1． Softening method
refers to removing or reducing the hardness of water (mainly calcium and magnesium ions in water) to a certain extent. In the process of water softening, it only softens the water quality, but cannot improve the water quality. Water that has not been softened can easily lead to acclimatization, vomiting and diarrhea.
2. Distillation
boils water, then collects the vapor and allows it to cool and condense into a liquid. Distilled water is extremely safe to drink, but there are some issues that need further discussion. Because distilled water contains no minerals, very low oxygen content, etc., it is strongly opposed by many health and wellness experts. In addition, the distillation method is more expensive, consumes energy, and cannot remove volatile substances from the water.
3. The boiling method
is to boil tap water before drinking it. This is an ancient method that is commonly used in China. Boiling water can kill bacteria, but it cannot remove some chemicals and heavy metals. Moreover, tap water contains a small amount of chlorine for sealing. When boiling, chloroform is generated, which is extremely harmful to the human body. Even if its content is extremely low, drinking it for a long time The harm is still great.
4. Magnetization method
refers to the use of magnetic field effects to treat water, which is called magnetization of water. The process of magnetization is that after the water passes through the magnet in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the magnetization process is completed. China's water magnetization treatment technology is still in the initial stage of practice and research so far. The most intensive foreign research is in Japan. Because there is no scientific consideration of the magnetization of water in China, magnetized water is not included in the scope of water purification. Incorporated into medical and health care.
5. Mineralization method
It refers to adding mineral elements beneficial to the human body (such as calcium, zinc, strontium and other elements) to the water on the basis of purification. Commercially available water purifiers generally achieve the purpose of mineralization by adding medical stone to the water purifier. In order to prevent some unscrupulous merchants from exaggerating and causing market confusion, the Ministry of Health has clearly stated: "Water-related products must not promote any health functions. "Consumers who have a need for health care can only look at the introduction of the filter element in Yunyun's products to see if it meets their needs.
6. Ozone and ultraviolet sterilization
These can only sterilize and cannot remove heavy metals and chemical substances in the water. The killed bacterial corpses still remain in the water and become pyrogens.
7. Electrolysis
Electrolysis of purified water began in Japan. This equipment is called an electrolyzer. It purifies water first and then performs electrolysis activation. Its alkaline activated water corresponds to the PH value of the human body's internal environment. It has health care effects on the human body and is suitable for drinking. Acidic activated water can be used for face washing, bathing, and beauty. effect. However, the extent of the benefits of electrolyzed water to the human body needs further exploration.
8. Activated carbon adsorption
can be divided into the following three forms
8.1 Granular activated carbon is more commonly used, mostly using carbonaceous substances such as essence, coal quality, and nut shell (core) through chemical methods Or made by physical activation method. It has a lot of micropores and specific surface area, so it has strong adsorption capacity and can effectively absorb organic pollutants in water. In addition, during the activation process, the amorphous parts of the activated carbon surface form some oxygen-containing functional groups. These groups enable the activated carbon to have chemical adsorption and catalytic oxidation and reduction properties, and can effectively remove some metal ions in the water.
8.2 Silver-infiltrated activated carbon combines activated carbon and silver, which not only adsorbs organic pollutants in the water, but also has a bactericidal effect, and bacteria will not grow in the activated carbon, solving the problem of water purification Sometimes there is a problem with high nitrite content in the water coming out of the machine. When water passes through silver-infiltrated activated carbon, silver ions will be slowly released to disinfect and sterilize. Since activated carbon has a good effect on removing color, odor, chlorine, iron, arsenic, mercury, cyanide, phenol, etc. in water, with a sterilization effect of more than 90%, it is used in small water purifiers.
8.3 Fiber activated carbon is a new type of adsorption material formed after activation treatment of organic carbon fiber. It has a developed microporous structure, huge specific surface area, and numerous functional groups. Foreign countries have made remarkable achievements in using fiber activated carbon for solvent recovery and gas purification; a lot of research work has also been done in water treatment applications.
9． RO reverse osmosis membrane
RO reverse osmosis is a method that uses the internationally popular reverse osmosis and other methods to filter raw water (physical method) without adding any compounds to produce water that can be directly consumed by humans. Pure water machine (also known as terminal water purification equipment). Municipal tap water whose water quality complies with the "Hygienic Standards for Drinking Water Quality" (2001) stipulated by the Ministry of Health of China is used as raw water. The raw water is pre-prepared through 2 activated carbon filter elements (1 granular activated carbon, 1 sintered activated carbon) and 1 PPF dissolved spray filter element. Filter, then apply pressure to the pre-filtered water to make it pass through an RO (reverse osmosis, English Reverse Osmosis) membrane with a pore size of one ten thousandth of a micron, and finally pass through the silver-loaded activated carbon (also known as fruit shell) made of fruit shell (coconut shell) Small T33) adjusts the pH of water (making the taste of the purified water sweet and mellow) to produce purified water. RO reverse osmosis water purifier introduces advanced ultra-low pressure reverse osmosis technology and accessories from the United States to produce the most advanced pure water device for household and group use in China. The device produces high-quality water, operates safely, is stable and reliable, is simple to operate, and occupies an area of It has a small area and is the most effective in removing calcium, magnesium, bacteria, organic matter, inorganic matter, metal ions and radioactive substances in water. The water purified by this device is crystal clear and sweet. This device is suitable for drinking water purification in homes, hotels, hotels, hospitals and other enterprises and institutions.
The purified water produced by the RO reverse osmosis water purifier is fresher, more hygienic and safer than bottled water. It has a wide range of uses: it can be drunk raw or boiled. In this regard The most outstanding feature is that kettles or electric thermos bottles will no longer accumulate scale; pure water is used for cooking, which is more hygienic and more delicious; bathing with pure water can remove impurities on the skin, moisturize the skin, and have a natural beauty effect ; It can provide water needed for small household appliances such as humidifiers, steam irons, beauty instruments, etc., and there will never be annoying scale; when used with an ice machine, the ice cubes made will be crystal clear and without any odor.
Reverse osmosis technology: The original text of reverse osmosis is REVERSE OSMOSIS. It was developed by NASA, a multinational group of scientists, with government support, spending billions of dollars and years of research. The principle of reverse osmosis is to exert a pressure greater than the natural osmosis pressure on the raw water side, so that water molecules reverse osmosis from the side with higher concentration to the side with lower concentration. Since the pore size is much smaller than hundreds or even thousands of times of viruses and bacteria, various viruses, bacteria, heavy metals, solid soluble matter, polluted organic matter, calcium and magnesium ions, etc. cannot pass through the reverse osmosis membrane at all, thereby achieving The purpose of water softening and purification.
10. Microfiltration and ultrafiltration methods
are microporous filter membranes made of cellulose or polymer materials, which use their uniform pore size to intercept particles, bacteria, colloids, etc. in the water so that they do not pass through the filter membrane. be removed. This microporous membrane filtration technology, also known as particle density filtration technology, can filter micron or nanoscale particles and bacteria. Both ultrafiltration and microfiltration are membrane separation technologies. There is no obvious boundary between the two. The working pressure of ultrafiltration is generally around 0.3 MPa, which can remove macromolecular substances, bacteria, viruses, etc. in the water, but the flux is low. .
11. Rich (negative) hydrogen method
Using electrolysis technology to produce hydrogen, at the same time, a trace amount of hydrogen dissolved in water generates H3O+. As a non-toxic and harmless inert gas, hydrogen is not It will cause any harm to the human body, and hydrogen and trace amounts of H3O+ incorporated into the water will react with active oxygen free radicals in the human body that are harmful to the human body to generate water. The hydrogen-rich method originated from Japanese technology, and other countries have insufficient research on this area. There are only a few companies in China that have researched this area. The one with the deepest research is the Shizhen Water Structure Research Institute where retired Professor Song Hongchang of the Chinese Academy of Sciences works. Some technologies have surpassed Japan's. Although hydrogen-rich technology has great significance, its current application scope is extremely narrow. The water used in hydrogen-rich technology must be compound-purified water. In addition to being clean, it must also contain minerals. Previously, Japan's hydrogen-rich technology required water below 60°C. With the establishment of a specialized domestic water research institute, the scientific research team led by Professor Song Hongchang has been able to use hot water to enrich hydrogen.
12． Composite type
When one process is difficult to remove harmful substances in water, two or more processes are used, which is the composite type. Such as activated carbon adsorption? Ultraviolet sterilization, activated carbon adsorption? Reverse osmosis, activated carbon adsorption? Microfiltration (ultrafiltration), polypropylene ultrafine fiber? Active carbon? Microfiltration (ultrafiltration), etc.
Among composite water purifiers, membrane technology composite water purifiers have excellent water purification performance, especially in removing microorganisms (bacteria, algae, etc.). The water produced by some high-quality water purifiers can be drunk directly. It has been welcomed by the majority of consumers and has become a hot spot in the current development of water purifiers.
The design and manufacturing of water purifiers is a comprehensive science and technology. The design principles of water purifiers should be based on users. In terms of water quality characteristics in various regions in China, organic matter pollution is serious along the Yangtze River and in densely populated areas, while bacterial contamination problems exist in small water supply companies in towns and cities and in groundwater use areas across the country. Therefore, only some high-quality water purifiers can adapt to different water qualities across the country. Therefore, water purifier manufacturers should carefully design water purifiers that can adapt to different water sources but have good treatment effects according to the water quality conditions in different regions.
In short, water purifiers are related to the drinking water safety and health of millions of people. Therefore, the quality of water purifiers and the quality of water output must be valued by manufacturers, and they must continue to absorb and adopt advanced technology and equipment. , and constantly improve the quality of water purifiers to meet the rising consumption needs of the people.
Coagulant removes suspended colloids? In order to remove suspended clay and colloids in water, coagulant is added. Very finely dispersed clay colloids are difficult to separate from water by gravity sedimentation alone. The function of the coagulant is to make small clay particles gather together through adsorption to first form aggregates with a diameter of 1 μm, and then through chemical bonding, coagulation and precipitation, the aggregates are further aggregated into wool-like flocs. body. The flocs can settle and be removed under the action of gravity. ?
The ion exchange method mainly removes the hardness of water (Ca2+, Mg2+), but does not remove all strong electrolytes including non-hardness salts in the water, and there is also silicic acid in the water. Weak electrolytes, gases, colloids, organic matter, bacteria and other impurities, pure water is divided into demineralized water, pure water and ultrapure water according to the degree of removal of these impurities. The ultrapure water manufacturing system usually consists of the following steps. ?
(1) Pre-treatment? The purpose is to reduce the load of subsequent treatment steps, including coagulation and sedimentation, precision filtration, activated carbon adsorption layer filtration and other steps, so that coarser particle impurities contained in the water can be removed. ?
(2) Ion exchange treatment? Various soluble ionic impurities are removed through ion exchange resin. In order to remove other non-hardness strong electrolyte ions except calcium and magnesium ions;·Sometimes it is necessary to add high High-performance ion exchange device;?
(3) Ultrafiltration membrane treatment? The purpose is to remove various tiny impurities (including bacteria and organic residues) suspended in water. ?
(4) Reverse osmosis treatment? Remove smaller soluble impurities (such as soluble proteins) that cannot be removed by the ultrafiltration membrane. It should be noted that the semi-permeable membrane used in the reverse osmosis treatment process has a short pressure-resistant life + the load on this semi-permeable membrane should be minimized:?
(5) Ultraviolet lamp treatment? Utilize the sterilization effect of ultraviolet light Killing of buffalo microorganisms. ?
Water treatment equipment is the process of removing some harmful substances in water that are not necessary for production and life through physical, chemical, and biological means. It is a process of water quality conditioning such as sedimentation, filtration, coagulation, flocculation, corrosion inhibition, and scale inhibition of water in order to be suitable for specific purposes. Because social production and life are closely related to water. Therefore, the field of water treatment covers a wide range of applications and constitutes a huge industrial application. Water treatment equipment includes: sewage treatment and drinking water treatment. In some places, sewage treatment is further divided into two types, namely sewage treatment and reclaimed water reuse. Commonly used water treatment chemicals include: polyaluminum chloride, polyaluminum ferric chloride, basic aluminum chloride, polyacrylamide, activated carbon and various filter materials.
The effectiveness of water treatment equipment can be measured by water quality standards. The processing of raw water (raw water) in order to meet the water quality requirements of finished water (domestic water, production water or dischargeable wastewater). When raw water is processed for domestic or industrial use, it is called water supply treatment. When water treatment equipment processes wastewater, it is called wastewater treatment. The purpose of wastewater treatment is the discharge (discharge into a body of water or land) or reuse of waste
water (see Wastewater Disposal, Wastewater Reuse).
In the water recycling system and water regeneration treatment, the raw water is wastewater and the finished water is water. The processing process has the properties of both water supply treatment and wastewater treatment.
Water treatment also includes the treatment and final disposal of wastewater and sludge generated during the treatment process (see sludge treatment and disposal), and sometimes the treatment and emission of waste gas. Water treatment methods can be summarized in three ways: ① The most commonly used method is to obtain the required water quality by removing some or all impurities in the raw water; ② By adding new components to the raw water, the required water quality is obtained through physical or chemical reactions. Water quality; ③ The processing of raw water does not involve the removal of impurities or the addition of new ingredients.
Impurities in the water of water treatment equipment include entrained coarse substances, suspended solids, colloids and dissolved substances. Coarse materials include floating aquatic plants in the river, garbage, large aquatic organisms, gravel in wastewater, and large pieces of dirt. In water supply projects, coarse impurities are removed by the facilities of the water intake structure and are not included in the scope of water treatment.