Like general expository essay, scientific expository essay takes "explanation" as its main expression, and takes imparting scientific knowledge as its fundamental task, introducing things, clarifying things and explaining the laws of their movement, change and development. Therefore, reading this kind of article, we should naturally grasp the object of explanation and its characteristics, and see how it is "said". We might as well have such a "third reading"-
first reading to grasp the outline-grasp the explanatory points as a whole
The purpose of explanatory writing is to tell readers something or something. The knowledge conveyed by the author is the explanation point, that is, the central idea of plain text. So how to grasp it? There are three main methods:
First, you can grasp the title of the article and clearly explain the point. As the saying goes, "the title is the eye of the article", and the title of the explanatory article often reveals that the explanation can first grasp the title of the article and clearly explain the point. As the saying goes, "the title is the eye of the article", and the title of the explanatory text often reveals the center of the explanation. Secondly, we can grasp the structure of the article and summarize the explanation points. General expositions tend to focus on a main issue or content, while some expositions need us to summarize the small explanatory points to form the explanatory points of the full text. In addition, you can grasp the order of instructions to make clear the points. Things have their own order, and people know things in a certain order, so clarifying the order of articles will help to clarify the center of explanation.
intensive analysis of the second reading-methods of detailed discussion
If you want to explain things clearly and thoroughly, you must be inseparable from the explanation method. Therefore, when reading the explanatory text, we should grasp the main explanatory methods and make clear the relationship and function of various explanatory methods, so as to grasp the content of the explanation and the structure of the article more accurately.
the third reading taste-capturing the emotional point of chewing
Like other styles, the explanatory text also "speaks" the author's emotional attitude, which is also indispensable for us to understand the text.
expository writing is an article genre that gives people knowledge by explaining things and clarifying things as the main expression. It explains the characteristics, essence and regularity of things by revealing concepts.
Explanatory reading questions are all multiple-choice questions. There are three ways to choose the correct options: direct election, exclusion and analogy.
direct election method means directly selecting the correct answer. This method is suitable for obvious questions, and some answers can be determined at once. It is also applicable to "choosing non-topics", such as choosing "incorrect one" and "one that does not conform to the meaning of the text".
the exclusion method can be applied to all types of multiple-choice questions. It reveals the correct answer and improves the accuracy of the answer by excluding the options that do not meet the requirements of the topic. In order to find the "first knowledge point", that is, the basis for excluding the first option, the elimination method must have two characteristics: one is the most accurate judgment, and the other is the most valuable. After determining this knowledge point, more options can be excluded.
analogy method is suitable for some multiple-choice questions. According to reasonable inference, quickly eliminate some options, or infer unknown situations according to known situations, and quickly determine the answer.
1. Classification
1. From the point of view of the explanatory object: the descriptive text of things and the descriptive text of things.
2. From the language features of explanatory writing: plain explanatory writing and vivid explanatory writing.
Second, the order of explanation
Time order, spatial order, and logical order
The giant score of logical order: subject-time, cause-result, phenomenon-essence, feature-use, general-individual, generalization-concrete, whole-part.
typical question: what order of explanation is used in this article? What's the role?
standardized answer format: in this paper, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is used to explain _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (The first blank should fill in the specific order of explanation, and the second blank should fill in the specific name or explanation of things. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rational" and "scientific". )
Third, the methods of explanation
1. The common methods of explanation are: giving examples, classifying, defining, imitating appearance, making explanations, making analogies, listing numbers, listing charts and quoting explanations.
2. Functions of common explanation methods:
①. Examples: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things by giving concrete examples, thus making the explanation more specific and convincing.
② classification: explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized.
③ comparison: compare _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, and highlight the characteristics/reasons of things.
④ interpretation: give a concrete explanation of the characteristics/reasons of things, so as to make the explanation easier to understand.
⑤, analogy: compare _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
⑥. Imitation: To describe the characteristics/events of things visually, so as to make the explanation more concrete.
⑦. Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.
⑧. List numbers: explain the characteristics/reasons of things with specific data to make the explanation more accurate and convincing.
⑨ diagram: explain the characteristics/events of things by diagram, which makes the explanation more concise and intuitive.
⑩. Description of quotation: Description of quotation has the following forms-
a. Citing specific cases; (the function is the same as an example)
B, citing specific data; (Function in the same column)
C, quote famous sayings, aphorisms and proverbs; The function is to make the explanation more convincing.
D, quoting myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation.
Explanatory reading training
1. Read the following paragraph and complete questions 1-4.
① Spaceships are generally multi-cabin structures, and the cabins should be separated, which requires extremely high reliability and safety. Shenzhou manned spacecraft is a three-cabin composite structure. The foremost module is called the orbital module, which has all the functions of running satellites independently, and can carry out various flight tests independently in space after being separated from the spacecraft. The propulsion module located at the last end is also called the equipment module (or resource module). After completing the established mission, it will re-enter the atmosphere and destroy itself. After completing the mission, the central return capsule carries the astronauts back to the scheduled landing site safely. From the launch to the return to the ground, the Shenzhou spacecraft will be successfully separated for 9 times.
② Compared with Soyuz TM spacecraft being used in Russia, Shenzhou is larger and heavier than Soyuz TM, with large space for astronauts and strong ability to carry payloads. Shenzhou has also adopted some advanced technologies, and its design scheme is superior to the second-generation manned spacecraft abroad in some aspects. After the successful manned launch of Shenzhou, its technical level will reach or surpass that of the second-generation manned spacecraft of the former Soviet Union.
1. can the word "general" added in the first sentence of paragraph ① be removed? Why? (2 points)
2. The key points of this passage are: (2 points)
3. The cabin of Shenzhou manned spacecraft is cabin, cabin and cabin in turn. (3 points)
4. The main explanation method used in paragraph (2) is. (1 point)
2. Read the explanatory text "Water Crisis" and answer questions 5-7. (1 points)
Water is a precious natural resource and one of the substances on which all living things on the earth depend. The total water volume of the earth is about 1.41 billion cubic kilometers, but fresh water accounts for only 3%, and 87% of it is enclosed in glaciers, atmosphere and strata. Since the 2th century, the global population has tripled, the economy has increased 2 times and the water consumption has increased 1 times. At the same time, due to the rapid increase of production and domestic wastewater, and directly discharged into the water body without treatment, the global crisis of water shortage is aggravated.
in 1997, UNESCO defined water resources as "water sources that can be used or may be used, that is, they should be used to meet the needs of production and life", while "China Natural Resources" defined water resources as "surface and underground runoff that can be directly used for human production and life, and water bodies that can be regenerated by them in the process of water circulation".
China's total water resources is about 2.8 trillion cubic meters, but its per capita share is only ranked 121st in the world, which is 1/4 of the world's per capita share. In addition, the spatial distribution of water resources in China is very uneven, with more in the south and less in the north. Paying attention to economic development while neglecting environmental protection has led to serious water pollution in many areas. Therefore, the problem of water resources has also become a major issue in China's social and economic development.
5. Please briefly list some causes of the global water crisis. (3 points)
A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ < (2 points)
A: (1) Similarities: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (2) Briefly talk about the enlightenment this article gives you. (5 points)
Answer: (1) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (14 points)
"platform", a new hot spot in written language
Nowadays, the word "platform" has become a new hot spot in people's written language and is becoming more and more popular. The list of information platform, trading platform, technology platform and government platform is endless, which seems to have the feeling of "is like a spring gale, come up in the night and blowing open the petals of ten thousand pear trees".
the word "platform" is not a new word, it has existed since ancient times. Tang Li Bai's poem "The Song of the Liang Garden": "The water is vast and tired of traveling far away, and visiting ancient times and platforms." The second poem of Du Fu's Jade Platform View: "The catastrophe was created by the king, and the platform visited the ancient tour." The "platform" here refers to an open-air terrace for rest and overlooking. This usage also exists today, for example, "The reporter saw on the spot that after the restoration, the Suzhou River hydrophilic platform in the green shade regained its elegance". But this is not the popular "platform" to be explained in this article.
what does the popular new "platform" mean?
After the reform and opening up, computers flooded into China. In the 199s, it became more and more closely related to people's work and life, and even entered the homes of ordinary people. Many computer technical terms also frequently appear in people's daily language, such as "menu", "Internet" and "click". "Platform" was originally a technical term in computers. There is a word "sysLemplado> Guanidine ",interpreted as" system platform ",means the basic support provided by the system for application software. Such a "platform" can be found in many computer science books. It can be seen that "platform" translated from English "ph2onn" means computer operating system. Due to the popularity and extensive use of computers, the ordinary "platform" has become a "new word" that people are keen on, a fashionable word related to high-tech information technology.
This "platform" is widely used in the computer industry, such as: "To build this digital and colorful life platform, we need a powerful medium to realize the way of accessing high-tech life, that is, the network access and support platform."
nowadays, the application scope of "platform" is increasingly broad, extending to many industries other than computer industry. At the same time, its meaning has also expanded from "computer operating system" to "all virtual systems or layers that provide support for a certain job". In the logistics industry, "Shanghai builds an international logistics transportation platform"; In the scientific and technological field, "Siemens uses Javs technology platform to develop various wireless services for mobile phone users"; In the field of culture and art, "Shanghai and Paris will set up an exchange platform for two-way satellite transmission concert" and "Sunshine Sina will acquire * * * to build the largest cross-media platform in China"; In the industrial and commercial circles, "* * * to build an enterprise e-commerce intelligent platform"; In the field of health and education, "Chinese medicine at home and abroad is a platform" and "provides a platform for children".
The popularity of computers has promoted the popularity of "platforms" in many fields. Because of its simplicity and image, it has gradually become a new hot spot in written language.
8. scan the full text quickly and write the original meaning of the word "platform" and its different meanings in computer industry and other industries. (3 points)
Original meaning: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The article takes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ as the explanatory sequence, and mainly uses _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. (3 points)
1. The poem "is like a spring gale, come up in the night, blowing open the petals of ten thousand pear trees" from Cen Can's a Song of White Snow in Farewell to Field-Clerk Wu Going Home originally meant _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ________________(4 points) < (2 points)
12. Please write two more computer terms besides the menu, Internet, click and platform mentioned in the article. (2 points)
Third, read the explanatory article "Overview of AIDS" and answer questions 13-17.
the full name of AIDS is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).