Cruisers are a kind of auxiliary ships, for the carrier and battleships to provide anti-aircraft firepower and the outer layer of small and medium-sized ships protection, can also be used as the main battle ships to participate in small to medium-scale naval battles. At the same time, it can also carry out oceanic broken engagement Germany. Now, the cruiser is usually used as the main anti-aircraft battleship, for the core ship carrier and the entire fleet to provide air protection layer, also has a certain land and sea attack and anti-submarine capabilities.
Destroyers are also a kind of auxiliary ships for cruisers, battleships and carriers to provide anti-submarine firepower, specifically to prevent enemy submarines from attacking their own fleet. At the same time can also be used as the main battle ships to participate in small-scale naval battles, generally as the outermost protective circle for their own fleet early warning and cover, as well as a certain degree of land and sea attack and air defense capabilities. Now, most of the destroyers are mainly used for land attack, and the sea, and also has a certain air defense and anti-submarine capabilities.
Cruiser is a kind of ocean cruising, with strong firepower, wide use of large surface combatant ships. Cruiser and battleships often form the core of the fleet of ships at sea, and bear the battleship cruiser, the task of escort. Is accompanied by the development of battleships and development, with the decline of battleships and the decline of the ship type.
The gun is the main combat weapon of the cruiser, according to the task of the cruiser in the battle and its own performance or not, the cruiser is divided into heavy cruisers, light cruisers and auxiliary cruisers three.
After the Second World War, cruisers almost withdrew from the naval arsenal with battleships. But with the advent of missiles, nuclear power, and electronic equipment, cruisers were revived. After the modern modification of the cruiser has changed the face of the former gun-based, and missiles as the main weapon, so often missiles as the main weapon of the modern cruiser is called a missile cruiser or strategic missile cruiser. Their power plants have also been converted to nuclear power, with greater range and greater speed. The main task of the modern cruiser is to escort aircraft carriers or other ships, with it as the core of the formation of the sea, to defend the sea lines of communication, attack enemy surface ships, submarines and shore targets, anti-aircraft and anti-missile operations, landing operations for fire support and so on.
Modern naval vessels, the most widely used, the largest number of ships is the destroyer, which is a kind of equipped with air, sea, submarine and other weapons, with a variety of combat capabilities of medium-sized surface ships. Its displacement is between 2,000-8,500 tons and its speed is around 30-38 knots. Destroyers can perform air defense, anti-submarine, anti-ship, ground attack, escort, reconnaissance, patrol, guard, mines, fire support, and attack shore targets and other combat tasks, "sea versatile" title.
Destroyer is accompanied by the emergence of torpedo boats and the development of a ship. 1860s, there is a torpedo as a weapon torpedo boats, it boat small, fast, can give the enemy large ships pose a great threat. In order to deal with torpedo boats, people built anti-torpedo boats - torpedo gunboats, which is the predecessor of the destroyer. Subsequently, the torpedo gunboat, which was constantly updated to increase its speed, was renamed the torpedo boat destroyer, or destroyer for short. It had not only gun installations, but also torpedo weapons, which could be used against enemy torpedo boats and other ships. World War I, the destroyer has been able to sail with the fleet. Therefore, the destroyer was also called "fleet destroyer". Destroyers over time, the displacement of more and more large, from the initial 400 tons to the current development of more than 8,000 tons; speed is increased to 38 knots. A variety of new naval weapons and equipment are mostly equipped to the destroyer, and even some countries have built anti-submarine helicopter destroyers.
At present, about 30 countries in the world have 400 destroyers. The first nuclear-powered destroyer was the USS Bainbridge, built in 1962.
The frigate is a medium-sized or light warship with guns, missiles, and in-water weapons (torpedoes, mines, and depth charges) as its main weapons. It is mainly used for anti-submarine and anti-aircraft escort, as well as reconnaissance, police patrol, mines, support land and security of the Army's littoral flanks, etc., in the modern naval fleet, the frigate is in the tonnage and firepower is second only to the destroyer and cruiser surface combat ships. Frigate was born at the beginning of this century. 1904-1905, the Russo-Japanese War, Japanese ships have repeatedly broken into the Russian naval base in Lushunkou, the Russian ships carried out a number of torpedo, gunfire attacks, and lay mines, with the sinking of the ship to block the harbor, to limit the Russian fleet's movements. At first the Russian fleet patrol, guard the harbor by the task of the small number of destroyers, it itself also has other tasks, and the conversion of civilian ship tactics, technical performance and poor, so after the Russo-Japanese War, Russia built the world's first dedicated frigates. The initial frigate displacement is small (400-600 tons), firepower weak small-caliber guns, poor resistance to wind and waves, low speed, only suitable for offshore activities. In the first world war, Germany launched a large-scale submarine warfare against Britain, France and other countries of the sea transportation line. Countries have built a frigate that can take on the task of ocean escort and anti-submarine, the new frigate tonnage, firepower, endurance and other aspects have been improved. During the Second World War, the German submarine offensive became more intense, and the aircraft also became more and more a serious threat to the fleet and the transport fleet, which made the frigate need more, and its mission also more diversified. Countries to build a large number of better performance of the frigate, only the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, five countries to build frigates up to 1800 ships. Frigates in the Second World War, anti-submarine, anti-aircraft, escort operations played an important role, and many times to participate in mobile formations of naval battles and amphibious landing operations. During this period, the frigate full load displacement has reached 800-1300 tons, equipped with 76-127mm gun 2-3, anti-aircraft guns 8-10, and equipped with torpedoes, mines, deep water radar, sonar, etc. After the 50's, the development trend of the frigate is similar to that of the destroyer. After 50s, the development trend of frigate and destroyer is similar, toward the direction of large-scale, missile, electronic, command automation development, and there are special anti-aircraft, anti-submarine, radar alert frigate division, some frigate also carries anti-submarine helicopters. Modern frigate and destroyer distinction is not obvious, only the former in the tonnage, firepower, endurance is slightly inferior to the latter, and even some countries of the large frigate in these aspects is also stronger than some destroyers. The current frigate displacement is generally in the 1500-4000 tons, a few up to 5000 tons or more.
Flagship: is the fleet commander of the ship, battleships, destroyers, cruisers, frigates, aircraft carriers, can be used as a flagship
Battleships: a mainly in the oceanic activities, equipped with powerful gun weapons, armor protection and mine-protection module of the large combat ships, in the end of the Second World War before the end of a long time, used to be the fleet's main warship, so it is also known as the main or main ship. They were the main battleships of the fleet for a long time before the end of the Second World War, so they were also called the main ship or battleship.
Destroyer: similar to the function of the cavalry, equipped with air, sea, submarine and other weapons, with a variety of combat capabilities
Cruiser: second only to the battleships, anti-ship, anti-submarine surface attack vessels, displacement of more than 8,000 tons.
Frigate: missiles, artillery and anti-submarine torpedoes as the main weapons of light surface combatant ships, its main task is to carry out anti-submarine fleet, convoys, offshore patrols
Flagship: also known as the command ship, is the naval fleet, the command post of the naval fleet or the fleet, the formation of the commanding officer where the ship.
Aircraft Carrier
Aircraft carrier is a kind of combat ship with carrier aircraft as the main attack weapon. Currently, there are 10 countries in the world **** have large, medium and small aircraft carriers nearly 30. The United States mainly develops large aircraft carriers and is the country with the most carriers, accounting for half of the world's carriers. Russia has a 60,000-ton heavy aircraft carrier "Kuznetsov" class that can carry conventional take-off and landing fixed-wing aircraft. France has a 40,000-ton nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. Today's aircraft carrier displacement is generally in 10,000 ~ 75,000 tons, large aircraft carriers up to 100,000 tons, the main engine power is generally 280,000 ~ 300,000 horsepower, conventional power range of 8,000 ~ 14,000 nautical miles, nuclear-powered range of 40,000 ~ 700,000 nautical miles, resistant to 12 typhoons, in the sea state of 5 ~ 6 can be smoothly take off and land the aircraft combat, basically has a All-weather seaworthiness, can maneuver 600 nautical miles per day and night, large aircraft carriers carrying 70 to 120 aircraft. However, it has a large target and high cost. At present, in addition to the development of large aircraft carriers, some countries pay much attention to the development of light aircraft carriers. Especially the development of helicopters and vertical/short take-off and landing aircraft provides favorable conditions for the development of light and multi-purpose aircraft carriers. In terms of power, large and medium-sized aircraft carriers tend to adopt nuclear power; light aircraft carriers tend to adopt gas turbines. Some people also envisage the development of underwater aircraft carriers in formation with nuclear missile submarines, and the development of side-wall air cushion aircraft carriers and catamaran aircraft carriers with large deck area and good stability, etc. The development of underwater aircraft carriers is also expected by some people, and the development of underwater aircraft carriers is also envisaged by some people. In short, with the progress of science and technology, aircraft carriers are developing towards a more modern level.
Cruisers
Cruisers are anti-ship and anti-submarine surface attack ships second only to battleships, with a displacement of more than 8,000 tons. Before the birth of the aircraft carrier, can lead the fleet of ships for ocean patrol and combat; after the birth of the aircraft carrier, can rely on shore-based aircraft and independently in the offshore waters, but also can be used as a carrier frigate in the ocean combat. Compared with the destroyer, the cruiser's tonnage is bigger, the endurance is stronger, and some of them also adopt the nuclear power; its attack and defense ability is also more powerful, such as the former Soviet Union's "Kirov" class cruiser, which can carry more than 500 ship - ship and ship - air missiles, each ship ship missiles loaded with more than a ton of a missile is enough to send the enemy aircraft carrier into the sea. Enemy aircraft carriers to the bottom of the sea, and the fire control system can make it hit dozens of active targets at the same time; in addition to three anti-submarine helicopters, as well as torpedoes, depth charges and a variety of other weapons, so it was crowned "Battlecruiser" of the beauty of the name. But the combat is also to pay attention to the military economic efficiency, from the economy, repairability and combat performance and other indicators on the comprehensive consideration, the destroyer may be better, so the cruiser has been gradually replaced by the trend of the destroyer.
Destroyers
Destroyers are medium-sized warships with missiles, torpedoes, and naval guns as their main weapons, and have a variety of combat capabilities. It is one of the stronger ships in the naval fleet, used to attack submarines and surface ships, fleet air defense, as well as escort, reconnaissance patrols, mines, and attacks on shore targets.
Frigate
Frigate is a missile, gun, depth charges and anti-submarine torpedoes as the main weapon of light surface combatant ships. Its main task is to carry out anti-submarine, escort, patrol, guard, reconnaissance and landing support operations for the fleet.
Replenishment ship
Ocean-going comprehensive replenishment ship is the sea formation does not rely on overseas ports for ocean voyage, the necessary protection force of long-distance sea combat
Landing ship
Landing ship
Landing ship
Landing ship used to transport landing troops and weapons and equipment. There are two kinds of large and medium-sized. Large landing craft, displacement 2000 - 8000 tons, range of 3000 nautical miles or more, the ship can be loaded with tanks 10-20 hundreds of landing troops. Medium landing ship, displacement 600 - 1000 tons, range of 1000 nautical miles, can be loaded with the number of tanks, hundreds of landing troops. Landing ship mostly use diesel engine as power plant, speed 12 - 20 knots. Ship loading cabin with ramp board or lift platform, traction winches and so on. The ship has several guns, mainly used for air defense and landing fire support. In addition, there are more complete observation and navigation equipment to ensure navigation safety and communication. The world's first landing ship for the British built in 1940.
Amphibious assault ship
Amphibious assault ship
Amphibious assault ship
To carry helicopters used to transport landing troops and equipment landing ship. Also called helicopter landing transport ship. The main use of helicopters to transport landing troops for vertical landing, in order to improve the suddenness, rapidity and mobility of landing operations. The flight deck of the ship can take off and land 7-8 helicopters at the same time. Below the flight deck are hangars and landing vehicles. The helicopters and vehicles are transported to the flight deck by elevators in the hangar. There is a passage from the landing soldier's cabin to the boarding area. The ship also has a command center, navigation equipment and more complete medical facilities. The United States built "Iwo Jima" amphibious assault ship, full load displacement of 18,300 tons, the maximum speed of 23 knots, can carry 20 helicopters, 4 vertical - short take-off and landing aircraft, the ship is also equipped with aviation missiles and 76 mm guns, but also can be transported to the landing of 2,000 soldiers and weapons and equipment. /p>
Minesweeper
The minesweeper's mission is to remove mines and open up shipping lanes for landing forces, fleets or convoys. Mine is an important maritime defense weapons, mainly laid in straits, waterways and offshore waters, in order to carry out sea blockade and enhance the anti-landing capability. Mine is generally laid in the surface of the water 5-10 meters below the surface, can be loaded with more than 300 kilograms of explosives, powerful and specialized attack on the bottom of the ship, for small and medium-sized ships, such as destroyers, a mine can be blown to the bottom of the sea. In the Second World War, *** more than 2700 ships were sunk by mines. Modern mines are even more varied, there are collision anchor mine, magnetic detonation of mines and sound-controlled mines, etc., no special equipment is more difficult to detect and exclude the ship. Minesweeper that is designed for the elimination of mines and the design of the ship, through sonar and other equipment for detection, the use of blasting and other methods to implement the elimination of the entire fleet of ships is the protector.
Battleship
Battleship is a kind of equipped with more than one gun, has a very strong armor protection ability of large ships. 19th century ago, was the largest naval vessels, because in the naval battle often want to line up into a single column of the line of battle for the gunfight, so people call it a battleship. Early battleships have also been called ironclads or armored ships, etc..
Battle cruiser
Battle cruiser is a kind of large warships built in the early 20th century. It is a new type of warship with strong functionality evolved on the basis of the armored cruiser. Britain's colonial interests, which were interconnected by long maritime shipping lines and commercial networks, required the protection of a strong and rapidly assembling naval fleet. The Royal Navy needed a warship with a combination of powerful firepower and high maneuverability that could not only effectively combat enemy attacks, but could also be deployed quickly to deal with unexpected events. Therefore, the British Navy designed the battle cruiser under the name of "Ideal Cruiser", which was a battleship combining the powerful firepower of battleships and the high maneuverability of cruisers, and the new technology at that time provided the possibility of building a new type of battleship. The biggest difference between a battlecruiser and an armored cruiser was the armament. The caliber of the main guns of a battlecruiser was larger than that of an armored cruiser. Battlecruisers were comparable to battleships in terms of main gun caliber size and power, but the protective armor was thinner than that of battleships. The weight saved on the armor was used on more powerful drives, which provided the battlecruiser with higher speeds.
A frigate is a surface combatant with missiles, artillery and anti-submarine weapons as its main armament. Generally, the displacement of 600 ~ 3500 tons, there are a few more than 3500 tons; speed of more than 25 ~ 35 knots, endurance of about 5000 nautical miles, in the 4 ~ 6 sea state can be effective use of weapons, in the 7 ~ 8 sea state can be safe to navigate, self-sustainability of 10 days and nights, in the adjacent compartments into the water will not sink. Modern frigates can carry air-to-air, ship-to-ship and anti-submarine missiles. In order to improve the defense capability of enemy incoming missiles and the attack capability of enemy surface ships, generally equipped with main guns and secondary guns, or with small-caliber rapid-fire guns. In order to strengthen the anti-submarine, often equipped with multiple rocket depth charge launchers and anti-submarine torpedo launchers, the bow are equipped with sonar, the stern of the ship is equipped with a helicopter landing platform, helicopters can increase the anti-submarine radius, but also improve the range of missiles on the ship. Also equipped with automated combat command system. Modern frigate power plant, the host generally use diesel, gas turbine or diesel? Combined fuel power plant, high power, high speed. Modern frigates are less expensive and more versatile. At present, there are about 44 countries and regions in the world have more than 600 frigates. However, modern frigates are generally limited by the power, weight and volume required by the hull platform, poor habitability of the crew and limited sustained combat capability. Future frigates are now envisioned to be faster, more stable, and with improved seakeeping and habitability. Some countries are breaking the traditional concept, test some new designs of frigate ship type, such as surface effect ship, hydrofoil, semi-submersible or catamaran, etc. The U.S. Navy plans to build an experimental 3,000-ton surface effect ship, whose propulsion will use superconducting electric propulsion, and the speed can be more than 100 knots.
The destroyer is a medium-sized warship with missiles, torpedoes and naval guns as its main weapons and a variety of combat capabilities. It is one of the stronger ships in the naval fleet, used to attack submarines and surface ships, fleet air defense, as well as escort, reconnaissance patrols, mines, and attacks on shore targets. (Figure) (China's new guided-missile destroyer)
In the 1870s, the emergence of torpedoes and torpedoes as a weapon in the water to attack enemy ships as fast as small boats - torpedo boats. Generally only a few tens of tons of torpedo boats can sink thousands of tons, firepower powerful armored ships, which as the main force of the national navy armored ships pose a serious threat. So people built a slightly larger than the torpedo boat, equipped with naval guns. It was used to block and chase the torpedo boats, to cover their own big ships, and to give it a torpedo, with the ability to attack the enemy's big ships. This has a "dual character" ship is born in the 1880s torpedo gun ship, which is the predecessor of the destroyer, also known as the "minelayer". However, due to the limitations of the technical conditions at that time, the speed of the torpedo gunship was only about 37 kilometers per hour, while the speed of the torpedo boat at that time had already reached more than 40 kilometers per hour. This made it difficult for the torpedo gunships to pursue and destroy the torpedo boats.
In the 1890s, there were new advances in steam power plants, and the British Navy, based on the advice of A. Yarrow, a shipbuilding alliance, constructed a warship with strong combat power and high speed, which could effectively deal with torpedo boats. 1893, the "Havoc" and "Hornet In 1893, "Havoc" and "Hornet" fish boat destroyer launched, they displacement of 240 tons, boat speed of 50 km / h, equipped with four guns and three torpedo tubes, they are the world's first destroyer, but also the fastest warships. Since then, the navies of various countries have built destroyers, and increase the tonnage, enhance the firepower, improve the range, so that they have a stronger combat capability.
In the early 20th century, the displacement of armored ships (i.e. battleships) continued to increase, and the destroyers, which were lighter and faster than the cruisers, assumed the tasks of reconnaissance, patrol and escort which were originally undertaken by the cruisers. During the First World War, due to the large number of submarines, and the role of torpedo boats declined, so the destroyer was used more for the fleet, fleet escort and anti-submarine. During this period, the destroyer's firepower, speed, endurance and other performance continued to improve, the displacement has reached more than 1,000 tons.
(Photo)(The British County-class guided-missile destroyer built in the mid-1960s)
In World War II, the destroyer continued to be strengthened, in addition to the anti-submarine escort mission, but also due to the rise of the naval air force, the fleet took on more of the task of air defense. And in support of island and shore operations, transportation of personnel and supplies, as a base patrol and other tasks played an important role. He also took part in many inter-fleet naval battles, and was known as the "versatile sea fighter" because of his outstanding performance.
After the 50's, the destroyer did not like battleships, cruisers like the decline, but because of its flexibility and multi-functionality, and highly valued by the navy, rapidly to the missile, electronic, command automation of the direction of the development, and the emergence of the anti-submarine destroyer and anti-aircraft destroyer division, destroyer tonnage is also significantly increased, the large-scale destroyer displacement of 6,000 tons, equivalent to a light cruiser. equivalent to light cruisers. In some destroyers are also equipped with anti-submarine helicopters.
Missile destroyer - the world's first guided missile destroyer is the United States in 1953 to build the "Mitchell" destroyer, its displacement of 5,200 tons, equipped with "Tatar" anti-aircraft missiles. The first destroyer to be equipped with anti-ship and anti-submarine missiles was the USS Kuntz, launched in 1958.
(Photo)(One of the world's most advanced destroyers is the U.S. Burke-class guided-missile destroyer equipped with the Aegis system)
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Cruisers
Cruisers are second only to battleships in the anti-ship, anti-submarine surface attack ships, displacement of more than 8000 tons. Before the birth of the aircraft carrier, can lead the fleet of ships for ocean patrol and combat; after the birth of the aircraft carrier, can rely on shore-based aircraft and independently in the offshore waters, but also can be used as a carrier frigate in the ocean combat. Compared with the destroyer, the cruiser's tonnage is bigger, the endurance is stronger, and some of them also adopt the nuclear power; its attack and defense ability is also more powerful, such as the former Soviet Union's "Kirov" class cruiser, which can carry more than 500 ship - ship and ship - air missiles, each ship ship missiles loaded with more than a ton of a missile is enough to send the enemy aircraft carrier into the sea. Enemy aircraft carriers to the bottom of the sea, and the fire control system can make it hit dozens of active targets at the same time; in addition to three anti-submarine helicopters, as well as torpedoes, depth charges and a variety of other weapons, so it was crowned "Battlecruiser" of the beauty of the name. But the combat is also to pay attention to the military economic efficiency, from the economy, repairability and combat performance and other indicators on the comprehensive consideration, the destroyer may be better, so the cruiser has been gradually replaced by the trend of the destroyer.
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