To counter the Soviet Union's Victor-class high-speed attack submarines, research began in 1964 on the Los Angeles class high-speed nuclear submarine. " (Los Angeles) class high-speed nuclear submarines. 1969 Navy and Newport News Shipbuilding signed the first boat "Los Angeles" construction contract, the first boat of the class SSN688 "Los Angeles" on January 8, 1972 to start. January 8, 1972 to start construction, November 13, 1976 commissioning, a total of 62 built.
I. Background
In the mid-1960s, the United States and the Soviet Union were competing fiercely to develop nuclear submarines. The United States for the Soviet Union "Victor" (Victor) class high-speed attack nuclear submarines appeared y disturbed. In contrast, the high speed advantage of the American Skipjack class nuclear submarines had already been taken advantage of by the Permit and Sturgeon class nuclear submarines. The high speed advantage of the Permit and Sturgeon submarines had been reduced by the emergence of the Permit and Sturgeon submarines, which adversely affected the fleet's tactical and operational capabilities. Meanwhile, in order to deal with the fastest surface fleet of the Soviet Union, which could search, track and attack enemy ships for a long period of time, the SSN688 class high-speed nuclear submarine was studied from 1964 to gain an advantage over the Soviet nuclear submarines. The SSN688 class was named the Los Angeles class. Development of this class began in 1968.
The development program
1. Overview of the program
The main purpose of the U.S. development of this class of boats was to increase the speed of the attack nuclear submarines, but also aimed at the new class of boats in the underwater detection and weapons development of the technological advances. These improvements included improved long-range detection and tracking sonar, improved torpedo fire control systems, two inertial navigation systems, advanced noise abatement measures, and improved bow rubber sonar deflectors, among other design goals.
In 1966, the U.S. developed the new class of submarine to increase the speed of attack nuclear submarines.
In 1969, the Navy signed a contract with Newport News Shipbuilding for the construction of the first boat, the Los Angeles, and by November 1989, the 62nd contract was signed, for a total of 62 boats of this class.
2. Development Timeline
The construction of the first SSN688 Los Angeles began on January 8, 1972, and was commissioned on November 13, 1976, with the 62nd SSN773 being built. The 62nd SSN773 Cheyenne was built on July 6, 1992, and commissioned on September 13, 1996, and the first SSN688 Los Angeles was built on January 8, 1972, and commissioned on November 13, 1976.
The main timeline for the development of this class is as follows:
Beginning of exploration of high-speed nuclear submarine program 1964
Beginning of high-speed boat design 1968
Order for first boat, SSN 688 Los Angeles January 1971
Beginning of construction of first boat. Construction January 1972
First boat commissioned November 13, 1976
Order for 62nd boat SSN 773 "Cheyenne" November 1989
Boat of the class SSN 689 "Baton Rouge" (Baton Rouge). SSN 689 "Baton Rouge" begins to be decommissioned (the first boat to be decommissioned) November 1993
The 62nd boat in the class, SSN 773 "Cheyenne," is commissioned September 13, 1996
Fifty-one boats of the class are in service, 11 have been decommissioned. Early 2000
3. Development units
The class was built by two shipyards. Newport News Shipbuild- ing & Dry Dock Company (Newport News Shipbuild- ing & Dry Dock Company) built 29, General Dynamics Corporation Electric Boat Division (General Dynamics Corporation Electric Boat Division) built 33. .
4. Development Costs
The Los Angeles class nuclear attack submarine cost $759 million per boat in fiscal year 1989 and $883 million per boat in 1996.
The Los Angeles class is a multi-purpose nuclear attack submarine with the following primary missions:
1) search, track, and attack enemy surface ship formations with maximum underwater speed;
2) search for and attack enemy attack and missile nuclear submarines;
3) search for and attack enemy attack and missile nuclear submarines;
4) search for and attack enemy attack and missile nuclear submarines; and
5) search for and attack enemy attack and missile nuclear submarines. nuclear submarines;
③ for escorting aircraft carrier formations, each carrier needs 1~2 attack-type nuclear submarines;
④ for escorting ballistic missile nuclear submarines;
⑤ for carrying out the laying of mines, raids, breaking the traffic and emergency missions;
⑥ for transporting special forces to the area of local war;
⑦ for attacking the enemy's land by using long-range cruise missiles to attack various targets and facilities;
⑧ Participate in sea blockade. In modern naval warfare and other large ships, medium-sized surface ships can be formed to blockade the sea area, a larger range of sea control;
9 reconnaissance and intelligence gathering. This class of nuclear submarines can be used to collect marine hydrogeological data and track the enemy fleet activities, intelligence collection.
4. Service status
The class of boats since 1972 began construction of the first boat "Los Angeles" (SSN688), the 62nd "Cheyenne" in 1996, the service, *** built 62 ships. However, since November 1993, when the nuclear submarine "Baton Rouge" (SSN773) was first decommissioned, 11 have been decommissioned, including SSN689, 692-697, 702-705 and 712 boats. The remaining 51 are in service.
IV. Overall Performance and Equipment
1. Basic Performance
Displacement, surface/submerged (t) 6082/6927
Main Scale, L×W×Draft (m) 110.3×10.1×9.9
Shaft Power MW (hp) 33.08(45000)
Submerged Speed (kn) 32
Endurance (n mile) 1,000,000
Diving depth (m) 450
Crewing (n) 133 (13 officers)
Powerplant 1 S6C natural cycle pressurized water reactor, 2 steam turbines, single-shaft, 1
Auxiliary propulsion motors, 1 7-blade propeller.
Torpedo tubes 4 x 533mm.
Cruise missile tubes 12VLS (from 32nd boat SSN719).
Missiles Tomahawk cruise missiles (TLAM-N, TLAM-C/D,
BLOCKIIITIAM-C, TASM warhead), Harpoon anti-ship missiles.
Torpedoes MK48 torpedoes, (MK48ADCAP first equipped in 1990).
Mines MK67 self-propelled mines and MK60 "Trapper" water torpedoes.
Weapons load (pieces) 38 (after SSN 719), 26 (before SSN 718).
Sonar BQQ5D/E integrated sonobuoys, bow spherical active/passive base array, large aperture
warp passive outboard array, TB23/29 fine cable type passive towline array,
BQS-24 active high frequency proximity detection sonobuoys.
Navigation 2 WSN-3 electrostatic gyro navigators; 1 WRN-6 GPS
Navigation receiver and other components of the integrated navigation system.
Radar BPS-15A/16, I/J-band sea search, navigation and fire control radar.
Communications WRR-7 low-frequency and very-low-frequency receiver, WSC-3 UHF satellite communications,
BRA-34 integrated radio system, very-low-frequency communications.
Fire Control MK117 torpedo fire control system, MK81-3 OTHT.
Integrated Combat Systems CCSMK2 (SSN688~750), UYK7 computer;
BSY-1 (SSN751~773), UYK43/44 computers;
USC-38EHF. Link11, Link16.
Electronic Support Measures BRD-7 direction finder, WLR-1H (SSN771~773), WLR-8(V)2
/6 electronic countermeasures radar reconnaissance receiver, WSQ-5 (periscope) and
WLR-10 radar warning equipment.
Countermeasures Torpedo decoys MK2, MOSS.
2. General Arrangement and Structure
This class of boats is of single-hull construction, teardrop-line type. The bow has a rounded fiberglass sonar cover, the hull is cylindrical, and the tall command deck enclosure is arranged near the bow. 39 boats were equipped with enclosure rudders in the first period, and 23 boats were changed to the first horizontal rudder from SSN751 to strengthen the ability to maneuver under ice. The hull is long and thin, with a length to breadth ratio of 10.92, and a long parallel midbody. At the end of the pointed, thin, hammer-like stern, there are cross-shaped vertical rudders and horizontal rudders, and at the outer edge of the horizontal rudders there are small vertical stabilizer wings, with a length of 1.22m and a height of 1.83m, which improve the stability of the boat when navigating at high speeds underwater.
The pressure-resistant hull of this class is divided into three compartments (see Figure 2.2-5), namely, the central command compartment, the reactor compartment and the main and auxiliary engine compartments. The command module has three decks, the upper deck is the central command module, the second is the accommodation module, and the third is the missile and torpedo module with torpedoes and torpedo tubes, as well as spare torpedoes and missiles. The 32nd to 62nd boats were fitted with 12 Tomahawk vertical launchers in the space between the bow sonar and the front of the pressure-resistant housing. Bilge for the battery and oil and water tanks, reactor compartment with S6G natural cycle pressurized water reactor, steam generator and a circuit system equipment; main and auxiliary engine compartment, equipped with steam turbines, diesel generators and other equipment. As the compartment is large, the arrangement of equipment is very flexible, making full use of space.
3. power plant
The class boat power plant using a S6G natural circulation pressurized water reactor device, is the U.S. Navy in the nuclear-powered guided-missile cruiser
Figure 2.2-5 U.S. "Los Angeles" class attack nuclear submarine layout
1?Central command module; 2?Missile and torpedo compartments; 3?Missile and torpedo compartments; 3?The main and auxiliary compartments are equipped with steam turbines and diesel generators. BQQ-5 multi-purpose sonar, 4? reactor compartment, and 5? main and auxiliary engine compartments.
Improved on the basis of D2G reactor and absorbed the experience of SSG natural cycle pressurized water reactor. Reactor thermal power of 160 MW, can provide shaft power of 33.08 MW (45000hp), the core of the long-life, once loaded with nuclear fuel can be used for 15 years, the endurance of 1,000,000n mile. the class of boats with two engines, single shaft, a 7-bladed large side-slope propellers, and installed an auxiliary propulsion system, can be telescoped inside and outside of the hull, which is driven by a single motor to drive the 5-bladed propeller propulsion, to improve maneuverability.
The reactor has a high natural circulation capacity, which not only ensures that the residual heat of the core can be carried away under any circumstance, but also reduces a source of noise by not using the main circulation pump when sailing at low and medium speeds. In the power plant of this class of boat, a series of vibration and noise reduction measures such as floating raft damping are adopted, so the radiation noise is low.
4. Weapons System
The boat is equipped with 4 sets of 533mm torpedo tubes in the middle of the boat, which can fire MK48 wire-guided torpedoes with active/passive acoustic self-guidance, and have a range of 50/38km at a speed of 40/55kn and a dive depth of 900 m. The boat was first equipped with the MK48ADCAP torpedo in 1990. The torpedo tube can also launch "Tomahawk" (UGM-109Tomahawk) cruise missiles, its warhead for the land attack type (TLAM-N), the use of terrain matching and inertial guidance system navigation, the range of 2,500km; TLAM-C / D-type warhead, the range of 900km. 1994 from the beginning of equipment "Tomahawk Block III missiles, TLAM-C warhead range of 1204km, anti-ship warhead (TASM), range of 460km. torpedo tubes can also fire Harpoon (UGM-84 Harpoon) anti-ship missiles, range of 130km. It has a weapons load of 26, including 8 Tomahawk missiles, 4 Harpoon missiles and 14 torpedoes.
The boat is also equipped with MK60 "catcher" self-guided water torpedo, which is actually a combination of an MK46-4 anti-submarine self-guided torpedo and a water mine, and MK67 self-propelled torpedo, which, after being deployed, sails autonomously for a certain distance like a torpedo and then sinks to the bottom of the sea.
The 32nd to 62nd boats of this class are equipped with 12 Tomahawk missile vertical launchers in the ballast tank area outside the first pressure-resistant shell, bringing the weapon load to 38 pieces. The weapons are complete, versatile and powerful.
5. Electronic equipment
The class of boats is equipped with BQQ5-D/E integrated sonar, including digital multibeam system, which is more advanced in active search, passive identification, on-line performance monitoring, fault localization and display technology. The system consists of 8 main function sonobuoys, including BQS-13DNA active sonobuoy, RAPLOC passive localization sonobuoy, BQR-20 passive detection sonobuoy, target identification sonobuoy, WQC-5 communication sonobuoy, WLR-9 reconnaissance sonobuoy, noise monitor of the ship, and TB23/29 towed line array passive detection sonobuoy.
The navigational equipment of this class of boats has an integrated navigation system consisting of two WSN-3 electrostatic gyro navigators and one WRN-6 GPS receiver. The system is highly accurate, with a retuning interval of more than two weeks and an average time between failures of 4,000h. Because of the use of the Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS), data from satellite signals can be obtained continuously, and positioning is rapid and accurate.
The communication system of this class of boat includes more than 10 equipments such as WRR-7 low frequency and very low frequency receiver, WSC-3 UHF satellite communication system, BRA-34 integrated radio system, SRC-20A UHF transceiver, URT-23V medium/high frequency transmitter, WLR-10 UHF receiver, etc. Since 1990s, it has been equipped with very low frequency communication system, which makes this class of boat have a strong and powerful communication system.
The ship is equipped with a very low-frequency communication system since 1990s, which gives the ship a strong means of communication.
This class of boat is equipped with MK117 torpedo fire control system, and BSY-1 submarine integrated combat system, equipped with UYK43/44 computers, can be integrated sonar, fire control, navigation, communications and other systems to provide information and data processing, improve the boat's integrated combat and rapid response capability.
V. Technical characteristics of the analysis and evaluation
The class of boats from the construction of the first boat so far, there have been nearly 30 years of history, the construction of 62, is the U.S. Navy to build the largest number of the longest period of time the longest class of nuclear submarines, mainly because it has significant technical characteristics:
1. strong attack capability
The class of boats equipped with four torpedo tubes and 12 missile vertical launch tubes, mine and missile launchers. 12 sets of missile vertical launch tubes, mine and bomb devices, a strong attack capability. Equipped with a variety of weapons, loaded with a large number of weapons, can perform anti-submarine, anti-ship, laying mines, land attacks and other tasks, there were nine boats to participate in the Gulf War, achieved remarkable results.
2. Good stealth
This class of boat adopts S6G natural cycle pressurized water reactor, adopts floating raft to reduce vibration, and laying anechoic tiles on the outside of the boat, so the radiation noise is low. The dive depth of the boat reaches 450 m. It has good stealth and strong maneuvering ability.
3. Equipped with high power and high performance reactor
This class of boat adopts S6G natural circulation pressurized water reactor, the power of single reactor reaches 33.08MW(45000hp), which can make the boat's speed reach over 32kn, and the life of the core is 15 years, and only need to replace the nuclear fuel once during the whole service period, so it can save the cost, reduce the pollution to the environment, and have high on-board rate. The reactor unit has a high natural circulation capacity and good inherent safety and reliability.
4. New electronic equipment, good combat effectiveness
This class of boats is equipped with a large number of new electronic equipment, including outboard array sonar, towed line array sonar, strong detection capability; equipped with electrostatic gyroscope and other advanced navigational equipment, which can accurately provide accurate data for the boat's positioning, targeting, searching and tracking; the use of integrated warfare system improves the rapid response capability, and the combat effectiveness is good.
5. Good habitability, high self-sustainability
This class of boats has a large displacement, large compartments inside the boat, easy to arrange equipment, good working environment for the crew, and the conditions of living, eating, health care, medical care and entertainment are fully satisfied, making the boat's self-sustainability reach more than 70 days, and the rate of navigation is as high as more than 65%.
6. High degree of automation
This class of boat adopts advanced computer control, to the full digital, distributed control development, reduce the possibility of human error, reduce the labor intensity of the crew, and improve the level of automation of integrated control.
Sixth, technical improvements
The class of boats in the 30 years of development and use of the process, has carried out four major modernization, so that the boat has always maintained an advanced level of technology:
1 SSN690: since the boat, all the use of the MK117 torpedo fire control system, the realization of the Tomahawk cruise missiles, "Tomahawk" cruise missiles, "Tomahawk" cruise missiles, "Tomahawk" cruise missiles, "Tomahawk" cruise missiles and "Tomahawk" missiles. "The MK117 torpedo fire control system is used to control Tomahawk cruise missiles, Harpoon anti-ship missiles and MK48 torpedoes.
②SSN719: since the boat, installed 12 sets of Tomahawk cruise missiles vertical launchers, to improve the attack capability, because the internal missile is not loaded, can be loaded with more torpedoes, the weapon load capacity of 38.
③SSN751: After this boat, it is known as SSN688 Ⅰ class. Improved the ability to operate under the Arctic ice; adopted the BSY-1 submarine advanced integrated combat system to replace the MK Ⅰ combat control system, and replaced the UYK-7 computer with the UYK-44 computer, and equipped with mine detection and collision avoidance systems. Anechoic tiles were installed from this boat. In addition, the overall technical level of the boat was improved by moving the enclosure rudder to the bow level rudder to enhance the ice-breaking capability.
④SSN768: Noise reduction effect was improved from this boat onward, making it quieter. The tail fin was added at the stern to improve the stability of sailing underwater.
VII. Prospects for Development
With the commissioning of the last SSN773 Cheyenne on September 13, 1996, the construction program for this class of boats was completed and no new boats were built.
VIII. "Los Angeles" Class Catalog
***62 built.
SSN688 "Los Angeles" Commissioned November 13, 1976
SSN689 "Baton Rouge" Commissioned June 25, 1977
SSN690 "Philadelphia" Commissioned June 25, 1977
SSN691 "Memphis" Commissioned December 17, 1977
SSN692 "Omaha " commissioned March 11, 1978
SSN693 "Cincinnati" commissioned June 10, 1978
SSN694 "Groton" 1978 Commissioned July 8
SSN695 "Birmingham" Commissioned October 16, 1978
SSN696 "New York City" Commissioned March 3, 1979
SSN697 "Indianapolis" commissioned January 5, 1980
SSN698 "Bremerton" commissioned March 14, 1981
SSN699 "Jackson SSN699 "Jacksonville" commissioned May 16, 1981
SSN700 "Dallas" commissioned July 18, 1981
SSN701 "La Jolla" commissioned October 24, 1981
SSN701 "La Jolla" commissioned Commissioned October 24, 1981
SSN702 "Phoenix" Commissioned December 19, 1981
SSN703 "Boston" Commissioned January 30, 1982
SSN704 "Baltimore" Commissioned July 24, 1982
SSN705 "City of Corpus Christi" Commissioned January 8, 1983
SSN706 "USS Albuquerque" Commissioned May 21, 1983
SSN707 "USS Portsmouth" Commissioned October 1, 1983
SSN708 " USS Minneapolis" commissioned March 10, 1984
SSN709 "USS Hyman G. Rickover" commissioned July 21, 1984
SSN710 "Augusta " commissioned January 19, 1985
SSN711 "San Francisco" commissioned April 24, 1981
SSN712 "Atlanta" commissioned 1982 Commissioned March 6, 1982
SSN713 "Houston" Commissioned September 25, 1982
SSN714 "Norfolk" Commissioned May 21, 1983
SSN715 "Buffalo" commissioned November 5, 1983
SSN716 "Salt Lake City" commissioned May 12, 1984
SSN717 "Olympia " Commissioned November 17, 1984
SSN718 "Honolulu" Commissioned July 6, 1985
SSN719 "Providence" Commissioned August 27, 1985
SSN720 "Pittsburgh" Commissioned November 23, 1985
SSN721 "Chicago" Commissioned September 27, 1986
SSN722 "Key West" commissioned September 12, 1987
SSN723 "Oklahoma" commissioned June 9, 1988
SSN724 "Louisville" commissioned November 8, 1986
SSN725 "Helena" commissioned July 11, 1987
SSN750 "Newport News "Newport News" commissioned June 3, 1989
SSN751 "San Juan" commissioned Aug. 6, 1988
SSN752 "Pasadena" commissioned Feb. 1989 11, 1989
SSN 753 "Albany" commissioned 7/4/1990
SSN 754 "Topeka" commissioned 10/21/1989
SSN755 "Miami" commissioned June 30, 1990
SSN756 "Scranton" commissioned Jan. 26, 1991
SSN757 "Alexandria "commissioned June 29, 1991
SSN758 "Asheville" commissioned September 28, 1991
SSN759 "Jefferson City" 1992 Commissioned January 30, 1992
SSN 760 "Annapolis" Commissioned April 11, 1992
SSN 761 "Springfield" Commissioned January 9, 1993
SSN 762 "Columbus" commissioned July 24, 1993
SSN 763 "Santa Fe" commissioned January 8, 1994
SSN 764 "Boise "Boise" commissioned November 7, 1992
SSN765 "Montpelier" commissioned January 28, 1993
SSN766 "Charlotte" 1994 Commissioned September 18, 1994
SSN767 "Hampton" Commissioned November 6, 1993
SSN768 "Hartford" Commissioned December 10, 1994
SSN769 "Toledo" commissioned February 24, 1995
SSN770 "Tucson" commissioned September 9, 1995
SSN771 " Columbia" commissioned October 9, 1995
SSN 772 "Greenville" commissioned February 16, 1996
SSN 773 "Cheyenne" Commissioned September 13, 1996