Basic Information
Chinese Name: The Red Bean Pine
Scientific Name: Taxaceae
Alias: Yew, Red Cedar Pine
Genus: The Red Bean Pine Genus
History: Ancient species left behind by the glaciers of the fourth century, with 2.5 million years of history on earth.
Development value: evergreen conifers, knot cherry big peculiar red bean fruit, is the world's rare and endangered plants left behind after the glaciers in the fourth century, the natural distribution of the world is very little, listed as the national level of protection of the plant, the wood is fine, color red bright, tough and durable, for the precious timber species. Especially because it contains anticancer drug paclitaxel and very precious, this miraculous drug is the best anticancer drug in the world after adriamycin and cisplatin, it is by far the best-selling new anticancer drug in the international market, the most popular anticancer drug, and it is also the last line of defense for the advanced cancer patients with very high value of development and utilization.
Ecological habit
The red bean counters are suitable for planting in all parts of the north and south of the country, with the characteristics of shade, drought resistance, cold resistance, the requirement of soil PH value of 5.5 ~ 7.0, can be planted with other trees or orchards, easy to manage,
which the northeast of the red bean counters, which is the Quaternary glaciers left behind by the ancient species of trees in the harsh climatic conditions, the tenacity of the life force in the earth has been living for 2.5 million years. It has been living on the earth for more than 2.5 million years. It not only has well-developed lateral roots, luxuriant branches and leaves, strong sprouting force, but also adapts to a wide range of climates, has wide requirements for soil quality, and is also resistant to pruning, cold, diseases and pests. And can grow into a tall tree, some of the single plant can even grow thousands of years, that can be used as medicinal varieties, but also can be used as green varieties, the Northeast Red Bean Pine in folklore, known as "feng shui god tree" said.
Morphological features
The red bean tree is an evergreen tree with a diameter of 1 meter and a height of 20 meters. It is for the growth of the small environmental requirements are very special, in the altitude of 2500 ~ 3000 meters in the deep mountains and dense forests, you can see its shadow, the timber needs 50 ~ 250 years.
The origin of the name
The red bean cedar plant is a popular star in the plant world in recent years. Because it can be extracted paclitaxel, so it is internationally recognized cancer prevention and anti-cancer agents, but also a national class of protected species. The red beans of the sequoia are like the acacia beans in the south, red outside and colorful inside, which can send people's love. The name of the sequoia is also due to the fact that it grows the same fruit as the red bean, so it is named sequoia.
Classification
Classification of sequoia
Distribution and species of sequoia:
Except for Austrotaxus Spicata, which is produced in the southern hemisphere, the rest of the sequoias are produced in the northern hemisphere. In China, there are 4 species and 1 variant of the sequoia, which are distributed in most parts of the country. The red douglas fir is mainly distributed in the Changbai Mountains of Jilin Province and the Heilongjiang area, and a small number of species are also distributed in the eastern mountains of Liaoning. In Yunnan, Picea abies is mainly found in western Yunnan, with a total area of about 90,000 square kilometers in 16 counties in prefectures, and is characterized by wide distribution, scattered growth, and the absence of pure forests, with most of them being scattered trees in forests. In the south, Picea abies is mainly found in eastern and southwestern Yunnan, and in eastern Yunnan, it grows in pure forests, mostly as scattered trees in forests. In Tibet, Picea abies is mainly distributed in northwestern Yunnan, southern and southeastern Tibet.
The effects of Picea abies: diuretic, treatment of kidney disease, diabetes, nephritis, swelling, urinary incontinence, gonorrhea. Warm kidney and menstruation, treatment of menstrual disorders, postpartum blood stasis, dysmenorrhea and other effective effects.
Sequoia classification
The world's Sequoia according to the growth of geographical and biological characteristics can be divided into 11 species, in addition to Australia's AUSTROTAXUS SPICATA produced in the southern hemisphere outside of the temperate zone in the northern hemisphere were distributed in the subtropical regions. There are four species and one variant in China.
1, Northeast Sequoia (T.CUSPIDATA STEB.ET IUCC) is mainly distributed in the Jilin Changbai Mountains and the Heilongjiang area, the eastern mountainous areas of Liaoning also have a small distribution.
The Northeast Red Bean Pine
Latin Name: Taxus cuspidata
Botanical Name: The Northeast Red Bean Pine
Scientific Name: Taxus cuspidate sieb eb zucc
Alias: yew, red cedar pine, purple cedar pine, broad-leaved yew, rice tree, etc.
Family Name: The red bean pines Family
Latin Family Name: Taxaceae
Genus: Taxaceae
The Northeastern Red Bean Pine is one of the four species and varieties of the Red Bean Pine in China, and the other three species and varieties of the Red Bean Pine are the Yunnan Red Bean Pine, the Tibetan Red Bean Pine, the Chinese Red Bean Pine, and the Southern Red Bean Pine.
[Distribution area]
It is mainly distributed in northeast Asia in northeast China, Japan, Korea, and Russia (Amur region, Kuril Islands, etc.). For example: eastern Liaoning, Jilin
Temperate mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest areas (major cities: Harbin, Mudanjiang, Hegang, Jixi, Shuangyashan, Yichun, Jiamusi, Changchun, Siping, Yanji, Fushun, Tieling, Benxi)
[Biological Characteristics]
Habitat tolerance of the shade, dense forests can also be grown under the perennial, not forest. Mostly found in mixed coniferous and broad forests dominated by red pine. Born on the top of the mountain stony or barren soil, mostly shrubby. The average annual temperature in its native range is from 2 degrees Celsius to 7 degrees Celsius, and the average annual precipitation is 750-1000 millimeters. Scattered on shady slopes or semi-shady slopes of moist, fertile mixed coniferous and broad forests. Sex like cool and humid climate, can withstand -30 degrees Celsius below the low temperature, cold resistance, the optimal temperature of 20 degrees Celsius to 25 degrees Celsius, avoid heat, cold and dry air, belongs to the yin species. Like wet but afraid of flooding, suitable for planting in loose moist well-drained sandy loam.
[Growing area]
The Northeastern red bean tree is a northeastern species, adapted to grow in the northeastern region, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai and other areas north of the Yangtze River.
[Annual growth]
Northeastern red bean counters are slow-growing in the first three years, and the height of the plant is generally about 10-15CM per year; the growth accelerates after one year of transplanting, and the height of more than three years of seedlings can increase up to 20-30CM per year.
[Appearance characteristics]
Northeastern red bean counters are characterized by the small size of the tree, which is the largest in the world. The red bean tree is characterized by the tree's twigs turning yellowish green or light reddish brown as soon as fall. Its leaves are dichotomous, slightly curved in a sickle shape, looking like a ball up close and like a flower from afar, and are extremely beautiful.
[Growth habit]
Yin, like cool and humid climate, shallow-rooted, afraid of waterlogging, avoid saline
[Medicinal value]
To the stem, branches, leaves, roots into medicine. The main components contain paclitaxel, paclitaxel alkaloids, diterpenoids. It has anti-cancer function, and has the effect of inhibiting diabetes and treating heart disease. As identified by the authorities and reported, the red bean trees in China have a certain amount of paclitaxel, especially in the northeast of China, where the growth environment is special, the content is the highest, and the content can be up to three ten thousandths of one percent (according to the report of A.G.F. Neto). The unique climatic conditions are favorable for the deposition of substances in plants. If the northeastern red bean cedar appropriate southward migration can increase the growth period, improve the growth environment, is conducive to the synthesis of active ingredients in the body, improve the content and quality.
[Greening and ornamental]
The Northeast red bean tree is not only a rare medicinal plant, but also a garden, courtyard greening, landscaping, is currently the most valuable and rare species of high-grade greening. With unique bonsai ornamental value is another major feature of the Northeast red bean tree, the application of dwarfing technology to deal with the Northeast red bean tree bonsai modeling simple and elegant, compact but not dense branches and leaves, stretching but not loose, red stems, red branches, green leaves, red beans, so that it has a view of the stems, view of the branches, view of the leaves, view of the fruit of the multiple ornamental value. Smooth red stems represent frankness and nobility, evergreen needles and leaves express perseverance and eternity, and the red beans, which resemble "lovesick peas", show love and longing. The whole plant has a strong flavor of life and cultural connotation. Because of its scarce resources, the Northeast Red Bean Pine has been listed as one of the rare species in China to protect.
2, the Yunnan red bean counters (T.YUENNAN ENSIS CHENG ET L.K.FU) is mainly distributed in the western Yunnan and the ground continent of the 16 counties, a total area of about ninety thousand square kilometers. It is characterized by a wide distribution, growth dispersion, no pure wood forest, mostly forest scattered wood.
3, Tibet red bean cedar (T. WALL ICHIANA IUCC) is mainly distributed in northwestern Yunnan, southern Tibet, and southwestern.
4, China Red Bean Pine (.CHINENSIS (PILGER) ROHD)
5, Southern Red Bean Pine (T. CHINENSIS VAR MAIREI (LEMEE ET L'EVL) CHENG ET L.K. FU) is mainly located in the east of Dianyang, southwestern Dianyang, and the pure forest of east Dianyang. The others are mostly scattered trees in the forest.
6, Mandevilla red bean cedar, is the end of the twentieth century introduced to China's hybrid varieties. Its mother is the northeastern red bean tree (T. CUSPIDATA). The father is the European red bean cedar (.T.BACCDFA). It has been in the United States and Canada for only 80 years. Mandevilla red bean tree is mostly shrub type, because it can only grow into shrubs, can not grow into trees, so it is a good species for greening.
Globally, although the sequoia is distributed in the United States, Canada, France, India, Myanmar and China, Asia has the largest sequoia reserves. Among them, China's sequoia reserves are more than half of the global reserves, and China has 5 of the 11 species in the world.
Medicinal value
New source of cancer drug: Taxol is an effective and commonly used cancer drug, but it is currently only harvested from the needle-like leaves of an endangered plant, and demand for the drug is likely to outstrip the tree's production capacity. Recently, researchers announced at a meeting of the American Chemical Society that they had isolated the compound from hazel trees and fungi. This discovery may provide a plentiful new source of the drug and may also lead to a significant reduction in its cost. Paclitaxel, which goes by the genus name paclitaxel, is one of the largest selling cancer drugs in the world. It is used to treat uterine and breast cancer, and many people cured of breast cancer still take the drug to prevent the cancer from returning. While there is still a good supply of this drug, demand may soon increase: investigators are testing the drug's effectiveness against Alzheimer's disease, diversity sclerosis, and other cancers. If the drug is indeed effective against the aforementioned diseases, then the drug will become in short supply. This is because the drug is produced by first extracting the lead compound from the needle-like leaves of the Pacific redwood and then processing them. The Pacific redwood is an endangered plant that grows along the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. Angela Hoffman, a chemist at the University of Portland in Oregon, USA, has been looking for ways to increase the yield of yew phenol from the redbud. Surprisingly, she discovered a new source of the compound in another, completely unrelated research topic. She and her colleagues were studying hazelnut trees, trying to figure out why some of them were more susceptible to blight. The blight destroys patches of hazelnut trees in Oregon's Willamette Valley. The researchers obtained extracts from several types of hazelnut trees and purified and analyzed these samples, in which Hoffman found the chemical signature of paclitaxel. Hoffman and her colleagues found that hazel leaves, twigs, and fruits contained paclitaxel, although at only 10 percent of the levels found in redbud. They also found that fungi growing on hazel trees also produce paclitaxel. ultimately, says David Hawk, the fungal discovery in question may be the most valuable. David Hawk is a natural products specialist for a drug company in Worcester County, Massachusetts. He said that redbuds also contain yew phenol-producing fungi. Hawk emphasized that if the fungus could be used to produce the drug in a vat, "it would certainly be valuable."
The medicinal value of the redbud is primarily in its extract, the secondary metabolic derivative, paclitaxel. As noted in the research results of Dr. Fang Weishuo (Fang Weishuo - graduated from the Peking Union Medical College in 1997, PhD in medicinal chemistry was under the supervision of Prof. Liang Xiaotian), paclitaxel was firstly isolated from the bark of short-leafed sequoia as an anti-tumor active ingredient. Paclitaxel is one of the best drugs for treating metastatic ovarian and breast cancers, and it also has remarkable efficacy in lung and esophageal cancers, as well as significant inhibition of nephritis and microvirus inflammation. The anti-cancer mechanism of paclitaxel is that paclitaxel can bind with trace protein and promote its polymerization, inhibit the mitosis of cancer cells and effectively stop the proliferation of cancer cells.
In order to reduce the damage to the wild redwood resources, people began to use the redwood branches, stems, and leaves to extract the precursor compound 10---- deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ, and then use a semi-synthetic approach to the preparation of medicinal paclitaxel. Paclitaxel is currently recognized as a broad-spectrum, strong activity, anti-cancer drugs, with a unique anti-cancer mechanism.
The earliest foreign report is that in 1971, the United States extracted paclitaxel from Picea abies, which was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical use in 1992, and proved to be effective in a variety of cancers, which was successful in the treatment of ovarian and breast cancers, with a cure rate of 33% and an effective rate of 75%. In the words of BRODER, the director of the National Cancer Institute (NEI), paclitaxel is the drug with the best efficacy and the smallest side effects in the fifteen years after adriamycin and cisplatin when human beings fight with various kinds of cancers.
On the other hand, globally, the world is gradually accepting the cures and therapeutic principles of traditional medicine (traditional medicine refers to medical treatments for the protection and restoration of health before the advent of modern medicine). China has a long history of traditional medicine, such as herbal anesthesia, acupuncture, and Chinese herbal medicine.
As identified by authorities and relevant reports, the red bean trees in China all have a certain content in extracting paclitaxel. The Northeastern sequoia and the Southern sequoia have higher content, and the Northeastern sequoia with its special growing environment has the highest content (the content can be up to two ten-thousandths of a percent). The unique climate conditions are favorable to the deposition of dry matter in plants. If the Northeastern red bean counters are properly relocated to the south, the growth period can be increased and the growth environment can be improved, which is conducive to the synthesis of the active ingredients in the plant and the improvement of its content and quality.
Currently, human beings can obtain paclitaxel by the following methods: 1. Natural extraction. 2. 2. Synthetic. 3. Semi-synthetic. 4. Biological fermentation. The latter three methods mostly stay in the laboratory stage.
(1) Paclitaxel biosynthesis:
Paclitaxel molecular formula: C47H51NO14 is a terpene ring structure of natural secondary metabolites. It consists mainly of a paclitaxel ring and side chains. The study of its biosynthesis is of great significance for artificially directed improvement of synthesis efficiency and cloning combinations, formation of genes for key enzymes, and improvement of the yield of paclitaxel. The key now is whether we can find one or two key enzymes discovered and make their gene purification and gene cloning. Cloning of the red bean tree gene can break through remains to be seen, but people have found the hypothetical pathway, these technologies are still in the laboratory stage.
(2). Chemical Synthesis of Paclitaxel
According to research and reports: 10--- deacetyl berry gibberellin III (bacitracin III), isolated from the sequoia plant, is apparently less active than paclitaxel, but it can be extracted from the needles and leaves of sequoia. This substance can be synthesized into paclitaxel by a four-step chemical process. Significant progress has been made in solving the problem of a new source pathway for paclitaxel. An American research group headed by Dr. NICOLAOU reported the results of the total synthesis of paclitaxel by chemical methods in 1994. However, chemical synthesis has not yet made a complete breakthrough in a substantive sense, and does not yet have application value.
(2) Microbial synthesis of paclitaxel
STTERLE et al. isolated a parasitic fungus (taxo myces an dreanae) from the phloem part of short-leafed sequoia. The fungus can produce paclitaxel and related hydrocarbon compounds in a specific culture medium, but it cannot be used in production because of the extremely low yield at present. Recombinant DNA technology is expected to increase the yield of paclitaxel.
It has also been found through research that roots are the organ with the highest paclitaxel content besides bark. Rooting was induced by using Agrobacterium rhizogenes (agrobac terium rhizogenes) to immerse the plant explants of Picea abies. This method is valued for its rapid root growth without external hormones and its stable genetic traits. If we can combine the search for the synthesis of paclitaxel or its similar derivatives, from the microbial synthesis pathway, directed to get the key enzyme and cloning of the sequoia-related genes, we can make a breakthrough in this method
With the introduction of the Fifth Biomedicine Development Forum in Beijing, the development of the process of extracting paclitaxel from plants is generally as follows:
From the 1960s onwards, the discovery of new anticancer drugs was mainly from the metabolites of primitive plants, which were found to be the main source of anticancer. Primitive plant metabolites to find, is currently being used in several anti-cancer chemotherapy reagents, but also not from higher plants extracted compounds.
For example, "periwinkle alkaloids" were isolated from periwinkle
"Epigallocatechin" derivatives were isolated from peltata.
The "comedogenic alkaloids"
isolated from the tree of hibiscus, and now the "yew ditropes" isolated from the red bean tree.
The technology and equipment required for the extraction of paclitaxel:
1. The key technology for the extraction of paclitaxel from Picea abies and related information.
2. Precision determination of paclitaxel content and quality standard and related information.
3. Ultra-cleaning equipment for removing impurities.
4. High-pressure liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography analysis of crutches.
Several application of paclitaxel made of antitumor drugs:
1. Dakin
Heilongjiang Redbud Science and Technology Co., Ltd. production, broad-spectrum anticancer drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer, ovarian cancer and other small viral inflammation.
2. Redbud Capsules
Produced by Chongqing Saino Company, it is a pure traditional Chinese medicine developed by adsorption extraction and dispersed preparation technology, which is used in the treatment of middle and late-stage cancers.
3. Prandial
Broad-spectrum anticancer drug, promotes the polymerization of microtubule proteins and makes them less likely to depolymerize. Thus inhibiting the division of cancer cells. It has obvious effect on cervical cancer, breast cancer, and small cell lung cancer, melanoma.
4. American Squibb: Paclitaxel intravenous injection or infusion.
5. The new compound paclitaxel, produced by Squibb and Roche, is used in the treatment of difficult advanced breast cancer and hemi-systemic spreading disease, which has brought good news to many advanced breast cancers.
Gardening value
[Edit Paragraph]
Each acre can be planted seedlings 2000, three years later, the annual output of branches and leaves more than 1 ton, in front of the house, barren slopes, open space, both sides of the road is also suitable for planting, a planting, the long-term benefit, the benefits are significant. Sequoia tree shape beautiful, fruit maturity red and green color matching intoxicating, can be widely used in soil and water protection and forest, horticulture ornamental forest, is the new century to improve the ecological environment, the construction of beautiful mountains and rivers of the excellent tree species.
In the gardening, indoor bonsai also has a very broad development prospects, such as the use of rare red bean tree made of high-grade bonsai, in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and other places to sell to 300,000 yuan / pots, become the city greening and home beautification of the new nobility, was figuratively referred to as the precious "money tree".
The scourge of usefulness
Since the glacial era, the red cedar this ancient species has survived in western Yunnan, it is hard wood, slow-growing, from the seeds to the ground to grow into a large tree, it takes 100 to 250 years. For several years, no one has ever bothered to disturb their quiet life, because this tree is useless to the local people, at most, can only do a piece of cutting board.
In 1971, two chemists in the United States succeeded in isolating a substance from the trunk of Picea abies, named Paclitaxel, and released its chemical structure. 1982, Paclitaxel was verified in clinical experiments as having a special effect on cancers such as ovarian cancer, testicular embryonic cancer, breast cancer, and other cancers, and the toxicity and side-effects were far less than those of the other anti-cancer substances found at that time. The results of the study were a sensation when they were disclosed and were hailed as the most important discovery in this field in decades.
Paclitaxel in nature mainly exists in the whole body of the red bean tree, and the bark of the tree has the highest content, amounting to about one ten thousandth. However, the red bean tree is a slow-growing species, which is very rare all over the world, and has long been listed as a protected species in the United States. In Asia, China, Myanmar, Indonesia and other countries have more wild red bean trees.
In 1992, Paclitaxel was formally certified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA and was approved for marketing.
In the summer of 1992, the first wave of the battle for the bark of Picea abies was fought in the northwest Yunnan region of Yunnan Province, and a large number of businessmen flocked to the forest area to acquire the bark of Picea abies, a situation that had never happened before. A few months later, the acquisitions suddenly stopped again, and the local forestry department documented the wave of acquisitions. According to informed sources, the United States approved the news of paclitaxel on the market to China, some speculators think it is profitable, to the distribution of the red bean counters concentrated in northwestern Yunnan Province for the acquisition of the bark due to the sale of the bark to the United States is very inconvenient, the tide naturally stopped. However, for China, this is the beginning of the paclitaxel fever.
And in the United States, since 1992, paclitaxel is known as one of the three drugs of choice in the clinical use of anticancer, the price has risen year by year. The U.S. producer of the patent will be the price of paclitaxel higher and higher speculation, reaching three to four million dollars per kilogram, and the supply of no more than 100 kilograms. In this case, many U.S. hospitals are more inclined to buy paclitaxel in foreign countries, paclitaxel has become the most potential for investment in drugs, the whole world from the paclitaxel investment fever.
To date, the United States remains the largest consumer of paclitaxel. China produces paclitaxel in powder form, and almost all of it is exported to the United States. It is important to note that the United States also has a large amount of wild redbuds, but U.S. law allows for the importation of paclitaxel from outside the country, but never allows for the utilization of redbuds within its borders.
Because of the lag in developing countries in recognizing the value of the sequoia and in legislating for it, reports of the destruction of the wild sequoia have been appearing on environmental websites and in the media since 1992, with the exception of the United States, Canada, and a handful of other countries.
Paclitaxel, an extract of the red bean tree (TAXOL PACLI TAXEL), has a unique anticancer mechanism, and Dr. BRODER, the director of the National Cancer Institute of the United States, said that Paclitaxel is a new type of anticancer drug that is considered to be effective in many types of cancers with fewer side effects in the past fifteen years, following adriamycin and cisplatin. Since the 1980s, the United States, Britain, Russia, South Korea and China have carried out in-depth research. The United States took the lead in applying the research results to medical clinics and achieved remarkable clinical results in the treatment of various cancers. Since then, human beings have made new breakthroughs in the field of anti-cancer. So far, the most favorable weapon for human beings to fight with cancer is paclitaxel for a long time to come.
Paclitaxel is mainly extracted from the roots, bark, stems, and leaves of Picea abies. Due to the extraction process is more complex, by which is in the removal of chlorophyll in the original liquid composition is more difficult, in addition to the equipment investment is larger, by which is the lack of raw material sources, paclitaxel gauge the extraction of the development of China's late nineties of the twentieth century has just begun.
At present, the world's annual death of cancer patients in about 6.3 million. In the United States, Europe and Japan alone, there are about 4 million people each year. The treatment of these patients consumes about 1500~2500 kilograms of paclitaxel per year. And the world can only produce about 350~500 kilograms of paclitaxel every year. Among them, the United States can produce 25~50 kilograms, and China can only produce about 50 kilograms.... Therefore, paclitaxel has great potential for market development and application. At the same time, the large-scale cultivation of sequoia raw material timber forest base, also contains a huge market business opportunities. Therefore, the value of the sequoia is also multiplied.
In foreign countries, Canada's Plant Source Pharmaceuticals, the United States Titan Chemical Company, the United States of America's Schweppes (BNS) company is the application of the red bean development of paclitaxel the earliest, the strongest technical strength, economic strength of the largest companies. The U.S. company, Schweppes, has dominated the world paclitaxel market for twenty years. The raw materials used by the company to refine paclitaxel are imported from China or obtained through other means, and then its products, paclitaxel injections, are counter-sold in China to reap huge profits.
China's production of paclitaxel (TAXOL) content of more than 98%, the export price is generally 800 yuan / grams of yuan, in foreign countries, each gram of paclitaxel is made of 33 grams of injections, each containing paclitaxel about 30 milliliters, counter-sale of our country of about 2,500 yuan per branch / branch of the Chinese yuan. That is to say, our cancer patients, each use of a gram of imported paclitaxel is equivalent to pay 80,000 yuan, is more than 600 times the price of gold.
Because of this, China's wild red cedar, in just a dozen years was unprecedented logging and destruction, wild stock plummeted. Some areas are even on the verge of extinction. Therefore, the protection of existing resources, artificial expansion of the total red bean counters, in front of the knowledgeable people.
Cultivation techniques
The State Forestry Administration has made clear instructions for the current "red bean counters" project: "The red bean counters are the first grade of protected species in China, and have both good ecological benefits and high economic value, and the state supports the creation of red bean counters in the appropriate range. The state supports the creation of sequoia forests in an appropriate range, and the participation of all sectors of society in the afforestation and greening business in various forms, such as contracting, leasing, auctioning, and joint-stock cooperation, should be advocated and encouraged. The current development goal of the red bean counters of the Reed River Forestry Bureau is to be the first in the world in terms of resource reserves and the first in the world in terms of seedling production. Therefore, the "sequoia project" is not only an urgent life-saving project, but also a great sunshine project for the benefit of mankind.
China's sequoia resources and the rest of the world compared to more than half, but from the world's demand for paclitaxel, or far from enough. Since 1992, when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FAD) approved paclitaxel as a treatment for late-stage cancer, China's wild sequoia resources have been increasingly overcut, and the wild sequoia resources have been seriously damaged. Moreover, many biological characteristics of wild Picea abies limit the development of natural communities. According to statistics, the annual number of cancer cases in the world is more than 10 million, and if paclitaxel is extracted at 0.006%~0.06%, the annual consumption of the bark of Picea abies is 700~1000 tons. Even if all the bark of the global red bean tree is harvested, it can only maintain the short-term needs. Moreover, the method of artificial synthesis or chemical synthesis of paclitaxel is still in the laboratory stage. Therefore, the artificial expansion of the development of the red bean tree resources, the establishment of the red bean tree medical raw material timber forest base is imminent.
Currently, there are several propagation methods for sequoia seedlings
1. The method of first cultivation and planting
The preservation of sequoia resources and the rapid breeding of seedlings are the basis for the construction of forests for the use of paclitaxel, and the creation of sequoia artificial forests on a large scale is the key to the solution of raw materials for paclitaxel.
When breeding seedlings with sequoia seeds, it is important to care about the way the seeds are stored, to sand seed mixing or temperature control treatment, which has a very good effect on the germination after wintering and breaking the dormant habit. Before sowing, the seed coat should be rubbed, soaked in warm water, and treated with pharmaceutical hormones. Shade after seedling emergence is the key to nursery. It can prevent the seedlings from burning at high temperature to keep them moist and the light transmission is appropriate at 40%. Northeastern red bean trees and southern red bean trees can reach 70 ~ 80% of the seedling rate, the requirements of the seedling temperature is higher than 15 degrees.
The dynamic growth of live seedling seedlings is: live seedling plant height and stem thickness in the first two years of seedling growth is slow, plant height is generally annual growth of about 10CM, transplanted a year later growth accelerated. 3~5 years annual increase of up to 20~30CM.
2. Tissue culture breeding of sequoia
Tissue culture is the use of plant cell totipotency, and clonability. The young stems, needles and leaves, barks, formative layers, aril and embryos of Picea abies plants are used as vegetative bodies for culture research.
(1). Selection of red bean cedar excellent varieties, such as the Northeast red bean cedar high-quality organs (paclitaxel content is higher) as exosomes, inoculation medium, after the formation of healing tissue, rooting, seedling shoot clump formation and other steps, in the laboratory can be obtained in a large number of histocultured seedlings. After the substrate transplantation, seedling training, inspection and epidemic prevention to become the production of seedlings.
(2). The ratio of late to early healing tissue formation in Picea abies varies between different species and different plants of the same species. It was also related to the type of explants, sampling site and season of collection, light conditions, and type of culture medium. On the induction medium, healing tissues could be formed in northeastern Picea abies, southern Picea abies and Yunnan Picea abies. However, the formation also varied depending on the species of Picea abies and the plant.
Studies have shown that a certain degree of hydrolyzed complexin (CA) can promote the growth of healing tissue in Picea abies and Picea abies, but the concentration of greater than 0.5% is not conducive to the formation and accumulation of paclitaxel.
And when the concentration is greater than 1%, it can promote the healing of wounded tissues and the formation of new growth points, without affecting the accumulation of paclitaxel.
In comparison, 2 and 4D are also beneficial to the formation of healing tissues and increase the induction rate. The color of the healing tissue in 2, 4D medium is fresh, large and fluffy, and it is easier to induce the healing tissue of Picea abies. However, other media additions such as cell suspension culture, B5 medium, and charcoal-derived sucrose can also increase the content of paclitaxel. However, glucose in high aglycone sucrose inhibits paclitaxel synthesis. Meanwhile galactose was significant in promoting cell growth.
GIBSON's study showed that both cell suspension culture and induction of cell growth in healing tissues and the formation of paclitaxel content was better under dark than light conditions.
Regardless of what species and parts are used in the way of histoculture, it is necessary to choose the composition of the middle layer of cells with a high proliferative capacity (surface cells with a large number of starch granules, central cells without nuclei, easily differentiated tubular molecules). This facilitates the formation of inter-cellular chain filaments, which leads to the formation of large cell clusters and facilitates the signaling of small intercellular substances. Thus, the cells of the red bean tree exist in the form of cell clusters, producing functional cellular muscle, promoting the regionalization of cell clusters, and cellular functional differentiation, which is a prerequisite to enable the production of metabolites in the red bean tree.