We may have had such an experience: in the city, you will feel the heat is difficult; but when we came to the countryside but can feel the cool breeze blowing on the face, suddenly make you feel fresh through the bones, summer is gone. Why is there such a big temperature difference between the city and the countryside? This is due to the urban heat island effect. So we need to go into the "urban heat island effect".
The so-called urban heat island effect, commonly referred to as the development of urbanization, resulting in higher temperatures in the city than the peripheral suburbs of this phenomenon. In the meteorological near-surface atmospheric isothermogram, the vast area of the suburban temperature change is very small, as a calm sea, while the urban area is a clear high-temperature area, as prominent sea island, because this island represents the high temperature of the city area, so it is figuratively called the urban heat island. In the summer, the temperature of localized urban areas, can be higher than the suburbs 6 ℃ or even higher, the formation of high-intensity heat island.
It can be seen that the urban heat island reflects the concept of a temperature difference, as long as the city and the suburbs have a significant temperature difference, it can be said that there is an urban heat island. Therefore, the urban heat island may occur throughout the year. However, for the impact on residents' lives, it is mainly the heat island effect in hot summer weather. Medical research shows that the environmental temperature is closely related to the physiological activities of the human body, the environmental temperature is higher than 28 degrees Celsius, people will have a sense of discomfort; the temperature is even higher than that can easily lead to irritability, heat stroke, mental disorders; the temperature is higher than 34 degrees, and the frequent heat wave impacts, but also can cause a series of diseases, especially to make the heart, cerebrovascular and respiratory disease incidence rate increases, mortality rate increased significantly. In addition, high temperatures also accelerate the rate of photochemical reactions, thereby increasing the concentration of O3 in the atmosphere, exacerbating air pollution and further harming human health.
Fuzhou City, reform and opening up more than two decades of rapid economic development in the city, a change in the "paper paper Fuzhou City," the old look of the city, the city look new, and won the "National Health City", "National Excellent National Health City", "National Outstanding Tourist City" and other titles. However, in recent years, the summer heat climate is increasingly plagued by the general public. The city's annual summer daily maximum temperature of 36 ℃ above the number of days increased, and often ranked first among the major cities in the country. Especially in 2003, the summer temperature of the high, long duration, are meteorological records since the history of the new record: Fuzhou city since June 29, 2003 has been 24 consecutive days with a maximum temperature of more than 36 ℃, a record since 1957, the longest period of sustained high temperatures; July urban average daily temperature in addition to 29.3 ℃ on July 27, are more than 30 ℃, the 26th of the maximum temperature of 41.7 ℃, all set a new record since Fuzhou 1880 meteorological data. This summer heat unbearable days back still make people palpitate. Meteorological Bureau data show that the city's temperature in the 1960s and 1970s, the city is only higher than the suburbs 0.16 ℃ and 0.17 ℃, and after the 80s, the city and the suburbs of the temperature difference increased to 0.4-0.7 ℃, this difference in the summer evening is the most pronounced, the difference in temperature can be up to 1.5-2 ℃. In the dusk of summer, from the suburbs drive into the city, gusts of hot wind in your face, the coolness of the twilight of the countryside was instantly swept away; the original family in the evening when the whole family in the courtyard to cool off, the old people with their grandchildren, enjoying the joy of the family's habits are also due to the summer heat is unbearable and become a fond memory of the fading away. The city's urban "heat island effect" is more significant, strengthen the ecological environment to alleviate the city's "heat island effect" is imminent.
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This summer Fuzhou just resisted a hundred-year flood, followed by a heat wave that lasted nearly 10 days. "Shade of green city, the summer is not open cover" of the "Banyan City", suddenly like just uncovered the steamer, sizzling people suffocated breathless. Is Fuzhou also fell into the "Chinese hot stove" ranks?
The sustained high temperature on agriculture and industry did not cause much damage. And the old and sick people are the greatest threat, especially the mortality rate of the elderly rose significantly, the number of hospitals due to heatstroke to the hospital also increased significantly. In the meantime, the government has taken a variety of measures: such as the 42 main roads to increase the frequency of sprinklers back and forth sprinkler; a number of units for the elderly, the sick and disabled promised half-day work system, many units free lunch, but also the supply of cold drinks to cool down the workers and so on. Days of heat, Fuzhou City, most of the "office workers" while the sun is not "poison", will be early to hide in the unit, changing the habit of going home to eat at noon; evening, hot, "no place to hide" people! Constant use of faucets, water was exposed to the surrounding environment in order to cool down; and the public **** swimming pool "soak" much more than usual; no defense of the park lawn by the people's army drove straight into.
Fuzhou Zoo, more than 130 kinds of animals in the park also take measures, according to the habits of animals, some constantly changing water, water cooling; some sent into the cool air raid shelters "summer".
Fuzhou City is located in the northwestern part of the Fuzhou basin, surrounded by mountains on all sides, the Min River through the city, "around the mountains send river" basin pattern, so that the heat gathered in the "bottom of the basin" and not easy to disseminate, the special geographic location of Fuzhou, "ten years nine hot". The special geographical location causes Fuzhou "ten years nine hot" climate characteristics. With the expansion of the city, densely populated, industrial concentration, resulting in the basin of the city's "heat island effect" phenomenon is particularly visible. It should be said that the natural geographic environment and urban "heat island effect" is the determining factor in causing the temperature rise in urban areas.
Two or three decades ago, Fuzhou City, as the East China Sea front, residential buildings are generally 20 meters high or below, out of the "special" needs, in front of the house behind the cloak of "green", became a measure to hide the building. In recent years, Fuzhou, a large number of old and famous trees plummeted, lined up "dense planting" skyscrapers rise, resulting in the wind between the building and the building can not be shared. At the same time, for the construction of urban areas, "and the river to compete for land", "and the pool to compete for land" phenomenon has not been stopped. It is reported that in the past 20 years, about 70% of more than ponds in the city disappeared, with temperature regulation of surface water, by the exposed in the sun under the reinforced concrete buildings and roads replaced. Although Fuzhou per capita green area of 6.1 square meters, but the urban area divided into lanes and sidewalks of the old trees were cut down in large quantities, replanting sidewalks small trees and ornamental plants are still in the "summer is not shade" state. And ornamental plants and trees have become the main theme of greening and beautification of the city. This is worth the garden builders must be careful consideration of the problem. In addition, the air conditioning "heat pollution", but also the people called the main factors of heat. Summer is coming, along the street size shopping malls and units, in order to figure out the indoor enjoyment of the moment, air conditioning hosts are often towards the street, the heat pollution emitted by passing pedestrians "burning oil on fire". Similarly, a variety of motor vehicles for the enjoyment of the carriages, or mobile or parked in the hot air and hot ground to form the ground layer of the "heat flow", into a mobile "furnace".
Fuzhou hot, hot people dizzy brain, hot people open mouth gasping.
According to the meteorological department report, compared with previous years, this year, Fuzhou, the end of the rainy season earlier. since mid-June, the province by the stronger subtropical high-pressure control system and the "heat island 1" effect, Fuzhou region, the daily extreme temperatures are in the 36 ℃ or more, to the July 16 temperatures once reached 38.6 ℃. To the end of press time, the heat wave is gradually receding for days. But meteorologists cautioned that this heat wave will not be the last of the year.
The people of Fuzhou are finally getting used to the heat.
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Definition of Atmospheric Pollution
In a dry and clean atmosphere, the composition of trace gases is insignificant. But in a certain range of the atmosphere, the presence of trace substances that were not originally present, in quantities and for a duration that may have an adverse effect on and jeopardize human beings, animals, plants and objects and materials. When the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere reaches a harmful level, to the extent of destroying the ecosystem and the conditions for the normal survival and development of human beings, the phenomenon of causing harm to people or things is called air pollution. The causes of atmospheric pollution are both natural and man-made, especially man-made factors, such as industrial exhaust, combustion, automobile exhaust and nuclear explosions. With the rapid development of human economic activities and production, while consuming large amounts of energy, a large amount of exhaust gases and soot substances are also discharged into the atmosphere, which seriously affects the quality of the atmospheric environment, especially in densely populated cities and industrial areas. The so-called dry clean air refers to the atmosphere in the natural state (composed of mixed gases, water and impurities) to remove water and impurities in the air, its main component is nitrogen, accounting for 78.09%; oxygen, accounting for 20.94%; argon, accounting for 0.93%; and a variety of other content of less than 0.1% of the trace gases (such as neon, helium, carbon dioxide, krypton).
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Fuzhou City, the prevention and control of air pollution
[Issued by]: Fuzhou Municipal People's Congress Standing Committee
[Date of Issue]: March 28, 2002
[Effective Date]: May 01, 2002
Fuzhou City, the prevention and control of air pollution
Article I In order to prevent and combat Atmospheric pollution, according to the "Chinese People's **** and State Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law" and other laws and regulations, combined with the actual situation in the city, the formulation of these measures.
Article 2 These measures shall apply to the prevention and control of air pollution in the administrative area of the city.
Article 3 The people's governments at all levels in the city are responsible for the quality of the atmospheric environment under their jurisdiction.
Cities, counties (cities) and districts in charge of environmental protection and administration of the prevention and control of air pollution under the jurisdiction of the unified supervision and management.
Article IV of the total emission of pollutants into the atmosphere control system. Total control of the types of pollutants and total control plan (including the total amount of emission targets) by the municipal people's government approved and announced.
Pollutants discharged into the atmosphere must be required to the administrative department of environmental protection to apply for an emission permit. Pollutant emissions shall not exceed the targets limited by the license.
Article 5 The administrative department of environmental protection key control of industrial emissions of air pollutants unit, shall install automatic continuous monitoring devices, and access to automatic monitoring system of pollution sources.
Article 6 The sale and use of coal and fuel oil with sulfur content exceeding the prescribed standards shall be prohibited, and the specific standards shall be announced by the municipal people's government.
New construction, alteration and expansion of facilities using coal and heavy oil as fuel are prohibited in the urban built-up areas. Existing use of sulfur content exceeding the prescribed standards of coal or fuel oil combustion boilers, kilns, should be changed to qualified fuel, or install desulfurization devices and online monitoring devices. Specific measures shall be prescribed by the municipal people's government.
Article VII of the urban built-up area of the food service industry and unit canteens, shall use gas, electricity and other clean energy, and install fumes, exhaust gas purification devices, prohibit the discharge of fumes or stove smoke to the sidewalks, rivers, underground drainage networks.
Article VIII of the emission into the atmosphere containing benzene, toluene, dimethyl methacrylate and other toxic and harmful substances and engaged in business painting, plastic spraying, sandblasting units, must install purification devices. And shall not exceed the prescribed emission standards.
In urban areas, suburban areas, market towns and other populated areas and scenic spots, nature reserves and other areas that require special protection according to law, it is prohibited to burn asphalt, linoleum, rubber, plastics, leather, garbage, and other substances that produce toxic and harmful fumes and malodorous gases.
Article IX Stacking, loading and unloading and transportation of coal, coal ash, cinder, coal gangue, cement clinker, sand, gravel, ash, slag and other dust-prone substances, dust control measures must be taken.
Article 10 of the construction or exterior wall renovation site, must be set up to meet the standards of the enclosure; the site of the earth pile, sand pile and other dust-prone piles of materials, when not in use should be covered or sprayed with mulching agent.
Construction waste should be sealed and disposed of, and shall not be thrown in the air.
Article 11 Construction on the road should be set up enclosures. The use of wind drills, electric saws, electric grinders, concrete mixers and other tools for construction, must take measures to suppress dust.
Article XII of the construction site, material yards, solid waste dumps and other sites within the transportation road must be hardened, the exit should be set up to wash the vehicles and equipment out of the device, without effective cleaning of vehicles and equipment shall not go out.
Article XIII of the demolition of buildings should be fenced construction, and take measures to suppress dust. Ninety days after the demolition of the construction did not start construction, the construction unit shall take simple hardening of the demolition site, or simple greening and other dust control measures.
Article XIV of the roads, squares and other public **** place for cleaning operations, shall take dust suppression measures, cleaning of garbage should be sealed transportation.
Article XV of the Municipal People's Government shall, in accordance with the requirements of the quality of the city's atmospheric environment and the emission of pollutants from motor vehicles, to promote the use of liquefied petroleum gas and liquefied natural gas, electricity, solar energy and other clean energy motor vehicles.
Article XVI of the newly purchased vehicle pollutant emissions failed the initial test, the public security traffic management department shall not issue vehicle license plates and travel permits, except for vehicles exempted from state inspection.
No annual test of pollutant emissions. Or annual test failed motor vehicles, public security traffic management department shall not issue annual inspection certificate.
Article XVII of the motor vehicles traveling in the city shall not exceed the national emission standards. The administrative department of environmental protection can be in the motor vehicle parking place, the in-use motor vehicle pollutant emissions supervision and random testing.
The public security and traffic management departments shall order motor vehicles that emit black smoke or thick smoke while in motion to suspend their use and undergo testing at a specified time at a testing organization commissioned by the administrative department in charge of environmental protection.
The owner or driver of a motor vehicle in use shall not refuse or obstruct the administrative department in charge of environmental protection or the public security traffic management department to supervise the sampling test.
Article 18 of the motor vehicle pollutant emissions exceed the prescribed standards, after two limited period of treatment still can not meet the emission standards, the municipal environmental protection administrative department shall inform the municipal public security traffic management department, which shall be mandatory scrapping in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state.
Article 19 of the motor vehicle maintenance unit, shall be in accordance with the requirements of the prevention and control of air pollution and the relevant state technical specifications for maintenance, so that in-use motor vehicles to meet the prescribed pollutant emission standards.
Motor vehicle secondary maintenance, engine assembly overhaul, vehicle overhaul business units, shall be equipped with pollutant emission testing instruments and equipment in accordance with the provisions.
Motor vehicles after the second level of maintenance, engine assembly overhaul, vehicle overhaul and its impact on the vehicle's pollutant emissions of maintenance, pollutant emissions exceed the prescribed emission standards, shall not be delivered to use.
Motor vehicles after the maintenance of the items listed in the preceding paragraph, in the maintenance of the required quality assurance period for normal use, its pollutant emissions exceed the prescribed emission standards, motor vehicle maintenance unit shall be responsible for the maintenance, so that it reaches the prescribed emission standards.
The administrative department of transportation shall strengthen the supervision and management of motor vehicle repair units.
Article 20 engaged in motor vehicle pollution testing business, shall ensure that the testing instruments in line with national standards, and in accordance with the provisions of the testing procedures and technical specifications for testing.
Article 21 violation of the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 4 of these measures, did not apply for an emission permit, or pollutant emissions in excess of the indicators limited by the permit, the administrative department in charge of environmental protection shall order a period of time to make corrections and impose a fine of five thousand to ten thousand yuan.
Article 22 violation of the provisions of this Measures, one of the following acts, the competent administrative department of environmental protection, depending on the circumstances, shall order the cessation of the illegal act, a deadline for correction, give a warning and impose a fine of 5,000 yuan to 50,000 yuan:
(a) the emissions unit did not install the automatic continuous monitoring device, or unauthorized removal, idle automatic continuous monitoring device of air pollution sources
(B) stacking, loading and unloading and transportation of coal, coal ash, coal slag, coal gangue, cement clinker, sand, gravel, dust, slag and other dust-prone substances, without taking dust control measures.
Article 23 violation of the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 6 of these Measures, the sale and use of coal or fuel oil whose sulfur content exceeds the standard, the competent administrative department of environmental protection shall order the cessation of the illegal act, and confiscate the coal, fuel oil and illegal income from the sale and use.
Article 24 Violation of the provisions of these Measures, one of the following acts, the competent administrative department of environmental protection shall order the cessation of the illegal act, the deadline for rectification, removal or confiscation of the facilities for combustion of highly polluting fuels, and impose a fine of five hundred yuan for individuals, and three thousand to ten thousand yuan for the unit:
(1) new construction, alteration, expansion of the use of coal or heavy fuel oil fueled facilities
(ii) food service industry, unit canteens are not required to use gas, electricity and other clean energy, or not in accordance with the provisions of the installation of fumes, exhaust gas purification devices, or to the sidewalks, rivers, underground drainage networks discharge fumes, furnace smoke.
Article 25 Violation of the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 8 of these measures, the emission into the atmosphere containing benzene, xylene, dimethylformamide and other toxic and harmful substances, or engaged in the operation of spray painting, plastic spraying, sandblasting, not in accordance with the provisions of the installation of purification devices or exceed the emission standard, by the competent department of environmental protection administration ordered the cessation of production or use, and impose a fine of 10,000 yuan to 50,000 yuan.
In violation of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 8 of these Measures, in urban areas, suburban areas, market towns and other populated areas and scenic spots, nature reserves and other areas requiring special protection according to law, burning asphalt, linoleum, rubber, plastic, leather, garbage, as well as other substances producing toxic and harmful fumes and malodorous gases, the competent administrative department of environmental protection shall order the cessation of illegal acts and impose an individual to a fine of five hundred to one thousand yuan, and the unit to a fine of five thousand to twenty thousand yuan.
Article 26 Violation of the provisions of these Measures, one of the following acts, the competent administrative department of construction shall order the cessation of the illegal act, a deadline for rectification, and give a warning, and in serious cases, impose a fine of three thousand to ten thousand yuan:
(1) on the road construction is not set up in accordance with the provisions of the enclosure, or not to take measures to suppress the dust;
(2) the transportation of construction site Roads are not hardened according to regulations, or the exit is not set up according to the provisions of the device to wash the vehicles and equipment out of the site, or without effective washing of the vehicles and equipment out of the site;
(c) construction and exterior renovation sites are not set up according to the provisions of the standard enclosure, or the site of the earth, sand and other easy to raise the dust of piles of materials, when not in use, do not cover, or do not spray mulching agent;
(d) Construction waste is not in accordance with the provisions of the airtight treatment or overhead scattering.
Article 27 Violation of the provisions of these Measures, one of the following acts, the competent administrative department of environmental protection shall order the cessation of the illegal act, a deadline for correction, and give a warning, the circumstances are serious, a fine of three thousand to ten thousand yuan:
(a) the demolition of the building is not in accordance with the provisions of the construction of the enclosure, or failure to take measures to suppress the dust;
(b) the construction unit did not In accordance with the provisions of the demolition site to take simple hardening, or simple greening measures;
(C) material yards, solid waste dumps and other sites of the transport road is not in accordance with the provisions of the hardening, or the exit is not in accordance with the provisions of the installation of washing out of the vehicles and equipment devices, or without the effective cleaning of vehicles and equipment out of the site.
Article 28 violation of the provisions of Article 14 of these measures, in the roads, squares and other public **** place for cleaning and cleaning operations, without taking measures to press the dust, by the administrative department in charge of the city ordered to make corrections within a specified period of time, and given a warning.
The sweeping of garbage is not transported in accordance with the provisions of the airtight, the administrative department in charge of cityscape ordered to make corrections, give a warning and impose a fine of two hundred yuan.
Article 29 violation of the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 17 of these Measures, in the city of motor vehicle emissions of pollutants tested in excess of the national emission standards, the administrative department in charge of environmental protection ordered to stop the use of a limited period of time to manage, and the owner of the vehicle at a fine of two hundred yuan to five hundred yuan per vehicle.
In violation of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 17 of these measures, in the city of motor vehicles emit black smoke to the atmosphere, smoke overdue to the testing agency for testing, or testing failed motor vehicles overdue treatment, by the public security traffic management department of the motor vehicle license plate and motor vehicle license plate temporarily suspended, and impose a fine of five hundred yuan to two thousand yuan.
In violation of the provisions of the third paragraph of Article 17 of these measures, in-use motor vehicle owners or drivers to refuse, obstruct the competent administrative department of environmental protection or public security traffic management department of motor vehicle emissions of pollutants supervisory sampling, by the public security department or the competent administrative department of environmental protection in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.
Article 30 violation of the provisions of Article 19, the maintenance unit will repair the pollutant emissions still exceed the required emission standards of motor vehicles delivered to the use of the competent administrative department of environmental protection shall order the cessation of illegal acts, give a warning and impose a fine of three thousand to five thousand yuan.
Article 31 Where the competent administrative department for environmental protection, the competent administrative department for construction, the competent administrative department for amenities and the public security traffic management department fail to accept matters that should be accepted, or fail to investigate or deal with violations that should be investigated or dealt with, resulting in serious harm to the interests of the public ****, or where there is an abuse of power or favoritism, the unit in which they are located or a higher-level competent department shall impose a fine of three thousand to five thousand yuan on the person directly responsible for the competent person and other persons directly responsible in accordance with the law. And other directly responsible personnel, shall be given administrative sanctions; constitutes a crime, shall be investigated for criminal responsibility.
Article 32 These measures shall come into force on May 1, 2002 .
These measures shall come into force on May 1, 2002.