To mention ergonomics, we must first introduce a character -- Henry? Dreyfess (Henry Dreyfess, 1903-1972), he is the founder and founder of ergonomics. Dreyfess initially worked as a stage designer, and in 1929 he established his own industrial design office. He began working with Bell in 1930, and Dreyfus insisted that industrial products should be designed with a high degree of comfort and functionality in mind, proposing the design principle of "from the inside out", which Bell initially thought would make the telephone seem too mechanical, but after his repeated arguments, the company agreed to follow the design principle of "from the inside out". Bell initially thought that this approach would make the telephone look too mechanical, but after his repeated arguments, the company agreed to design the telephone according to his way. Dreyfus would be associated with Bell Telephone for the rest of his life, and he was the most important designer to influence the form of the modern telephone.
As you know, for quite some time since Mr. Bell invented the telephone, Bell was the largest telephone company and telephone manufacturer in the United States with a monopoly, and was largely immune to competition. As a result, Dreyfus could think less about the competitive effect of the exterior design in the marketplace and concentrate more on the perfect functional design of the telephone.
Bell first introduced the horizontal-discharge telephone handset in 1927, changing the previous design of the vertical-discharge handset, and in 1937 Dreyfus proposed a design that combined the handset and the microphone from a functional point of view. The Model 300 telephone designed by Dreyfus looks old-fashioned today, but this design was the first to reduce the telephone, which used to be divided into two parts and was very large, into a single unit. The success of this design led Bell to sign a long-term design consulting contract with Dreyfus.
In the early fifties, the material used to make the telephone switched from metal to plastic, thus basically defining the basis for the shape of the modern telephone. By the end of the fifties, Dreyfus had designed more than a hundred telephones. As a result, Dreyfus telephones made their way into millions of homes in the United States and around the world, becoming a basic amenity of the modern home.
Other of Dreyfus's ergonomic achievements came in a series of agricultural products he developed for John Deere from 1955 onward. Deere & Co. developed a series of agricultural machinery, these designs around the establishment of comfortable, ergonomic calculations based on the driving working conditions of the center, characterized by the appearance of concise, which is related to the human components designed to meet the basic requirements of human comfort, which is a very important progress and development of industrial design.
Draves design belief is that the design must meet the basic requirements of the human body, he believes that the machine adapted to people is the most efficient machine. After years of research, he summarized the data about the human body and the proportion and function of the human body, published a monograph in 1955, "Design for Man", which collected a large amount of ergonomic information, in 1961 he published a book "human body measurements" (the Measure of Man), thus laying down the field of industrial design ergonomics as a discipline, Dreyfus became the earliest systematic use of ergonomics in design. Draves became one of the first designers to systematically apply ergonomics in the design process. 2. Ergonomics research direction
Ergonomics has now developed into a multidisciplinary cross-disciplinary industrial design discipline, the core issue of the study is the coordination of different operations between people, machines and the environment, the research methods and evaluation means involving psychology, physiology, medicine, anthropometrics, aesthetics and engineering technology in a number of fields, the purpose of the study is to guide the work apparatus, work, and the application of knowledge of the disciplines. The purpose of the research is to guide the design and transformation of work equipment, work mode and work environment through the application of knowledge from various disciplines, so that the characteristics of the operation in several aspects such as efficiency, safety, health, comfort and so on can be improved.
Ergonomics from different disciplines, different areas of origin, and for a wider range of fields of research and application, because the man-machine environment is a universal problem in human production and life. The different disciplines and regions from which it originated have also given rise to the long-term diversity and coexistence of the discipline's names. In English, there are mainly Ergonomics (in European terms), Human Engineering (in American terms), etc., and in Chinese, there is also "Ergonomics", In Chinese, there are expressions such as "Ergonomics", "Human Engineering" and "Ergonomics". In China, "ergonomics" is generally taken as the standard name of this discipline, while "ergonomics" is more common. In short, the study of human and ergonomics and human-machine relations is the core content of this discipline.
The study of the various sub-disciplines of ergonomics made a breakthrough during the Second World War, when the development of complex weapons in the war led to a sudden intensification of the problem of human-machine coordination. For example, air combat and fighter aircraft put forward the physical and intellectual requirements for pilots, making the selection and training of personnel increasingly difficult, prompting in the aircraft instrumentation display, manipulation tools and pilot seats and other components of the design, had to increase the consideration of the human factor, which in turn led to the rapid development of related technologies and methods.
The application field of ergonomics is very wide, involving almost all aspects of human work and life. The following is a list of several major categories of application direction:
(1) human work behavior anatomy and anthropometry; work accidents, health and safety
including anthropometry and workspace design; postural and biomechanical load research; work-related bone, muscle management issues; health ergonomics; safety culture and safety management; safety culture evaluation and improvement
(2) Cognitive ergonomics and complex tasks; environmental ergonomics
cognitive skills and decision-making research; environmental conditions and factors analysis; work environment ergonomics
(3) computer ergonomics; display and control layout design; human-computer interface design and evaluation
software ergonomics; design and layout of computer products and peripherals; office environment ergonomics research; human-computer interface forms
(4) expert evidence: multiple work environments; human reliability
expert evidence survey research; legal ergonomics; causes of injuries; human error and reliability research; litigation support;
(5) industrial design applications
medical equipment; seating design and comfort research; furniture classification and selection; workload analysis;
(6) Management and Ergonomics
Human Resource Management; Work Procedures; Ergonomics Rules and Practices; Manual Handling Loads
(7) Office Ergonomics and Design; Medical Ergonomics
Office and Office Equipment Design; Psychophysiology; Behavioral Criteria; Three-Dimensional Mannequins
(8) Systems Analysis; Product Design and Customers; Army Systems;
Organizational Psychology; Product Reliability and Safety; Apparel Ergonomics; 3D Human Models; Army Ergonomics; Automated Speech Recognition;
(9) Ergonomics Strategies; Socio-Technical Systems; Violence Assessment and Motivation;
(10) Usability Evaluations and Tests; Usability Audits; Usability Assessment; Usability Training; Experimentation and Validation; Simulation and Testing; Simulation Research; Simulation and Prototyping; 3. Applied Directions in Ergonomics
Ergonomics, as an applied engineering discipline, is basically a study of human work, often in response to specific real-world problems. Many of these principles often seem very shallow after recognizing, and before recognizing is often difficult to find or be ignored.
The most common such as improper study posture in adolescents can lead to myopia. In order to prevent hunching and myopia when writing, various posture correction devices have been designed to limit bowing and keep students sitting straight when writing. These devices may not necessarily satisfy students. The crux of the problem is: human eyes are grown forward on the face, suitable for frontal observation, while reading and writing require the face to be tilted downward, then to straighten the spine, which will inevitably lead to an increase in the angle of bending of the neck. If you have to straighten your spine and neck, you will have to make an effort to skim your eyes downward. In fact, in the work of the natural formation of a moderate hunchback posture, the angle of the distortion by the spine, neck and eyes to **** the same share, but may be more suitable for human physiological characteristics of the posture. A reasonable solution to this problem is to allow the table top to have the appropriate slope, in addition to the chair seat should be designed to have a waterfall-shaped front edge, so the corresponding table and chair design is of paramount importance.
A similar problem arises in the posture of the computer operator. Typically operators often operate the keyboard and mouse with their arms hanging forward. The arm of the suspension of the formation of shoulder and neck static fatigue, making it inconvenient for the operator to lean back on the backrest of the chair work, and when the operator out of the backrest and arm suspension, the weight of all the need to be borne by the spine, and the result is either fatigue of the lower back pain, or the lumbar muscles to give up to maintain the straight posture of the waist and hunching over, or the wrists against the edge of the table and the trigger of the carpal tunnel syndrome.
Another example is the bus seat, or the upper part of the backrest of the boss chair, there is a bulging convex bag. From the design, this convex bag was originally used to cushion the neck of the concave, so that people's head and neck more comfortable. For most Chinese, this bulge is often at the back of the head, making it necessary to lower the head slightly when leaning back in the seat. The problem arises because the design of these seats was imported from abroad and the producers copied it exactly in terms of dimensions. Since Chinese people are smaller than Westerners, this is now the result.
With the arrival of the information society, in terms of computer human-computer interface has entered the era of communication and intelligent interaction, voice-based applications and pens and other natural means of human-computer interaction began to enter the practical stage. Like computer touch screen, photoelectric pen input devices, to achieve a natural and comfortable writing feel, similar to the feeling of moving with a pen on paper. Pen can replace the mouse, the user with a computer pen click point touch screen, you can complete the computer operation; pen can also replace the keyboard, write directly on the display; in addition to the Chinese character shape change even the Chinese character recognition of the pen problem has been solved. There is IBM's voice recognition technology, especially the Chinese voice recognition technology products Via Voice to achieve "you read the computer can recognize. This makes the ordinary people without professional training can also use the computer and everyone *** with the communication.