Canada is one of the seven major industrialized countries in the West, with well-developed manufacturing, high-tech industries, and services, and resource industries, primary manufacturing and agriculture are the main pillars of the national economy. Canada is a trading nation, relying heavily on foreign trade, and is y influenced by the United States economically.
Canada's oil industry has been the main driver of economic growth, promoting Canada's trade turnaround, and a very large number of investments. Like many advanced economies, domestic demand for refined petroleum products has been flat, but crude producers have been able to expand their markets within Canada through refineries in the eastern part of the country. Canada is a net exporter of crude oil, but refineries in the eastern provinces have always relied on imported oil because of the higher cost of transporting Canadian crude across the country. Despite increased shale oil production in the U.S. however due to Canada's proximity to the U.S. and a vast network of pipelines, exports to the U.S. continue to grow, with crude oil accounting for about 18 percent of Canada's goods exports in 2014.
Canada's federal and provincial governments operate a variety of international insurance businesses that have become a major economic attraction, including export credit insurance and investment insurance. As early as 1945, the enactment of the Export Credit Insurance Act; in 1947, the establishment of the Export Credit Insurance Corporation, insurance supervision is a two-tier regulatory model, that is, the federal and provincial levels, to protect Canada's own overseas investors in the investment capital, investment income, to make up for a variety of commercial and political risks caused by the loss of export receipts, and the loss of capital and income, and has contributed to the development of international trade and the country's insurers in the international market. This has strongly contributed to the development of Canada's international trade and the competitive position of the country's insurers in the international market. The insurance industry ranks second in Canada's financial sector in terms of assets. There are currently nearly 400 non-life insurance companies in Canada.
The agri-food industry is an important part of Canada's economy, accounting for 8% of its GDP. Canada has 46 million hectares of arable land mainly in the west, accounting for 5% of the total land area, the products are mainly: wheat, oats, soybeans, canola, barley, red meat (cattle, pigs and sheep), fruits, vegetables, alcohol, tobacco, beverages, etc., exports to the United States accounted for the bulk of about 60% of the total. Ontario and Quebec mainly produce red meat and dairy products.
According to the International Monetary Fund, the main economic indicators for 2011 are as follows:
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): $1,736.869 billion (10th in the world)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita: $50,435.50 (9th in the world)
GDP growth rate: 2.46 percent
Unemployment rate: 7.65%
Human Development Index 1.888 (high; 2011; 8th in the world in terms of countries and regions, after Norway, Australia, etc.) Gross value of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries output in 2011 was $29.056 billion, accounting for 2.29% of GDP. The main crops grown are wheat, barley, flax, oats, rapeseed, corn and grass for fodder. Arable land accounts for about 16% of the country's total land area, of which about 67,586,700 hectares, or 8% of the country's total land area, are cultivated. 306,000 people were employed in agriculture in 2011, accounting for 1.64% of the country's employed population. The fishing industry is well developed and 75% of fishery products are exported, making it the largest exporter of fishery products in the world.
Major animal product output (in billion Canadian dollars) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Beef 64.90 62.92 63.51 65.31 61.57 64.88 Pork 34.01 33.28 32.80 31.87 33.46 38.66 Poultry meat 18.24 20.69 20.68 23.81 22.90 26.13 Dairy products 48.30 51.96 52.07 53.06 54.95 58.15 Manufacturing and high-tech industries are well developed, and manufacturing, construction and mining constitute the three pillars of the national industrial economy. Canada is a world leader in aerospace, non-ferrous metallurgy, information and communication, power equipment, power and water conservancy, pulp and paper, microelectronics and software, and new energy and materials. In addition, petrochemicals, forest building materials, fashion textiles, food and beverage, ferrous metals and other important industrial sectors. Canadian industrial groups are represented by Bombardier Inc. (Bombardier, mainly manufacturing advanced transportation such as jet planes and high-speed trains), Alcan Packaging (Alcan Packaging, the world's second largest aluminum producer), ATI (ATI Technologies, a display chip giant), Petro-Canada (Petro-Canada, North America's second-largest producer), and Petro-Petroleum Canada (Petro-Canada, North America's second-largest producer). Canada, the second largest oil and gas company in North America), Dynamic Research (RIM, BlackBerry, communications giant), KANDU (nuclear reactors, integrated development of nuclear energy), Kanadarm (aerospace space arm), and Nortel Networks (network equipment giant).
In 2011, the total value of manufacturing industry in Canada was 162.197 billion Canadian dollars, accounting for 12.8% of GDP, and employing 1.76 million people, or 9.41% of the country's employed population. The construction industry's gross output value was CAD 76,506 million, accounting for 6.04% of GDP and employing 1,262,000 people, or 6.75% of the country's employed population. Output of major industrial products 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Automobiles (10,000 units) 200 205.2 146.8 158.4 162.1 Crude oil (100 million cubic meters) 1.50 1.48 1.48 1.58 1.71 Natural gas (100 million cubic meters) 1,866.62 1,757.48 1,706.08 1,702.51 1,727.39 Iron ore (million tons) 3354.3 3210.2 3170.4 3605.8 3357.3 Coal (million tons) 6936.2 6774.9 6293.4 6789.6 6673.6 Nickel (million tons) 22.5 24.6 13.2 15.3 21.2 Lead (million tons) 7.9 8.7 7.2 6.0 6.0 Gold (million kg) 10.35 9.49 9.60 9.10 9.82 Silver (10,000 kg) 97 70.87 60.88 55.95 53.3 Copper (10,000 tonnes) 58.6 58.4 48.1 50.8 55.1 Uranium (10,000 tonnes) 0.98 0.87 1.01 0.99 0.87 Energy
Canada's crude oil resource potential can be as high as 343 billion barrels, 90% of which comes from the oil sands (oil shale). With proven reserves of 173 billion barrels, Canada ranks third in the world. 2011 saw 1.29 billion barrels of crude oil production, ranking sixth in the world. As of the end of 2009, recoverable natural gas reserves were 1.19 billion cubic meters, of which 970 million cubic meters were conventional natural gas bit. Mineable coal resources of 6.6 billion tons, according to the production can be mined for 100 years. 2011, Canada's energy sector gross output value more than accounted for 6.9% of GDP, net exports of about 56 billion Canadian dollars. Among them, crude oil production of nearly 1.1 billion barrels, natural gas production of about 151 billion cubic meters, is the world's third natural gas producer. As of the end of 2010, Canada had a total installed capacity of 130,543 megawatts for all types of power plants. Of this total, 75,077 megawatts were hydroelectric, 3,973 megawatts were wind, 20 megawatts were tidal, 108 megawatts were solar, 25,491 megawatts were conventional turbines, 12,665 megawatts were nuclear turbines (5 nuclear power stations and 22 nuclear reactors in the three provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick), and 12,406 megawatts were gas turbines. 803 megawatts for internal combustion turbines. The main difference is that provinces are created by constitutional treaty, but territories are created by federal law. So regions are under the direct jurisdiction of the federal government and provinces are under the jurisdiction of the governments established by the provinces. Compared to the federal government.
Clean Technology Industry
Canada's clean technology industry includes biofuels and smelting, power generation, smart grids, industrial energy efficiency, sustainable transportation, environmental protection, eco-agriculture and other areas, and is one of the key manufacturing sectors supported by the Canadian government.
Biotechnology Industry
Canada is one of the world's top five markets for the biotechnology industry, and is a world leader in many disciplines of biotechnology scientific discovery and application, such as healthcare, agriculture, environmental technology, and industrial and manufacturing solutions, and is ranked third in the world in terms of the composite biotechnology indicator.
Automotive Manufacturing
Canada's automotive manufacturing industry mainly produces light vehicles, including cars, vans, pickup trucks, heavy vehicles, including trucks, buses, school buses, military vehicles, etc., as well as a variety of vehicle spare parts and electronic systems. 2012 production of cars and light trucks amounted to 2,463,700, accounting for about 3.7% of the world's total production, the domestic market sales of 1,677,000 units, both of which are ranked third in the world. 1.677 million vehicles, both ranked tenth in the world, with an annual output value of C$100.7 billion, creating 550,000 jobs.
Chemical industry
Canada's chemical industry annual output value of 42.4 billion Canadian dollars, with 2,730 companies, creating 77,000 jobs. Chemical products trade amounted to 68.8 billion Canadian dollars, of which exports 27.9 billion Canadian dollars, imports of 40.9 billion Canadian dollars, import and export market is mainly the United States, of which imports from the United States accounted for 60%, exports to the United States accounted for 76% of the other export markets for the United Kingdom (accounted for 4%), China (accounted for 3%), Brazil (2%), and other imports of countries for Germany (5%), Switzerland (4%), France (4%). CBC is concentrated in Ontario with about 41%, followed by Quebec with 27%, Prairie Provinces with 16%, B.C. with 12% and Atlantic Provinces with 4%.
Aerospace and Defense Industry
The Canadian aerospace industry is ranked fifth in the world, with more than 700 companies and an annual output of $22 billion, 80% of which is exported. The industry is highly concentrated, with 19 companies accounting for about 87% of total sales, Bombardier accounting for about 37% of total sales, and the rest being small and medium-sized enterprises.
Mining
Canada has more than 60 types of proven metallic and non-metallic minerals, including 9.7 billion tons of proven reserves of potash (57% of global reserves) and 11.2 million tons of production in 2011, both of which are among the highest in the world and account for 30.3% of global production. Uranium ore reserves of 570,000 tons, accounting for 15% of the global reserves, high-grade, low mining cost uranium ore reserves of the world's largest; 2011 production of about 10.8 million tons, second only to Kazakhstan, accounting for 17.1% of the world production. Nickel reserves of 3.07 million tons, accounting for 8% of global reserves; 2011 production of 212,000 tons, ranking second in the world. 2011, cobalt, aluminum, asbestos, diamonds, titanium concentrates, tungsten, platinum, sulphur and other metals and minerals production ranked in the world's top five. 2011, the total output value of the mining industry of 35.6 billion Canadian dollars, accounting for 2.8% of GDP. Plus the service industry is growing fast, with an output value of C$813.196 billion in 2006, accounting for about 68.4% of that year's GDP, and employing 12.498 million people, or 71% of the country's total labor force that year.
Information and communication industry
Canada's information and communication industry in 2011, the annual output value of 168.3 billion Canadian dollars, of which 22.1 billion Canadian dollars in the production field, 101.8 billion Canadian dollars in the field of services, wholesale sales of 44.4 billion Canadian dollars, the contribution of 67.2 billion Canadian dollars to the gross domestic product, accounting for about 4.9% of the value of the GDP, the enterprise R & D investment of 5.3 billion Canadian dollars, the creation of jobs 55.6 million, 45.1% of employees have a bachelor's degree or higher, mainly composed of small businesses with 33,500 companies, 86% concentrated in software and computer services, 6.2% engaged in the wholesale of information and communication products, 3.1% in manufacturing, and 3.9% in communication services.
Tourism
Canadian tourism is highly developed. According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Canada is ranked ninth among the UNWTO's top earning countries. in 2003, tourism earned 22,666 million Canadian dollars, or 1.87% of GDP. It received 38,902,700 foreign tourists. The number of people directly engaged in tourism services was 561,400 (2001). Major tourist cities include Vancouver, Ottawa, Toronto, Montreal and Quebec City. Canada was hit by the international financial crisis, in the fiscal year 2009 / 2010, the Canadian federal budget high deficit, 11 consecutive years to maintain a surplus situation came to an end. 2011 June, the Canadian government in the budget to reduce the deficit as one of the important tasks, plans to cut government spending, and strive to achieve the deficit in the fiscal year 2014/2015 "to zero". ".
Budget (in billions of Canadian dollars) 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 Revenue 2186 2371 2480 Expenditures 2742 2705 2729 Surplus -556 -334 -249 As of December 2011, Canada's foreign exchange reserves stood at $65.8 billion, of which $167 million was in gold reserves, accounting for 0.25% of foreign exchange reserves.In 2011, total federal debt was approximately $575 billion.
The main banks are:
(1) Royal Bank of Canada (Royal Bank of Canada): Founded in 1869, the largest private bank. 2011 total assets amounted to C$575 billion.
(2) Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce: established in 1961 by the merger of the Bank of Commerce of Canada (founded in 1867) and the Imperial Bank of Canada (founded in 1875), it is the second largest bank in Canada, with total assets of C$353.699 billion in 2011.
(3) Bank of Montreal (Bank of Montreal): Founded in 1817, it is the third largest bank in Canada, with total assets of C$477.4 billion in 2011. The Canadian economy is heavily dependent on foreign trade, mainly exporting automobiles and spare parts, other industrial products, forest products, metals and energy products; mainly importing machinery and equipment, automobiles and spare parts, industrial materials, other consumer goods and foodstuffs. The main trade objects are the United States, China, Japan, and European Union countries.
The value of foreign merchandise trade in 2011 was C$914.06 billion, with exports and imports increasing by 13.2% and 10.2% respectively.
Foreign trade (in billions of Canadian dollars) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Exports 4585.70 4504 4898.6 3697.6 4048.3 4581.9 Imports 4042.79 4067 4429.9 3743.7 4138.3 4558.7 Difference 542.91 437 468.7 -46.1 -90 23.2 Main exports are automobiles and spare parts, other industrial products, forest products, metals, energy products, etc.; main imports are machinery and equipment, automobiles and spare parts, industrial materials, and foodstuffs. The main trade objects are the U.S., China, Japan, and the European Union countries. exports to the U.S. accounted for 72.29% of total Canadian exports in 2011.
Outward investment As of the end of 2011, Canada's direct investment abroad totaled C$684.5 billion.
Foreign AidThe Government of Canada's foreign aid for the 2010-2011 fiscal year totaled C$5.679 billion.
Foreign capital As of the end of 2011, foreign direct investment in Canada was C$607.5 billion Canada Day (National Day) July 1 annually
St. Patrick's Day March 13 annually
Tulip Festival May 9 annually
Queen Victoria's Day (the Queen's Birthday) Monday before May 25 annually
Québec Day June 24 every year
Thanksgiving Day The second Monday in October every year
Remembrance Day (Canada's Fallen Soldiers Remembrance Day) November 11 every year
Christmas Day December 25 every year
Important Festivals:
Banff Summer Arts Festival
Opera, symphony, ballet, and theatre performances take place annually at the Banff Centre for the Arts, making it one of the largest arts events in North America.
Louis Reyer Sessions in Sauk Chiquita. The Louis Riel Trial, performed in Ligena, the capital of Saskatchewan, is a play based on actual courtroom accounts of the events that take place in the Government House each summer.
Folklorama is a week-long event in Winnipeg each August in which more than 40 culturally diverse ethnic groups showcase their different cultures with native dances, songs, fairs and food.
Stratford Festival
Stratford, Ontario, hosts the annual Stratford Festival. The main dramatic event is the Shakespearian Plays, a six-month run from May to October in three theaters, featuring plays and music from the Classical period as well as contemporaries.
Guelph Spring Festival
A cultural feast in Ontario. Gathering classical music, chanting, concerts, dance, and art exhibits, it attracts many of the world's top performers each May.
Karibana
Located in Tolonto, Ont. The 10-day Karibbean Karnival unfolds in midsummer, with several fun events such as a cruise under the moon, a masquerade ball, and an island picnic in Toronto as a call to arms. The variety of activities and the lively atmosphere are known far and wide.
Shaw Festival
Located in the area where Niagara Falls empties into Lake Ontario, this very 19th-century town hosts a festival from May to October to honor Irish writer George Bernard Shaw and the plays that his contemporaries dedicated their lives to.
International Jazz Festival
In Montreal, this 10-day festival showcases jazz, with more than 400,000 fans traveling to the region in early July.
Festival Orford
Located in Mount Orford, Quebec. It is one of Canada's most prestigious summer music festivals.
Milamichi Folk Song Festival (Milamichi Folk Song Festival)
Canada has long been praised for its natural beauty and vast landscapes, but it is also known as a center of contemporary artistic creativity. The official languages are English (the most widely spoken language in Canada), and French (mainly in Quebec).
In 2011, nearly 6.8 million Canadians had a native language other than English or French, and recognized regional languages include all First Nations languages. Other major languages are Chinese (1,072,555), French (853,745), Italian (407,490), German (409,200), and Punjabi (430,705).