and lush, blue sky and white clouds, skillfully will be the mountain mausoleum building will be fused in the mountain light and water color, extremely beautiful and harmonious. After liberation, the mausoleum after renovation, and then add a new look, become a resort for people to visit the ancient tour.
Zhaoling
Zhaoling is the first three mausoleums in the Qing dynasty in the largest and most complete preservation of an imperial mausoleum, is the Qing Huang taiji's mausoleum. Zhaoling mausoleum mountain for artificial push and become, called Longye mountain, covers an area of 180,000 square meters.
The whole mausoleum can be divided into two parts, from the dismounted monument to the big red door is a part of the dismounted monument in the front of the mausoleum area, the inscription with Manchu, Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan, Hui five kinds of text engraved with "Prince of the following officials to dismount," to show that the mausoleum area of the sacred and solemn.
The second part of the mausoleum area is the big red door to Fangcheng. Dahongmen inlaid with colorful glazed coiled dragons, there are stone Huabiao and six pairs of stone beasts in the door, the carving is very exquisite, with high artistic value. One of the stone horse "big white" and "small white", is said to be modeled on Huang taiji's beloved two mounts carved from the life, handsome, and can be comparable to the six steeds of Tang Taizong zhaoling mausoleum.
The third part of the mausoleum area is the huge square city and the back of the treasure city, which is the main body of the mausoleum of all the buildings. Inside the square city, the Long'en Hall is a solemn place for enshrining divine cards and sacrifices. There is a stone tablet of "Tomb of Emperor Taizong Wen" on the bright building. There are corner towers in the four corners of the square city, combining the art of early Qing dynasty castle-style architecture and traditional Chinese mausoleum architectural style into one, complementing each other. The center of the treasure city has a half-moon type treasure top, is buried Huang taiji and the Empress of the Palace, north of the Shouye Mountain, spectacular.
Qingdong Mausoleum
Qingdong Mausoleum in Zunhua County, Hebei Province, under the Changrui Mountain, is the largest mausoleum built after the Qing Dynasty. The whole mausoleum area is divided into two parts, the front circle and the back dragon, the front circle is the mausoleum building area, and the back dragon is the north corner of the lining mountain mausoleum building, which is very extensive.
The East Mausoleum is backed by Changrui Mountain. History records that this area was personally selected by the Shunzhi Emperor. After the Qing Dynasty, once the Shunzhi Emperor hunting, by chance came to Changrui Mountain, stop and look around, marveled: "this mountain Wang Qi lush, can be my birthday Palace." Said he took out Pei still to the distance, said to the ministers: "The fall is set as a cave." Thus opened up the Qing dynasty after the entry of the first mausoleum area. Qing East Mausoleum mausoleum layout to filial piety mausoleum as the center, the east is the emperor Kangxi's Jingling mausoleum and Tongzhi emperor's Huiling, the west is the emperor Qianlong's Yuling mausoleum and the emperor Xianfeng's Dingling mausoleum. The mausoleum a *** buried more than one hundred and fifty people, including five emperors, fifteen empresses, and many imperial concubines, nobles, Changzhi, promised, Gege, Age and so on.
Xiaoling Mausoleum
Xiaoling Mausoleum is under the main peak of Changrui Mountain, the mausoleum of Emperor Shunzhi.
The Xiaoling Mausoleum is the main building of the Qing East Mausoleum. In front of the mausoleum stands a stone pagoda, all made of white jade. Above the relief of the "cloud dragon playing beads", "two lions rolling ball" and a variety of spinning large dotted gold painted decorations, knife exquisite, majestic, becoming the most representative works of art of stone carving in the Qing Dynasty. Immediately adjacent to the stone arch is the big red door. Great Red Gate is the Xiaoling mausoleum is also the entire Qing East Mausoleum gateway, red wall winding, solemn and elegant. In front of the gate there is a stone tablet "officials and people waiting for this dismount".
Through the big red door, facing the monument building. Monument building in the center of the two tall "Shengde Shen Gongbei", the monument were engraved with two kinds of Manchu and Chinese characters Shunzhi emperor's achievements in life. It is a political and military side of the early Qing Dynasty, it reflects from a different perspective of the Manchu rulers after the entry of the ruling policy strategy and Shunzhi his person.
Dragon and phoenix gate is located in the middle of Shendao,,, three doors, six pillars and three buildings, colorful glazed tile cover, dragon and phoenix floral decoration, rich and colorful. Shows the long distance and beautiful scenery of the sacred way. Over the dragon and phoenix gate is the seven-hole bridge. It is one of the largest and most interesting of the nearly 100 stone bridges in the East Tomb. The bridge body is made of alabaster stone arches, the selection of materials is peculiar, if you knock along the railings, you will hear five scales of gold and jade-like sound, known as the "five sound bridge".
The north end of the Divine Path is the lofty Long'en Hall, the main place for ceremonial activities, but also the main building of the mausoleum. In order to promote imperial power, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty spared no expense and made great efforts to renovate the Hall of Long En, which is surrounded by golden dragons and is rich in splendor.
Yuling
The Qing East Mausoleum in the underground palace situation, to Qianlong's Yuling most representative.
Yuling dungeon is an arch structure, all carved or processed stone block, covered with a variety of Buddhist-related scriptures and decorative carvings, like an underground Buddhist art stone sculpture museum. Inside the Palace, despite the many drawings, but does not appear to be cluttered, but on the contrary, give a person a kind of mutual support, a sense of integration, fully reflecting the high level of stone carving craftsmanship in the Qing Dynasty.
Podayu Dingdong mausoleum
Cixi's Dingdong mausoleum is China's existing regulation of luxury, the system is more complete a Queen's mausoleum complex.
Dingdongling has been building ten years. But Cixi always feel unsatisfactory, at the expense of people and money, demolition and reconstruction. After the reconstruction of the Long En Hall is extraordinary, brilliant, so that people seem to enter the world of gold. Inside the hall there are sixty-four golden dragon coiled jade column, with extremely precious yellow flower plow wood composition. Golden dragon with spring control, dragon head dragon whiskers can be shaken with the wind, golden light, like a real dragon in the air, rocking. Long En Hall in front of the dragon and phoenix color stone, Cixi service to make craftsmen with the technique of sudden carving, so that the phoenix on the dragon in the next, constituting a picture of a golden phoenix play dragon scene, fully reflecting the political ambition of this ingenious intention.
Cixi Dingdong Mausoleum Palace than Qianlong more luxurious. The palace treasures countless. Cixi's mouth contains a night pearl, can be separated and closed, separated from the transparent light, closed when a green light, within a hundred paces at night can be illuminated hair. Until the eve of the closure of the underground palace, but also constantly to put inside a variety of rare treasures, luxury, appalling.
Qingxi Mausoleum in Hebei Yixian City, Yongning Mountain, more than 120 kilometers east of Beijing, is the Qing Dynasty into the customs after the construction of another large-scale mausoleum area, but also successive emperors mausoleum architecture is relatively well-preserved a. The mausoleum area north of the Qifengling Mountain, the first time in the past few years, the emperor's mausoleum building. Mausoleum area in the north from Qifengling, south to Danyanqiao, east from Lianggezhuang, west to Zijingguan, eight hundred square kilometers.
The mausoleum area *** there are four imperial mausoleums: Yongzheng Emperor Tailing, Jiaqing Emperor Changling, Daoguang Emperor Muling, Guangxu Emperor Chongling. There are many mausoleums, consort mausoleums, princess tombs. Qing West Mausoleum began to open the Yongzheng Emperor.
There is another emperor's mausoleum in the Qing West Mausoleum that has not been completed, which is the mausoleum of Fu Yi, the last emperor of China. After his death, Fu Yi's ashes were buried in Babaoshan Cemetery; in 1994, Fu Yi's ashes were reportedly buried in the Qing West Mausoleum.
Thai Mausoleum
According to the system of "children buried with their fathers, and their grandchildren succeeded them", Yongzheng should have been buried with his father, but Yongzheng opened up a new area, hundreds of miles away from the East Mausoleum of the Yixian County to build the Taiming Mausoleum. The reason, rumor has it that he tampered with Kangxi's posthumous edict, the throne of the wrong, guilty, and therefore do not want to be buried next to his father.
Thai mausoleum construction lasted eight years. Thai mausoleum is the largest mausoleum in the Qing West Mausoleum, is also the core part of the West Mausoleum mausoleum. Before and after the three tall and exquisite stone pagoda and a more than 10 meters wide, five kilometers long Shendao, through the north and south of the mausoleum area. The stone statues on both sides of the divine path have three pairs of stone beasts, a pair of civil ministers, a pair of military ministers. Tailing stone statue of life using the technique of writing, with heavy and thick lines, outlining the figures and animals, and then fine as embroidery line carving, performance details, patterns. Embodies the Qing Dynasty stone carving art unique carving techniques.
The northern extension of the Divine Path is the Taileung Divine Path Stele Pavilion. Stele Pavilion stands a general Manchu, Chinese and Mongolian three characters engraved with the Yongzheng Emperor's posthumous name of the stone tablets. Pavilion north is east and west room, is the production and storage of vegetables, fruits and vegetables, snacks room. East and west of the room north, through the door is the main building of the mausoleum - Longen Hall. Longen Hall by the east and west hall and the main hall, the east hall is placed to wish the board place, the west hall for the lama chanting place. The main hall in the center of the platform, lofty and tall. Inside the hall bright columns sticking gold parcels, the top of the spinning color painting, beam Square decorated with gold threads of large dots of gold, gold and blue.
Muling
Muling is the mausoleum of the Daoguang Emperor, is the westernmost of the Qing Western Tomb in a mausoleum of the emperor, the shape is unique.
According to Qing regulations, the name of the emperor's mausoleum name is generally determined by the emperor's respect, but the mausoleum of the Mausoleum name is said to be the Daoguang emperor personally formulated. Before his death, he said: "respect look northeast, eternal adoration endless, cloud mountain close, woo hoo! Its moo and moo also", and then the Oracle stored in the East Warming Pavilion of the Great Hall. After the death of Emperor Daoguang, Xianfeng assumed the throne, reread the edict, see "its Mu and Mu also" sentence, understand, and then named Mu Mausoleum.
Muling in the Qing dynasty imperial mausoleum, the most simple rules, no square city, Ming floor, the Palace and the God God monument, table and stone statues, but the quality of the project is solid and fine. Longen Hall are constructed with gold nanmu, do not apply color painting, wax coating pond, exquisite and unusual. The entire ceiling, all with fragrant nanmu in high relief, carved into a downward-looking dragon head. Dragons swallow clouds spray, lifelike, so that people walk into the hall as if in the "ten thousand dragons gathering, dragon mouth spray incense" art world.
Muling's walls do not hang gray, do not paint red, grinding bricks to the seam, dry grouting, the top of the wall is also covered with yellow glazed tiles, gray and yellow. With the ups and downs of the mountain, the hall pavilion, the top of the treasure ring in the mausoleum wall, appearing clear, solemn. Especially in front of the dragon and phoenix gate two branches and leaves, the unique shape of the welcome pine, for the mausoleum added a poetic flavor. A trunk slanting, branches and leaves upward in a rounded shape, the edge of the roll, like a color plate, as if the maid of honor top plate sacrifice, the other bent over and nodded his head, courteous, like in the humble welcome guests.
Song mausoleum
Song mausoleum is after the death of Guangxu, began to build, to the end of the Qing dynasty has not yet been completed, and then by the minister Liang Dingfen to Xun Qing veterans donations to continue to build, to be completed.
Shung mausoleum palace although the system is not grand, but the material of the fine, silver consumption is also considerable. Tomb Road has four stone door, each door by two whole carved white jade stone synthesis. Above there is a bodhisattva in relief, the bodhisattva head with the Buddha's crown, wearing a robe, foot on the lotus seat, kindly and kindly face respectfully stood upright in the stone door, protect the door to recite the sutra.
The palace bed for the green stone Sumeru seat, above the left and right side by side with the coffin of Emperor Guangxu and Empress Longyu. Coffins engraved around the Tibetan and Sanskrit mantras. Long Yu after the coffin lid top has a beautiful stone carving line carving painting. The whole picture has a compact layout, vivid modeling, fine knife skills and gilded lines.
Shongling dungeon had been excavated, when the remnants of grave robbing left behind is still there, four stone door opening, the coffin of the Guangxu emperor was cut into a large hole with a knife and axe. The lid of the coffin of Empress Longyu was also pried open, the jewelry in the mouth of Empress Longyu was taken out by the thieves, and the burial objects in the underground palace were looted. Thieves for the discovery of Emperor Guangxu's coffin under the "Golden Well", Chinese archaeologists, from which unearthed pearls, jadeite, jade, mother of pearl iron ball and other precious artifacts more than two hundred pieces.
The Qing dynasty in addition to Fu Yi have mausoleums should have 12, counting the Shunzhi before !
There should be 12 tombs, counting the Shunzhi before !