Six major classifications of new energy vehicles and their advantages and disadvantages:
One, hybrid vehicles
Hybrid refers to those who use traditional fuels, at the same time with the electric motor/engine to improve the low-speed power output and fuel consumption of the model. According to the different types of fuel, the main can be divided into gasoline hybrid and diesel hybrid two. Currently in the domestic market, the mainstream of hybrid vehicles are gasoline hybrids, while the international market for diesel hybrid models are also developing rapidly.
Advantages: 1, the use of hybrid power can be used to determine the maximum power of the internal combustion engine according to the average power required, at this time in the low fuel consumption, pollution, the optimal working conditions. Need high power combustion engine power is insufficient, by the battery to supplement; load less, the surplus power can be generated to the battery charging, because the combustion engine can continue to work, the battery can be continuously charged, so its journey and ordinary cars. 2, because of the battery, it can be very convenient to recover the braking, downhill, idling energy. 3, in the busy urban areas, you can shut down the combustion engine, the battery drive alone, to achieve "zero", "zero", "zero", "zero", "zero", "zero", "zero", "zero", "zero", "zero", "zero", "zero", "zero", "zero", "zero", "zero". In busy urban areas, the internal combustion engine can be switched off and the vehicle can be driven by the battery alone, thus realizing "zero" emission. 4. With the internal combustion engine, it is very convenient to solve the problems of air conditioning, heating and defrosting, which are energy-consuming and encountered by purely electric vehicles. 5. It is possible to refuel the vehicle with the use of existing gasoline stations, so that there is no need to invest in the vehicle. 6. Reduce the cost.
Disadvantages: long-distance high-speed driving basically can not save fuel
Two, pure electric vehicles
Electric vehicles, as its name implies, is mainly electric-powered vehicles, most of the vehicles are directly driven by the electric motor, a part of the vehicle to the motor mounted in the engine compartment, and part of the wheel directly as a rotor of the four electric motors, the difficulty lies in the power storage technology. The difficulty lies in the power storage technology. The power plants themselves do not emit harmful gases that pollute the atmosphere, and even when converted to power plant emissions on the basis of the amount of electricity consumed, there is a significant reduction in pollutants other than sulphur and particulate matter, and since most of the power plants are built far from densely populated cities, they do less harm to human beings; moreover, they are stationary, and centralized emissions, and removing the various kinds of harmful emissions is easier, and the relevant technology is already in place. Electricity can be generated from a variety of primary energy sources, such as coal, nuclear, hydro, wind, light, and heat, relieving concerns about the depletion of petroleum resources. Electric vehicles can also make full use of the surplus electricity in the evening when electricity consumption is low to charge, so that the power generation equipment can be fully utilized day and night, greatly improving its economic efficiency. Relevant research shows that the same crude oil after refining, sent to the power plant to generate electricity, by charging into the battery, and then by the battery-driven car, its energy efficiency than after refining into gasoline, and then gasoline engine-driven car high, so conducive to saving energy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, it is these advantages, so that the research and application of electric vehicles has become the automotive industry, a "hot spot! It is these advantages that make the research and application of electric vehicles become a "hot spot" in the automobile industry. Some experts believe that, for electric vehicles, the biggest obstacle is the construction of infrastructure and prices affect the industrialization process, compared with hybrid, electric vehicles need more infrastructure support, and this is not a business can solve the need for companies to join forces with local government departments to build, there will be opportunities for large-scale promotion.
Advantages:The technology is relatively simple and mature, and charging is possible wherever there is electricity.
Disadvantages: the current battery unit weight storage energy is too little, but also because of the electric car battery is more expensive, and did not form an economic scale, so the purchase price is more expensive, as for the use of the cost, some of the results of the trial is more expensive than the car, and some of the results of the car is only 1/3, which depends on the life of the battery and the local price of oil and electricity.
Three, fuel cell cars
Fuel cell cars are cars that are fueled by hydrogen, methanol, etc., and rely on electric motors to drive them by generating electric current through chemical reactions. The energy of the battery is directly transformed into electricity through the chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, rather than through combustion. The chemical reaction process of the fuel cell does not produce harmful products, so the fuel cell vehicle is a non-polluting vehicle. The energy conversion efficiency of the fuel cell is 2~3 times higher than that of the internal combustion engine, so from the aspect of energy utilization and environmental protection, the fuel cell vehicle is an ideal vehicle.
Individual fuel cells must be combined into fuel cell packs in order to obtain the necessary power to meet the requirements of vehicle use.
Fuel cell technology has made significant progress in recent years. World-renowned automakers such as DaimlerChrysler, Ford, Toyota and General Motors have announced plans to bring fuel cell vehicles to market by 2004. Currently, prototypes of fuel cell cars are being tested, and fuel cell-powered transportation buses are being demonstrated in several cities in North America. There are still technical challenges in the development of fuel cell vehicles, such as the integration of fuel cell packs, improving the fuel processor and auxiliary parts of commercially available electric vehicles. Automakers are working toward integrating components and reducing component costs, and have made significant progress.
Compared with conventional vehicles, fuel cell vehicles have the following advantages:
1. Zero or near-zero emissions.
2. Reduction of water pollution caused by oil leakage.
3. Reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
4, improved fuel economy.
5, improved engine combustion efficiency.
6, smooth running, no noise.
Four, hydrogen-powered cars
Hydrogen-powered cars are a real zero-emission transportation, the emissions are pure water, which has no pollution, zero emissions, abundant reserves and other advantages, so hydrogen-powered cars are the most ideal alternative to traditional cars. Hydrogen-powered vehicles are at least 20% more expensive than conventionally powered vehicles. China's Changan Automobile completed the ignition of China's first high-efficiency, zero-emission hydrogen internal combustion engine in 2007, and presented China's first self-developed hydrogen-powered concept car, the "Hydrocourse", at the 2008 Beijing Auto Show.
With the gradual formation of the "automobile society", the number of automobiles is constantly on the rise, while resources such as oil are stretched to the limit, and on the other hand, vehicles swallowing large amounts of gasoline are constantly emitting harmful gases and pollutants. The ultimate solution, of course, is not to limit the development of the automobile industry, but to open up new sources of energy as an alternative to petroleum, with the four wheels of a fuel-cell vehicle rolling quickly and quietly across the road, rutting out the name of the new energy source -- hydrogen.
Almost all of the world's automotive giants are developing new energy vehicles. Electricity was once thought to be the future of automobiles, but the long charging times and weight of storage batteries made people gradually lose interest in them. And the current (2009) hybrid cars using electricity and gasoline can only temporarily alleviate the energy crisis, and can only reduce but not get rid of the dependence on oil. At this time, the emergence of hydrogen-powered fuel cells is like recreating a Noah's Ark, allowing people to see unlimited hope from the crisis.
The idea of using hydrogen as a fuel for automobiles was startling when it first came out, but in fact it's well-founded. Hydrogen has a high energy density, releasing enough energy to run an automobile engine, and the chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen in a fuel cell produces only water, with no pollution. Therefore, many scientists predict that hydrogen-based fuel cells are the core technology of the 21st century automobile, and that they will revolutionize the automobile industry in the same way that microprocessors are important to the computer industry
Advantages: Emissions are pure water, and there are no pollutants produced when driving.
Disadvantages: Hydrogen fuel cells are prohibitively expensive, and the storage and transportation of hydrogen fuel is very difficult with current technology because the hydrogen molecules are so small that they can easily escape through the casing of the storage device. In addition, the most fatal problem is that hydrogen is extracted by electrolyzing water or using natural gas, which also consumes a lot of energy, and unless nuclear power is used to extract it, there is no way to radically reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
Five, gas cars
Gas cars are cars that use compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) as fuel. In recent years, governments around the world are actively seeking to solve this problem, and have begun to adjust the fuel structure of automobiles. Because of its good emission performance, adjustable auto fuel structure, low operating costs, mature technology, safety and reliability, gas vehicles are recognized by the world as the most ideal alternative fuel vehicles.
At present, gas is still the mainstream of the world's automobile alternative fuels, alternative fuels in our country accounted for about 90% of the car. The U.S. goal is that by 2010, 7% of the public **** automobile field of automobile use of natural gas, 50% of cabs and shuttles to special natural gas vehicles; by 2010, the number of natural gas vehicles in Germany will reach 100,000 to 400,000, filling stations will be increased from the current 180 to at least 300 seats.
Industry experts point out that the role of alternative fuels is to alleviate and eventually eliminate the various pressures brought about by the tight oil supply and the negative impact on economic development. In the near term, China will continue to use compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and ethanol gasoline as alternative fuels for automobiles. Whether alternative fuels can be expanded depends on China's alternative fuel resources, distribution, availability, alternative fuel production and application technology maturity and reduce environmental pollution; alternative fuel production scale, investment, production costs, prices determine the competitiveness of petroleum-based fuels; automotive production structure and design improvements must be adapted to the fuel.
Substituting gas for fuel will be an inevitable trend in China and the world's automobile development. China should be organized as soon as possible to develop a national gas car policy. Taking into account the situation of China's energy security is mainly oil, the development of various alternative fuels, including gas vehicles, including cars, has been a matter of urgency, according to national conditions should be done:
One is to limit the price of gas, so that oil, gas prices to maintain a reasonable price differential, such as Sichuan Province, Chongqing Municipality of oil, gas differentials, which will ensure that the gas automobile development in a moderate manner;
Two, given that the filling station investment, long payback period. Station investment, the recovery period is long, the government appropriate to give some subsidies in the gas station sold gas prices and automobile users due to gas savings between fuel costs, regulate the distribution of benefits;
Three is the income tax on gas stations, should be based on high-tech industrial development zones policy, to take exemptions from the two or three of the tax policy;
Four is to be in accordance with the special power station electricity treatment of industrial electricity, electricity prices In addition, the gas station land, can be treated as a major project and environmental protection industry, special treatment, do not pass the buck, tugging at each other, and actively adopt the advanced foreign standards for building stations, scientific fire safety distance, saving land resources.
Six, bio-ethanol cars
Ethanol is commonly known as alcohol, in layman's terms, the use of ethanol-fueled cars, can also be called alcohol cars. Use ethanol instead of petroleum fuel activities has a long history, both from the production and application of technology has been very mature, recently due to oil resources, automotive energy diversification tends to intensify, ethanol cars and put on the agenda.
At present, there are more than 40 countries in the world, with different degrees of application of ethanol vehicles, some of which have reached a large-scale promotion, and the status of ethanol vehicles is increasingly elevated.
The use of ethanol in automobiles can improve the octane number of the fuel, increase the oxygen content, so that the combustion in the automobile cylinder is more complete, and can reduce the emissions of harmful substances in the tailpipe.
Ethanol automobile fuel application methods:
I. Blending, refers to ethanol and gasoline blending application. In the blended fuel, ethanol and volume ratio expressed in "E", such as ethanol accounted for 10%, 15%, then E10, E15 to indicate that, at present, blending accounted for the ethanol car accounted for the main position.
Two, pure burn, that is, single burn ethanol, can be used E100% said that the current application is not much, belongs to the trial stage;
Three, denatured fuel ethanol, refers to the dehydration of ethanol, and then add the denaturant and the generation of ethanol, which also belongs to the experimental application of the stage;
Four, flexible fuels, refers to the fuel is available in both gasoline, but also can be used in the ratio of ethanol or methanol to gasoline Mixed fuel, you can also use hydrogen, and can be switched at any time. Such as Ford, Toyota are testing flexible fuel cars.