In the workplace injuries and traffic fatalities, the proportion of deaths due to head injuries is the highest, accounting for about 35.5% of the total number of deaths, of which deaths due to the impact of falling objects is the first, followed by traffic accidents. The use of helmets can avoid or reduce the above injuries.
1, the types of helmets (1) general-purpose helmet
The human head by external injuries to play a protective role in the hat for the helmet, which consists of the shell, cap liner, chin strap, after the hoop and other components. Helmet is divided into six categories: general-purpose, ride type, special helmets, military helmets, military protective caps and athletes with protective caps. Among them, general-purpose and special helmets belong to labor protection articles. The general-purpose helmet has two kinds of helmets: top protection only and both top protection and lateral impact protection. They are puncture-resistant and are used in construction and transportation industries. The general-purpose helmets used in places where there are sources of ignition are flame-resistant.
(2) Special type safety helmet
①Safety helmet for electric industry. Cap shell insulation is very good, electrical installation, high voltage operation and other industries use more.
② antistatic helmet. Cap shell and cap lining material with an antistatic agent, for combustible gases or vapors and other explosive substances in the place, which refers to the "explosion hazardous areas of electrical safety regulations" stipulated in the 0 area, 1 area, combustible materials, the minimum ignition energy of 0.2mJ or more.
3 ③ cold helmet. Low-temperature characteristics of the better, the use of cotton, fur and other warm materials for fabrics, at a temperature of not less than -20 ℃ in the environment.
④Resistant to high temperature, radiant heat helmet. Thermal and chemical stability is good, in the fire, smelting and other places with radiant heat sources.
5 Resistant side pressure helmet. High mechanical strength and bending resistance, used in forestry, underground engineering, underground coal mining and other industries.
6 Safety helmet with accessories. Safety helmet with attachments in order to meet the requirements of a certain use.
2, the use of helmets according to the relevant departments of statistics, 15% of the number of injuries caused by the impact of falling objects is caused by the use of helmets improperly. So we can not think that wearing a helmet can protect the head from impact injuries. In practice, we should also know and do the following:
(1) Anyone who enters the production site or inside and outside the factory to engage in production and labor, you must wear a helmet (except for special provisions of the state or the industry; special operations or labor, measures can be taken to ensure that the head of the person does not suffer injuries and after the approval of the safety supervision department, except).
(2) When wearing a helmet, the helmet band must be fastened tightly to ensure that it does not fall off in various states; the brim of the helmet must be in the same direction as the eye, and must not be worn crookedly or obliquely.
(3) The components on the cap and the size of the cap liner cannot be dismantled privately to keep the vertical and horizontal spacing in line with the relevant regulations, which can be used to prevent personal injuries caused by touching the top of the cap after impact.
(4) It is strictly prohibited to put any objects on the cap liner. It is strictly prohibited to change any mechanism of the helmet at will. It is strictly prohibited to use the helmet as a vessel. It is strictly prohibited to use the helmet as a cushion.
(5) The safety helmet must have the instruction manual, and indicate the place of use for the reasonable use of the operator.
(6) The lining of the helmet should be kept clean, and when it is not clean, it can be rinsed with soapy water and water. After use can not be placed in the acid and alkali, high temperature, sun, moisture and chemical solvents in the place.
(7) The helmet which has been subjected to large impacts during the use can not continue to be used.
(8) If the cap shell, cap liner aging or damage, reducing the impact resistance and penetration resistance, shall not continue to use, to replace the new cap.
(9) anti-static helmet can not be used as an electrical helmet, so as not to cause out of point. ,
(10) safety helmet from the time of purchase, plant cap one and a half years of use is valid. Plastic cap no more than two years, laminated cap and fiberglass cap two and a half years, rubber cap and cold cap three years, ride helmet for three and a half years. The above types of helmets more than its general period of use is easy to appear aging, loss of helmet protection performance. The correct way to wear a helmet>>
Respiratory protection products and their use of common sense respiratory protection products are for the defense of harmful gases, vapors, dust, smoke, fog from the respiratory tract inhalation, directly to the user of oxygen or clean air to ensure that the dust, poisonous contaminated or oxygen-deficient environment in the work of the personnel of the normal respiration of the protective equipment.
Respiratory organ protection products are mainly dust masks and anti-virus masks (masks).
1, dust mask, mask use (1) in addition to dust, but also accompanied by toxic fog, smoke, gas or air oxygen content of less than 18%, should be used to isolate the type of dust appliances, prohibit the use of filtering dust appliances.
(2) water, wet workplace. Selection of dust-proof appliances should be with waterproof device.
(3) labor-intensive operations, should be used in small suction resistance dust appliances. When possible, try to use air mask or mask.
(4) Check whether the parts are intact before use, if damaged must be organized or replaced in time. In addition, attention should be paid to check the airtightness of the connections, especially the air supply mask or face mask, to see whether the joints, piping is smooth.
(5) It should be worn correctly, the lacing and headband should be adjusted moderately, and there should be no serious pressure on the face.
(6) compound mask and air supply mask helmet filter media should be replaced regularly to avoid increasing resistance. The power supply of the motorized air supply mask should be sufficient and charged on time.
(7) the main body of the various types of masks (mouth and nose cover) dirty, washable with soapy water. After washing should be in a ventilated place to dry, avoid exposure to the sun, fire, avoid contact with oil, organic solvents, etc..
(8) dust-proof appliances should be used exclusively. After use in a timely manner in a plastic bag, to avoid extrusion, damage.
(9) for long tube mask, before use should be guide tube leakage check, to determine no loopholes before use. The inlet end of the guide tube must be placed in a fresh air, non-toxic and dust-free place. The length of the catheter used should be within 10m in order to prevent increasing the resistance to ventilation. When moving the workplace, special attention should be paid not to pull, drag the catheter, and strictly prevent pressure, poke, demolition, etc..
2, gas masks, masks of the use of gas masks, masks can be divided into two categories of filtering and isolation. Filtered anti-gas appliances are filtered through the canister, the box of filtering agent to filter out the toxic gases in the air and then for people to breathe. Therefore, it cannot be used when the oxygen content of the air in the labor environment is less than 18%. Usually, the filtering agent can only play a protective role in determining the type of poison, concentration, temperature and a certain operating time. So the filtering anti-virus masks, masks can not be used for dangerous situations, site conditions are complex and variable and more than two kinds of poisonous operations; isolated anti-virus equipment is relying on the gas pipeline will be non-polluting environment air into the airtight anti-virus equipment for the operating personnel to breathe. It is used in the lack of oxygen, poisonous gas composition is unknown or very high concentration of the polluted environment.
(1) the use of gas masks, it is strictly prohibited to unscrew the lid of the filter box, to avoid violent vibration of the filter box, so as not to cause the agent loose; at the same time should prevent water and other liquids from splashing to the filter box, or reduce the effectiveness of the anti-virus.
(2) the use of gas masks in the process of odorous gas, when the smell of a slight odor, the filter box filter agent effectiveness. For odorless gas, it is necessary to look at the installation in the filter box of the indicator paper or agent discoloration depending on the situation. Once found that the anti-virus agent is ineffective, you should immediately leave the toxic place, and stop using the gas mask, and re-replace the agent before use.
(3) When wearing the gas mask, the strap should be adjusted according to the size of the head to adjust the tightness, and the two straps should be naturally separated at the back of the head. Both too loose and too tight are likely to cause air leakage or feel uncomfortable.
(4) gas mask use should pay attention to the correct wear, such as hood must choose the appropriate specifications, hood edge and head tight. In addition, to keep the airflow in the mask unobstructed, to prevent the guide tube twisted and pressed, affecting the ventilation.
(5) when a sudden accident occurred at the scene of operation of toxic gas and the operator can not be detached for a moment, you should immediately hold your breath, quickly remove the mask to wear; when confirming that the edge of the mask and the head close to the head or wear the correct, fierce exhalation of residual gas in the mask, before being put into normal use.
(6) If a part of the gas mask is damaged so that it can't play its normal role and it is too late to replace the mask, the user can take the following emergency treatment methods and then leave the poisonous place quickly:
1) When a hole is found in the headgear or the air guide tube, it can be pinched with the hand. If the air guide tube is broken, the canister can also be used directly connected to the hood, but care should be taken to prevent displacement and leakage due to the weight gain of the hood.
②Exhalation valve is damaged, you should immediately block the exit hole with your hand, and then block it when you breathe out and relax your hand when you breathe in.
3 found that the canister has a small hole, can be hand, clay or other materials to plug.
(7) gas mask after use, to clean, disinfect, wash and dry, do not fire, exposure to the sun, in order to prevent material aging. Canister after use, should be the top cover, bottom plug respectively, plug tight, to prevent the filtration agent moisture failure. For the failure of the canister, should be scrapped or replaced in a timely manner and regeneration of new filter agent treatment.
(8) a moment not to use the gas mask, should be evenly sprinkled with talcum powder on the rubber parts to prevent adhesion. Spare masks on site, placed in a special cabinet, and regular maintenance and attention to moisture.
3, the use of oxygen respirator oxygen respirator is a kind of isolation from external air, rely on their own supply of oxygen gas mask. Use should pay attention to:
(1) in the use of a comprehensive check before use, to confirm that the following requirements can be used:
①Oxygen cylinder oxygen pressure should be maintained at 980N/cm2 or more.
② clean tank filled with calcium hydroxide absorbent should be pink cylindrical particles. If it becomes yellowish, that is, failure, should be replaced in a timely manner.
③Should pay attention to whether the sealing gasket is complete, the degree of engagement, whether the valve is good, whether the automatic exhaust valve is working properly, as well as manually less than the oxygen supply is effective.
(2) when in use, first open the oxygen cylinder valve, check the value of the pressure gauge, estimate the use of time. Then press the refill button several times to clear the original gas accumulation in the airbag. Then put on the hood and check the edge of the finder body and head fit. After confirming that all parts are normal, you can use it.
(3) In the process of using, if you feel the gas supply is insufficient, you can use the deep and long breathing method to make the automatic refill oxygen. If you still feel breathing difficulties, you should use the manual button to replenish oxygen. When the above measures are ineffective, you should immediately exit the poisoned place.
(4) in use, should always check the pressure gauge indication value. Once the oxygen pressure drops to 245~296N/cm2, you should leave the toxic place in time.
(5) Be careful to avoid contact with combustible materials such as oil and keep enough safety distance from the fire source.
(6) Prevent the oxygen respirator from bumping and falling, so as not to damage the parts.
(7) The operation of the dangerous situation as well as entering the scene of the accident to engage in rescue, must be a group of two people, in order to take care of each other.
(8) after the use of oxygen respirator, should promptly notify the professional inspection, and mask cleaning, disinfection, oxygen cylinder inflation and replacement of the clean tank of calcium hydroxide, etc., in order to be ready for use.
(9) If it is left unused for a long time, the calcium hydroxide in the clean tank should be poured out. All rubber parts should be coated with talcum powder to prevent sticking. Oxygen cylinders, on the other hand, should retain some residual pressure.
Eye and face protection and its use of common sense to prevent smoke, dust particles, metal sparks and flying chips, heat, electromagnetic radiation, lasers, chemical splashes and other injuries to the eyes or face of the personal protective equipment is called eye and face protection.
There are many types of eye and face protection products, according to the protective function, can be roughly divided into dust, water, impact, high temperature, electromagnetic radiation, radiation, chemical splash, sand, glare nine categories.
1, welding glasses, masks, according to statistics, electro-optical ophthalmia is more common in industrial and mining enterprises in welding operations, the main reason for the selection of protective glasses is not appropriate. Therefore, the relevant operators should master the following basic approach to the use of protective eyewear:
(1) the use of glasses and masks must be tested by the relevant departments.
(2) Select and wear suitable glasses and masks to prevent them from falling off and shaking during operation, which will affect the effectiveness of their use.
(3) The frame of the glasses and the face should be matched to avoid side light leakage. If necessary, glasses with eye shields or anti-side-light type should be used.
(4) prevent the mask, glasses moisture, pressure, so as to avoid deformation damage or light leakage. Welding masks should be insulated to prevent electric shock.
(5) When working with face shield type goggles, replace the protective lenses at least once for a total of 8 hours. The filters of the protective eyewear should be replaced in time when they are damaged by splashes.
(6) When protective lenses and filters are used in combination, the diopter of the lenses must be the same.
(7) for the air-fed, with dust, gas mask welding mask, should be in strict accordance with the relevant provisions of the maintenance and use.
(8) When the lens of the mask is covered by the humid fumes of the operating environment and the moisture exhaled by the operator, which makes it appear water mist and affects the operation, the following measures can be taken to solve the problem:
1) Water film diffusion method. Coat the lens with fatty acid or silica gel-based anti-fog agent, so that the water mist spreads equally.
②Water absorption exclusion method. A surfactant (PC resin system) is applied to the lens to absorb the water mist.
③Vacuum method. For some masks with a twofold glass window structure, can be taken between the two layers of glass vacuum method.
2, the use of anti-electromagnetic radiation eye tool electromagnetic radiation is invisible, inaudible, untouchable. But certain frequencies of microwaves will produce a warm feeling. In the radiation to the discovery of a part of the body when there is a long latency period. When found, often has caused adverse consequences. Therefore, the protection of electromagnetic radiation can not be taken lightly.
(1) first in the work site to determine the radiation field strength exceeds the maximum allowable microwave radiation area, and hang a warning sign. When the operator enters the area, must wear shielding clothing and anti-microwave glasses.
(2) In practice, shielding clothing and glasses should be selected according to the working frequency of the radiation source and the radiation intensity of the workplace.
(3) Try to use anti-microwave glasses with eye shields to prevent the bypassing of microwaves from adversely affecting the eyes.
(4) Avoid contact with grease, acid and alkali or other dirty substances during use, so as not to affect the shielding effect.
(5) In addition to the above, take not to look directly at any radiation device (energy-feeding speakers, open-ended waveguide, reflector), as far as possible, away from the source of radiation, the field source to set up shielding and other measures, but also can effectively avoid electromagnetic radiation.
Hearing organ protective equipment can prevent excessive sound energy into the external ear canal, so that the human ear to avoid excessive stimulation of noise, reduce hearing loss, prevention of noise on the person caused by the adverse effects of individual protective equipment, known as hearing organ protective equipment. Hearing organ protective equipment mainly earplugs, earmuffs and noise helmets three categories.
1, the use of hearing organ protective equipment (1) wearing earplugs, the first auricle upward to make the external ear canal mouth is straight, and then hold the plug handle will plug cap gently pushed into the external ear canal and the ear canal fit.
(2) Do not exert too much force or plug too deep, to feel moderate until, such as sound insulation is bad, you can slowly turn the earplugs to the best position; sound insulation is still not good, should be replaced with other specifications of the earplugs.
(3) When using earplugs and anti-noise helmet, you should first check the shell for cracks and air leakage. When wearing the shell should pay attention to the shell marking along with the ear type wear good, be sure to make the soft gasket and the surrounding skin fit.
(4) in the use of ear protectors, should be quantitatively measured by the sound level meter workplace noise, and then calculate the need to attenuate the sound level, in order to select a variety of specifications of the ear protectors.
(5) The use of noise protection ear protectors is not only determined by the quality of these supplies, but also requires users to develop the habit of patience and master the correct way to wear. If you only wear a kind of ear protection from the sound effect is not good, you can also wear two kinds of ear protection at the same time, such as earmuffs plus earplugs and so on.
Hand protection products have the function of protecting the hand and arm, for the operator to wear gloves for labor is called hand protection products, usually called labor protection gloves.
Hand protective equipment in accordance with the protective function is divided into twelve categories, namely, general protective gloves, waterproof gloves, cold gloves, anti-virus gloves, anti-static gloves, high-temperature gloves, anti-X-ray gloves, anti-acid and alkali gloves, anti-oil gloves, anti-vibration gloves, anti-cutting gloves, insulated gloves. Each type of gloves according to the material can be divided into many kinds.
1, the use of protective gloves (1) First of all, we should understand the role of different types of glove protection and the use of the requirements in order to correctly select the operation, do not take the general occasions with the use of gloves as some of the special gloves. Such as cotton gloves, chemical fiber gloves as anti-vibration gloves to use, the effect is very poor.
(2) in the use of insulated gloves, should first check the appearance, such as found on the surface of the holes, cracks, etc. should stop using.
Insulating gloves after use, according to the relevant provisions of the preservation of good, in order to prevent aging caused by the reduction of insulation performance. After using for a period of time should be rechecked, qualified before use. Pay attention to the product classification when using the color code, like 1kV gloves for red, 7.5kV for white, 17kV for yellow.
(3) in the use of vibration tools work, can not think that wearing anti-vibration gloves will be safe. Attention should be paid to the work of arranging a certain amount of time to rest, with the tool itself to improve the vibration frequency, the rest time can be extended accordingly. For the use of a variety of vibration tools, it is best to measure the vibration acceleration, in order to select the appropriate anti-vibration gloves, to achieve a better protective effect.
(4) in some occasions, all gloves should be the right size, to avoid the glove finger is too long, by the mechanical strangulation or rolled, so that the hand injury.
(5) For operating high-speed rotary machinery operations, anti-vibration gloves may be used. Certain maintenance equipment and oil filling operations, should use oil-proof gloves to avoid oil on the hand.
(6) different types of gloves have their specific purpose of performance, in the actual work must be combined with the operating conditions to the correct use and differentiation, in order to protect the hand safety.