1. Different referents
Averaging is a one-size-fits-all approach, that is to say, all individuals are indistinguishable. Equalization allows a gap between individuals, but it narrows the gap in implementation.
2. Different premises
Equalization does not mean absolute average. It does not emphasize that all citizens enjoy completely consistent basic public services, but ensures that all citizens enjoy basic public services above a certain standard on the premise of acknowledging the differences among regions, urban and rural areas and people. The equalization of public services is more about the concept of equal opportunities and the enjoyment of the system, rather than egalitarianism and eating from the same pot.
expanding data
the goal of equalization
in order to realize the goal of * * * enjoying the fruits of reform and development, our government attaches great importance to promoting the equalization of basic public services, but at this stage, it still faces many challenges, and the basic public services are still unbalanced, even showing a certain deterioration trend in some aspects.
according to the division of the subject and object of basic public services, the inequality of basic public services can be divided into two aspects: the uneven supply of basic public services by the government (subject) and the uneven enjoyment of basic public services by the public (object).
"uneven supply"
In the process of providing basic public services, there are both problems of insufficient supply and uneven supply, which are the reasons for the uneven service of basic public services. In this regard, the problem of insufficient supply has been strongly concerned by everyone, while uneven supply is often considered as insufficient supply in general, and it is considered that it will only appear on the premise of sufficient supply.
in fact, in the case of insufficient supply, the problem of uneven supply will also occur because of the intentional behavior of government workers. Moreover, uneven supply under the premise of insufficient supply will aggravate the inequality of basic public services.
supervision, payment and direct provision are three basic means for the government to provide basic public services. [3] Supervision is to supervise and manage all the services provided by NGOs through establishing and perfecting various systems and mechanisms; Payment means that the government intervenes in the provision of public services through payment.
including providing subsidies to service providers and service demanders; Direct provision means that the government and public institutions provide public services directly to the public. These three means are aimed at achieving high efficiency and fairness of basic public services. The "uneven supply" of government basic public services runs through these three means, which are manifested as "uneven supply of system", "uneven supply of finance" and "uneven supply of personnel, equipment and facilities".
1. The system supply is uneven. Mainly manifested in the urban-rural duality of the public service system. Although Scientific Outlook on Development emphasizes the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, the long-standing phenomenon of "emphasizing cities over agriculture" still exists, and there is still a dual pattern of urban and rural areas in compulsory education, social security, infrastructure and environmental sanitation, and some areas are even more serious because of the widening gap between the rich and the poor.
For example, the implementation of the new rural cooperative medical system has relieved farmers of their worries of "serious illness leading to poverty and returning to poverty", but the new rural cooperative medical system aims at "serious illness as a whole" rather than medical security for common diseases.
Compared with the comprehensive medical security of urban medical system, rural residents are obviously excluded from the coverage of common diseases, and the seemingly equal system is still unfair; Unemployment insurance is mainly aimed at employees of institutions and enterprises, and most urban residents with difficulties and rural residents have no unemployment insurance. The existence of this system itself is uneven. And so on.
2. uneven financial supply. Mainly reflected in the uneven distribution within the local financial jurisdiction and the imbalance between the central and local governments in sharing the financial expenditure on basic public services.
Uneven distribution within the local financial jurisdiction will widen the gap between urban and rural areas and between different social groups and aggravate social injustice. Under the guidance of the current national policy of "industry feeds back agriculture and cities support rural areas", local governments have gradually increased the proportion of supporting agriculture in financial allocation, and focused on basic public services such as basic education, social security, public health and environmental protection, and achieved certain results.
especially in economically developed provinces. However, the fiscal revenue of most provinces in China is limited, especially at the level of cities and counties. It is difficult to pay for all kinds of basic public services, and only a part of them can be taken into account, resulting in uneven local financial supply.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Equalization of Basic Public Services