Foundation is an integral part of the building, and it is a load-bearing component below the ground of the building. It supports all the loads of the superstructure and transfers these loads and the self-weight of the foundation to the foundation below. The foundation must be solid, stable and reliable. ?
2. Foundation
The foundation is not a part of the building, but a soil or rock mass that bears the load handed down from the foundation. The building must be built on a solid and reliable foundation. In order to ensure the firmness and stability of the foundation and prevent accelerated settlement or uneven settlement, the foundation should meet the following requirements: sufficient bearing capacity and uniform compression to ensure uniform settlement; Have the ability to prevent landslides and inclinations. ?
Step 3: walls
Walls and columns are vertical load-bearing members that support roofs, floors, etc. And transfer these loads and self-weight to the foundation. The functions of the wall are: bearing, maintaining, separating and decorating. The requirements for the wall are: sufficient strength and stability; Meet the thermal performance (heat preservation, heat insulation and condensation prevention); It has certain sound insulation performance; It has certain fireproof performance.
Walls have different names according to different classifications, mainly including the following classifications.
According to the position in the building, it is divided into external wall and internal wall. External wall: The external wall is located around the building, which is the maintenance part of the building and plays the roles of wind, rain, heat insulation and sound insulation. Interior wall: the interior wall is located in the building, which mainly plays the role of separating indoor space, but also plays a certain role in sound insulation and fire prevention.
According to the direction in the building, it is divided into vertical walls and horizontal walls. Vertical wall: refers to the wall arranged along the long axis of the building. Transverse wall: refers to the wall arranged along the short axis of the building, in which the outer transverse wall is usually called gable.
According to the stress situation, it is divided into load-bearing wall and non-load-bearing wall. Load-bearing wall: refers to the wall that directly bears the load handed down by beams, floors and roofs. Non-load-bearing wall: refers to the wall that does not bear external load. Among the non-bearing walls, the wall that only bears its own weight and transfers it to the foundation is called the bearing wall; A wall that only separates the space and its own weight is borne by the floor or beam is called a partition wall;
In the frame structure, the wall does not bear external load, and the wall between filled columns is called filled wall; Curtain wall is a wall which is hung outside the building and is mainly used for decoration.
According to the materials used, it can be divided into brick wall, stone wall, small block wall and reinforced concrete wall.
According to the structure, it is divided into solid wall, hollow wall and composite wall. Solid wall: It is a wall made of clay bricks and other solid blocks. Hollow wall: a wall with a hole in it. These cavities can be formed by building blocks or combined with porous materials, such as hollow blocks. Composite wall: refers to a wall composed of two or more materials, such as aerated concrete composite board wall.
4. Cylinders
Column is an upright supporting member in a building, which bears and transmits loads from two members, beam and plate.
5, the ground
The ground refers to the bottom floor of the building, and its main function is to bear the load of people, furniture and so on. And uniformly transfer these loads to the foundation. Usually consists of surface layer, cushion layer and base layer. The name of the ground is usually named after the surface material.
6. Cement board
Floor is a kind of horizontal load-bearing member, which is used to separate the upper and lower floors of a building. Its main function is to bear the load of people, furniture and so on, and transfer these loads and their own weight to load-bearing walls or beams, columns and foundations. The basic structure is surface layer, structural layer and suspended ceiling.
7.light
Beam is a transverse member spanning space, which mainly plays the role of horizontal bearing of the structure, bearing the load from its floor, and then transferring it to the column or wall supporting it. The ring beam is mainly set around the whole building wall to improve the stability of the whole building component.
8. Roof
Roof is a maintenance component covering the top of the building, which consists of roof, load-bearing structure layer, insulation layer and ceiling.
9. Elevator
The types of elevators can be divided into passenger elevators, freight elevators, fire elevators and sightseeing elevators according to the nature of use. According to the driving speed, it can be divided into high-speed elevator, medium-speed elevator and low-speed elevator. The common speed of fire elevators is greater than 2.5m/s, the speed of medium-speed elevators is 1.5 ~ 2.5m/s, and the speed of low-speed elevators is1.5m/s. ..
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