How to use the management information system platform for primary health care organizations

I, management information system development project management process management information system development is a wide-ranging, technically difficult comprehensive systems engineering, need to invest a lot of human, financial, material, time and other resources, the reform and development of the entire enterprise organization will have a great impact. Only the entire development process of enterprise management information system in accordance with the system's point of view using modern scientific concepts and methods of project management control, it is possible to smaller inputs, to achieve more satisfactory results. 1, the concept of project management project management refers to a certain amount of resources, such as time, money, manpower, equipment, materials, energy, power and other constraints, in order to efficiently achieve the project's established goals ( That is, to the completion of the project is planned to achieve the quality, investment, progress), in accordance with the project's internal rules and procedures, the whole process of the project for effective planning, organization, coordination, leadership and control of systematic management activities. Project is a one-time task with a clear goal, with a clear life cycle and strong phases. Project management is oriented to the management of all engineering projects, is the use of the principles of systems science for engineering projects, planning, organizing and controlling the systematic management method. Project management to solve the basic problem is how to choose the development method, the development of effective planning, organization, coordination, leadership, control of the project. Project management is a "hand" project, leadership is the key to participation. The project manager must rationally configure the project participants, develop relevant specifications for project construction, produce timely and detailed reports, and correctly evaluate the progress of the project. In recent years, countries around the world have begun to implement project management for the construction of information systems, many software developers also provide project management software, such as the U.S. Microsoft's Project2000, the U.S. Primavera's ProjectPlannerP3 and OS/23.0, China's Beijing Menglong company's PERT3.0 and so on. These software is mainly used for scheduling the project schedule, through the analysis of resources and cost management, the rational allocation of resources to make the planned schedule more reasonable, and at the same time, according to the plan to arrange the progress of the project, and dynamic tracking and control of the progress, etc. 2, to strengthen the information system to develop the significance of the project management has been successfully used in many areas of the national economy in the project management methods, can also be used for the management of information system development projects. Management of information system development projects. Management information system development is a long-term task, according to the reform of business organizations, development needs and possibilities, divided into a number of projects, step-by-step development. The information system "development project" includes the whole process of information system analysis, design and implementation. It is the responsibility of the project leader (project manager), who organizes the construction of the system for the users using available resources. According to the system science point of view, small projects can constitute a large project, a large project can be decomposed into several small projects. Project management is essentially a process management technique that ensures the smooth and efficient completion of the entire system development project, throughout the entire life cycle of system development. Information systems development is also a systematic engineering project as other engineering projects, the development of an information system also needs to plan, coordinate and rationalize the use of configuration of various resources within a given period of time, the importance of project management of information systems have the following four points: (1) can be a systematic thinking, practical arrangements for the overall situation; (2) can be for the project human resources needs to provide the exact The workflow of management information system development project management is related to the stage division of information system development process. Typical management information system development process is divided into phases as shown in Table l. Stages of the main activities a, system planning 1, strategic planning according to the organization's goals and development strategy to determine the development strategy of the information system 2, organizational information, needs analysis of the organization's information needs for the overall analysis, to determine the overall structure of the information system program, divided into construction projects 3, resource allocation of various types of resources required for the construction of the system for the estimation and arrangement of the second, system analysis 1, the preliminary investigation of the system, the development of the project Feasibility study of the system, a detailed survey of the current system, the new system logic program proposed by the unified development 2, system design system structure design, data storage design, input, output design, processing design, computer and network system program selection 3, system implementation software programming and software package acquisition, computer and network equipment installation and debugging, system testing, conversion of the old and new system 3, system Operation and maintenance of the organization and management of system operation, system evaluation, the system's corrective maintenance, adaptive maintenance, perfect maintenance, preventive maintenance, four, the system update the current system problem analysis, the start of the construction of a new system of management information system development project management stage division of management information system development project management can be divided into two phases, that is, project and feasibility demonstration stage, the stage of project implementation and management. (1) the project and feasibility study for the management information system of the project development of the early stage, generally divided into two steps: the first step for the preliminary feasibility study, that is, to conduct a preliminary investigation, put forward the project proposal; the second step for the feasibility study, that is, the formal study stage. The first step of the project proposal is approved by the project authority, the project is included in the plan, that is, the project. Next, the formal feasibility study can begin, and the formal implementation of the project is subject to the review and approval of the feasibility study report. For some small projects, the above process can be simplified. Feasibility study is in the project development of a pre-project inspection and identification of the proposed project to conduct a comprehensive, comprehensive investigation and research, the purpose of which is to determine the feasibility of the project or not. Information systems technology feasibility study to start from the plan of system development, discuss the feasibility of the system development force, while demonstrating that the system program to take a variety of technical means on whether or not it can be achieved. Information system economic feasibility study is mainly on the project for economic evaluation, analysis of the possibility of investment in system construction and evaluation of the system after the operation of the organization's benefits. Information systems operational feasibility study to give the program can be human, material resources, organization and other aspects of the project to ensure that the implementation of the completion of the plan, but also to explain the project after the development of economic, technical and environmental aspects of the system can be guaranteed normal operation. (2) Project implementation management information system projects are approved after the implementation of the project should begin to implement the management of the project. The purpose of project implementation management is to plan, check, control and a series of measures to enable system developers to work according to the project's objectives and plans in order to successfully complete the project. The composition of the project team should be project-oriented rather than organized by profession, generally led by the project leader, the project team can be subgrouped by task. When a large-scale information systems project is divided into a number of sub-projects for development, there is a need for a general project management group is responsible for the various sub-projects of the public **** part of the guidance, coordination and management of the various sub-projects accordingly have their own project management team. The main elements of project implementation management include: development management, test management, operation management and post-project evaluation management. The main contents of development management include: formulating documents; estimating the required resources; cost estimation; arranging work tasks and schedules; regular reviews; quality assurance management; development summary reports; and handling unforeseen situations. The main contents of test management include: making test plan; test analysis and report; compiling user manual. The main contents of operation management are: organization and management of personnel; equipment and information management; financial budget and expenditure management; operation time management. The main contents of post-project evaluation management include: evaluation of technical level and advancement; analysis of economic and social benefits; evaluation of the intrinsic quality of the system; evaluation of the system's value of popularization and use; and the system's shortcomings and improvement opinions. Project implementation management runs through the whole system development process of system analysis, system design, system implementation, system maintenance and evaluation. The working procedures and organizational boundaries of project management are very important, and it is necessary to establish a general framework for project management to guide people to build information systems successfully. The steps are as follows: 1) Problem analysis. Initial investigation should be done by experienced personnel rather than novices, and the project should be carefully studied and evaluated in terms of the extent of change, the content of the project, and the cost of its ultimate realization. Projects that involve a large degree of change and require close integration with user personnel usually require a high level of management experience. Smaller projects that involve fewer people and can be accomplished by a small team are much simpler to manage. ② Select the right project. When selecting projects, care should be taken to limit the size of the first project started to ensure success should generally see results within a year. Large projects can be divided into sub-projects to show the progress of completion. ③ Selection of the project leader. Project leader (project manager or project team leader) is responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the project, and is responsible for the given time, cost and quality, to achieve the project objectives. Tasks include preparing the project plan, establishing and training the project team, and assigning and coordinating project tasks. ④ Specify responsibilities. The user-owner should preside over decisions about the level of user involvement throughout the project. The project leader should report directly to the user leader. ⑤ Establish project plans and define work standards. In the process of project management of information system, many factors are involved, and sometimes the problem becomes very complicated, if there is a well thought out and specific project plan, the risk will be eliminated. Project plans include organizational plans, engineering plans, meeting plans, environmental facilities plans, cost plans and other elements. Currently commonly used planning methods are Gantt chart method, program review method (PERT) and so on. To determine the standard of work, the work standard is a measure of the degree of implementation of the plan, the standard should be simple and clear, easy to measure, can be achieved, and with mandatory. (vi) To qualify the tasks and specify the details of the tasks. In the preparation of the project plan, the project leader must decide what tasks to be completed, how to complete, what resources can be used, who take to complete and how long to complete. Second, the enterprise information systems development project management organization to ensure the smooth start of the information systems development work, the first step is to establish the project's organizational structure - the project team. Project team can be responsible for project management and development of different aspects of the composition of the project team by the project team leader or project manager to lead. Generally speaking, the project team can be determined according to the amount of project funds and the size of the system to determine the appropriate project team. Project team according to the work required to set up a number of groups, the number of groups and each group's tasks can be based on the project size, complexity and length of the cycle to determine the establishment of the group can be: process management team, project support team, quality assurance team, systems engineering team, systems development and testing team, systems integration and testing team and so on. A good project team does not necessarily guarantee the success of the project, but a poor management team will certainly lead to project failure. Therefore, in the establishment of the project team to take full advantage of the strengths of each member of the project team, adhere to the correct development methodology throughout. 1, the project manager (project leader) project manager (project leader) is the leader of the entire project, *** task is to ensure that the smooth progress of the entire development project, is responsible for coordinating the relationship between the developers, the end-users at all levels between the developer and the majority of users. At the same time, he has the right to dispose of funds, can be used as a powerful tool for project management, the project manager's use of funds can be used to report regularly to the superiors and other methods for reasonable supervision. Project manager in the implementation of the project leadership work, we must always pay attention to the system developed in line with the initially formulated goals; in the development work whether the pre-selected correct development methodology; which people are suitable for doing which work, etc.. Only a clear purpose, suitable technical means, the right people, in order to ensure the smooth progress of system development. For small projects, the project manager can work independently, direct management of various types of development and technical personnel, if necessary, can seek support from external organizations; for medium-sized projects, should be divided into various tasks of the boundaries of the different people to manage the project manager through these people to implement the management of the work; for large-scale projects, there should be a special management organization to assist in the management of the project manager should be able to ensure that the idea of the implementation, and through the management body of the development of the management of the work. Implementation, and through the management body of the work of the development of technical staff to implement management, while paying attention to the audit of its products. 2. process management team process management team's task is responsible for the entire project cost and schedule control, configuration management, installation and commissioning, the publication of technical reports, training support and other tasks, which is a comprehensive organization to ensure that the development of the project's smooth progress. 3, the project Support team project support team's task is to ensure that the logistical support, it should provide timely development of the system required equipment, materials; responsible for the development of the project costing; responsible for contract management, safety assurance, etc., especially for large-scale projects, due to the huge amount of money involved in the development of a large number of people, material consumption is also a lot of, in particular, to carry out the management of science. 4. Quality Assurance Team Quality Assurance Team's The task of the quality assurance team is to find problems affecting the quality of system development and solve them in a timely manner. The earlier the problem is found, the smaller the impact on the entire project, the greater the certainty of project success. 5. System engineering team because the development of information systems is a systematic project, so in accordance with the general characteristics of the project, with a systematic point of view to formulate the tasks of the various phases of the development of the system, this is a systematic engineering team's responsibilities, that is, the entire development process is divided into a number of tasks according to the stage, to provide for the responsible person, the objectives of the tasks, the test standards, the quality and the quality of the system development team. This is the responsibility of the system engineering team, i.e. the whole development process is divided into several tasks according to stages, and each task is defined in terms of the person in charge of the task, the target of the task, the test standard, and the time for completing the task. Only by clarifying the responsibilities, rights and benefits of each task can the development work be carried out smoothly.6. The task of the development and testing team is to make full use of some key technologies of system development, development models and some mature commodity software to engage in the development and integration of various subsystems and to test the various systems. This is the key to the entire development project, so we must organize the members of the team, and the use of uniform methods and standards of work. 7. system integration and installation and commissioning team system integration is the whole information system to carry out the process of synthesis, the members of the team in the full attention of the software, hardware products and the development of information systems and information systems, pay attention to the maximum guarantee of the system reliability and play the system's highest efficiency under the premise of the completion of the information system software, hardware products, and the development of information systems. Under the premise of completing the information system software, hardware and other aspects of the integration, and do a good job of the entire system testing and installation and commissioning. Third, the management of information systems development project management of the basic content and steps in the specific implementation of management information systems development project management, can be carried out in accordance with the following five steps: 1. Task Breakdown (WBS) Task Breakdown (WorkBreakdownStructure), also known as the task of dividing or work decomposition structure, is the development of the entire information system is defined as a set of tasks for a set of tasks This group of tasks can be further divided into a number of sub-tasks, and then form a hierarchical structure of the task group. So that the task responsibility to the person, the implementation in place, efficient operation. Task division is the basis for the realization of scientific project management, although the task division to spend a certain amount of time and effort, but in the entire system development process will increasingly show its superiority. Task division includes the following contents: task setup; funding division; task plan schedule; collaborative process and conditions to ensure the completion of the task. Task setup is based on a unified document format detailing the content of each task, should be completed on the basis of the documentation, the task of the test criteria, etc.; funds are divided according to the size of the task, the complexity of the required hardware, software, technology, and other factors to determine the completion of the task required funds and distribution; task plan schedule is based on the task set to determine the completion of the time; synergistic process and the conditions to ensure the completion of the task is to refer to the process and to ensure the completion of the task. The conditions to ensure the completion of the task means that when the task is divided to consider the external and internal conditions needed in order to complete the task, that is, who needs to assist and participate in the task, to ensure that the task is completed on time, what are the personnel, equipment, technical support, logistical support, and so on. After the division of tasks, these tasks will be implemented to specific people, and the establishment of a task division table, in this table marked with the task number, task name, the completion of the task of the person responsible for the task, in which the task number is in accordance with the level of the task of the task coding, the highest level of the task for the 1, 2, 3, ......, the decomposition of task 1 is 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, ......, the decomposition for task 2 is 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, ......, and so on. There are three main methods of task decomposition: ① Dividing the system development project according to its structure and function. That is, the whole development system can be divided into hardware system, system software, and application software system. Hardware system can be divided into servers, workstations, computer network environments, etc., taking into account the selection of these hardware programs, acquisition plans, acquisition management, inspection standards, installation and commissioning plans, etc., to develop the corresponding tasks; system software can be divided into network operating system software, back-end database management system, foreground development platforms, etc., taking into account the selection of these software, accessories, purchasing, installation and commissioning of these contents and develop Corresponding tasks; for the application software can be divided into input, display, query, printing, processing and other functions, consider the system requirements analysis, overall design, detailed design, programming, testing, inspection standards, quality assurance, review and other content and develop the corresponding tasks. ② Divided according to the system development stage. That is, in accordance with the system development, system analysis, system design, system implementation and system implementation of programming, system testing, system installation and commissioning, system commissioning, system operation and other phases of the division of each phase should be completed tasks, technical requirements, hardware and software system support, completion of the standards, personnel organization and responsibilities, quality assurance, inspection and review of the contents of the item, but also according to the completion of the stages At the same time, according to the steps required to complete the various stages of the task will be a more detailed division of these tasks. ③ Combine ① and ② for division. This method is adopted mainly from the practical application considerations, taking into account the different characteristics of the two methods. In the process of task division, special attention should be paid to the following two points. First, it is not easy to divide the number of tasks too much, but not too little. Too much will cause the complexity of project management and the difficulty of system integration; too little will have higher requirements for project team members, especially the task manager, and affect the overall development. Therefore, attention should be paid to the appropriateness of task division. Secondly, after the task division, the task leader should be given certain powers, clear tasks, boundaries, the degree of dependence on other tasks, to determine the constraints and rules of management. 2. planning arrangements based on the task division of the entire development and project management plan can be formulated, and produce a time schedule for the task. Development plan can be divided into configuration plan, application software development plan, test and evaluation plan, acceptance plan, quality assurance plan, system engineering management plan and project management plan. Computer hardware system, system software configuration plan includes: (1) the establishment of system benchmarks; (2) configuration, selection, acquisition, installation and commissioning process; (3) how to maintain the stability of the system benchmarks in the event of changes; (4) the final product documentation. The application software development plan includes (1) the translation of user requirements into appropriate projects; (2) the software development process; (3) the process of integrating the software; and (4) the process of testing the software. The test and evaluation plan includes (1) integration of the entire system; (2) testing of the entire system; (3) showing the user how the system works; and (4) preparing the system for use by the user. The acceptance plan includes (1) preparing the acceptance documentation and (2) how the final system will be provided to the user. The quality assurance plan includes (1) verifying the quality of development and (2) determining the quality of external products. The systems engineering management plan includes (1) managing all system development tasks and (2) tracking user requirements for system development. The project management plan includes (1) when and how tasks will be accomplished, (2) establishing strategies and standards for completion, and (3) coordination of various programs. Scheduling also includes training plans, installation plans, and security assurance plans. When these plans are developed for picking, a task time schedule can be drawn to show the start time and end time of the tasks and to show the degree of interdependence between the tasks. This task time schedule can be formed into multiple tables according to the level of the task. The main task of system development can form a table which is the basis for the creation of all the sub-task time schedules. These tables are the basis for all reports and also help in implementing monitoring of the entire program. Task time schedule can be established in a variety of ways, it can be used in the form of tables, you can also use graphics to express, but also the use of software tools, the expression depends on the actual application requirements. 3. project funding management project funding management is a key factor in the information systems development project management, the project manager can use the economic lever to effectively control the entire development work, to achieve twice the result with half the effort. In project management, give the task manager a certain responsibility at the same time, but also to give its corresponding dominance, but also to carry out appropriate control. In the management of funds to develop two important plans, namely, the expenditure plan and forecast plan. Expenditure plan includes: (1) allocation of funds required to complete the task; (2) confirmation of the responsibility and authority of the task and consideration of possible cost overruns; (3) the system development timetable and the corresponding expenditure; (4) early notification of the project manager in case of changes. Forecast spending plan includes: (1) estimate the funding required at different times; (2) understand the percentage of project completion; (3) compared with the spending plan; (4) allows the project manager to make planned funding adjustments. 4. Project Audit and Control Project audit and control is an important part of the overall project management, it is the whole system development can be in the scope of the budget in accordance with the schedule of tasks to complete the corresponding tasks plays a key role in the budget. It plays a key role in whether the whole system development can accomplish the corresponding tasks within the budget and according to the task schedule. The corresponding management contents and steps are as follows: (1) Formulate the working system of system development. According to the development methodology adopted, each category of developers will have their responsibilities, obligations, and quality standards for accomplishing the tasks in the course of their work. (2) Develop an audit plan. The plan for conducting the audit is formulated in accordance with the overall objectives and work standards. (3) Analyze audit results. Audit each task according to the plan, analyze the changes in the schedule and funding for the execution of tasks, and determine the parts that need to be adjusted and changed. (4) Control. That is, according to the task time schedule and audit results, to grasp the progress of the project, timely handling of problems arising in the development process, timely correction of deviations in the development work, to ensure the smooth progress of the system development work. For the system development in the emergence of changes in the situation, the project manager should be timely contact with the user and the competent departments, to obtain their understanding and support, and timely response to the changes in the corresponding countermeasures. 5. Project risk management information system development project implementation process, despite the feasibility of the preliminary feasibility study and a series of management measures to control the effect of the general can not be too dry to determine that it is associated with risk. It is associated with risks that the expected results may not be achieved, the cost may be higher than planned, the realization of the time may be longer than expected, and the performance of the hardware and software may be lower than expected, and so on. Therefore, any system development project should have risk management, so that the advantages of cost analysis can be fully reflected. What should be noted in risk management is: (1) The technical aspects must meet the demand, and should try to use commercialized technology, which can reduce the risk of system development. (2) The overhead should be controlled within the budget as much as possible. (3) The development progress should be controlled within the plan as much as possible. (4) Should try to communicate with the user, do not do what the user does not know. (5) Fully estimate the possible risks, pay attention to listen to the views of other developers. (6) Timely adoption of risk reduction recommendations. In short, risk management is also an important part of project management and a special responsibility of project managers. The risk management process can be divided into the following steps: the first step, risk identification. First make a list of potential problems, and then consider which of them will appear as risks. Risks should be identified with input from technical experts and users at large. Potential sources of risk include: (1) Incomplete, unclear, unstable, and infeasible requirements analysis conducted during the master planning and system analysis phases, which ultimately affects software integration and system integration. The usability, implementability, and testability of the design results are poor, affecting the subsequent development of the system. (3) Possible non-conformance or poor support of the system during the program design process. (4) In the whole development process, when encountering difficulties and problems, the possible contradictions and incoherence of the developers will affect the quality and development progress of the system. (5) In the process of implementing project management, the accuracy and monitorability of the plan, the utilization and allocation of funds will have an impact on the whole development work. The second step, risk analysis. Further confirmation of the identified risks to analyze the risk profile, that is, assuming that a risk appears, analyze whether there will be other risks, or assuming that this risk does not appear, analyze what it will produce, and then determine the worst case scenario of the main risk, how to minimize the impact of this risk, and at the same time to determine the number of major risks and the time of the emergence of the main risk. Step 3, Risk Mitigation. Through the analysis of risk to determine the level of risk, the high-level risk to develop a corresponding countermeasures, to take special measures to deal with, and designate a person responsible for the implementation of important risk projects, as well as in the risk management plan to make special instructions. The fourth step, risk tracking. After the identification of risks in the system design and development process of tracking management, to determine what other changes will be made in order to amend the plan in a timely manner. Specific elements include: (1) implementation of the tracking of important risks; (2) monthly tracking of risks; (3) risk tracking should be consistent with the overall tracking management in project management; (4) the content of the risk and the impact on the project development should change accordingly over time. Therefore, in the process of project implementation and management, it is indispensable to study the risks of the project at any time and make corresponding countermeasures for management. There are usually three factors that affect the inherent risk of a project: the size of the project, the degree of structuring of the business and the technical difficulty of the project. The three factors of the high and low (or size) combined, the eight types of project risk estimates that may arise from Table 2. Table 2 Project Risk Estimation Table Risk Management Methods in Project Management, is based on the level of project risk organization and management. In order to improve the project, management, four measures and techniques can be used: (1) the project team and the user combination of external combination of measures and techniques. For example, user project management organization, user participation in the project team and user steering committee. (2) Internal integration measures and techniques for coordinating the work of the project team. For example, project review meetings, memoranda, and project team participation in decision making. (3) Planning measures and techniques for structuring and organizing tasks in a disciplined manner. For example, critical roadmap, catching major events, and project approval process. (4) Standardized control measures and techniques for estimating project processes. For example, a series of formal status reports with variance analysis. Typically, the less structured the task, the greater the need for a high degree of external-user integration. High-technology projects that are difficult to adopt typically draw on a high degree of internal project integration and very low-normalized planning and control. Highly normalized plans and controls are most useful for projects of low technical difficulty and large scale. The management responses to project risk are shown in Table 3.Table 3 Management Responses to Project Risks It is clear that the desired benefits are maximized if a high risk project is successful. When taking certain risks to realize large-scale, unstructured, high-technology projects, combining a number of projects with different risks and managed by different project organizations can lead to satisfactory results for the enterprise. Risk management in project management is very important for the construction of information systems because it involves all aspects of developers and a wide range of end users. In order to ensure the smooth development of the system, in addition to the establishment of a set of management responsibilities and norms, adhere to a correct development methodology throughout, but also to do a good job of communication between the various types of personnel, "so that the development of the project team from beginning to end of the entire staff can maintain a voice to speak. I do not know if it is to your liking!