Ninghua, anciently known as Huangliandong, had human activities in the Neolithic period. Tang Qianfeng two years (667) set up the town. In the 13th year of Kaiyuan (725), the county was promoted. In the first year of Tianbao (742), it was renamed to its present name. Historically belonged to Tingzhou, Fujian Province, Ting County, Tingzhou Prefecture, Yongan, Longyan, Sanming Prefecture (area), is now the jurisdiction of Sanming City County. With an area of 2,368 square kilometers and a population of more than 300,000, there are 12 ethnic groups, of which the Han Chinese account for 99.4%, followed by the She ethnic group. The county now has 2 towns and 14 townships, ****207 administrative villages and 12 resident committees. The county seat is Cuijiang Town.
Ninghua is located in the eastern foothills of Wuyi Mountain, the western corner of Fujian, and adjoins the counties of Shicheng and Guangchang in Jiangxi Province, with a border of more than 100 kilometers long. In the recent history of the earth, the whole territory belongs to the Min-Jiangxi Tableland large-scale uplift area of the relative subsidence zone, the terrain from west to east, and the formation of five zonal landforms from north to south, low mountains, hills, basins accounted for 96% of the total area of the territory. Above 1,000 meters above sea level, 25 peaks, mainly distributed in the border on the Wuyi Mountain main vein and two diagonally across the county on the branch vein, the county seat is 320 meters above sea level.
The rivers and streams in the territory are divided into four directions, flowing into the Min, Gan, Han River, known as "Ninghua drink their own water," the proverb. The main river East Brook, West Brook converge in the eastern suburb of the county, called Cuijiang. The county belongs to the mid-subtropical mountain climate zone, the average annual temperature is 15 ~ 18.1 ℃, summer is not hot, winter is not cold, the spring is up to four months long, the frost-free period of 214 ~ 248 days, the average annual precipitation of 1,700 ~ 1,800 millimeters, the average annual sunshine of 1,757 hours for the development of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry industries provide good natural conditions.
The geological structure is complex, intrusive rock is more developed, about two-thirds of the strata exposed, underground mineral deposits are rich, there are tungsten, limestone, tin, coal, iron, rare earths, marble and other 28 kinds of tungsten ore reserves, the quality of the famous Chinese and foreign countries, limestone reserves of more than 400 million tons of rare earths, tin reserves in the province is also in a dominant position.
The county "eight mountains, half water, half a field, half of the roads and villages", 2.7 million acres of mountainous terrain, forested land accounted for more than 80% of the forest coverage rate of 63%, the existing forest reserves of 7.65 million cubic meters. Plant species *** 214 families and 1853 species (medicinal plants 1005 species), listed as 15 kinds of national protection of precious plants, Ninghua lip pillar chicory for the first domestic discovery, Huoshan dendrobium, heavy lip dendrobium and centipede orchid for the province's new discovery. As early as the end of Sui Dynasty, cedar timber was exported to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and became famous in and out of the province and Southeast Asia. Kiwi production ranks second in the province. Forest by-products such as earth paper, shiitake mushrooms and red mushrooms also enjoy a good reputation. There are 105 families and 291 species of wild animals, and there are 16 species of precious wild animals under state protection, including 5 species of South China tigers, clouded leopards, black muntjacs, Sumen antelopes, and money leopards, etc., which are listed as national-level protection. There are 440,000 mu of arable land, accounting for 2.3% of the province's arable land, accounting for 17.4% of the arable land in Sanming City, ranking first in the city. It produces rice, roasted tobacco, rapeseed, lotus seed, dried chili peppers, Job's tears, konjac, etc. The cow horn pepper is famous at home and abroad, and is exported to all over Southeast Asia. Ninghua is one of the country's commercial grain base, rice is known for its high yield and good quality, "River Dragon rice" has the reputation of "tribute rice".
Ninghua is the cradle of Hakka. Since the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there have been Han people from the Central Plains settling in the country. At the end of Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao peasant insurgents went south, and the clients who moved to the area near Poyang Lake from the Central Plains migrated to the combination of Gan, Fujian and Guangdong provinces to avoid the war, and most of them entered Ninghua, and they mainly lived in Shibi (ancient name of Shibi). Later on, they used Ninghua as a base to engage in outward expansion. Especially due to the Song room to the south, wars, robbers and pirates, frequent disasters, and both the limited size of the Shibi, too dense settlement and other reasons, they or the whole family or part of the family moved to Changting, Hangzhou, Guangdong Jiayingzhou (now Meizhou City) area, and even overseas Chinese to the world's five continents in more than seventy countries and regions, and only the total population of more than 50 million people living overseas. Taiwan scholar Chen Yun-dong said in his book "Hakka" that "most of the ancestors of the Hakka people in different parts of the world used to live in Shibi Village" (Taiwan Lianya Publishing House, 1980 edition, pp. 8-9), and in 1912, the British clergyman, Mr. Burgundy Bell's, said in his book "Hakka Origins and Migration" that "the Hakka of Lingdong, ten of them, lived in more than seventy countries and regions in five continents, with a total population of more than 50 million people living overseas. Nine out of ten of the Hakka of Lingdong claim that most of their ancestors came from Shibi Village, Ninghua County, Tingzhou Prefecture, Fujian Province." Huang Zunkai's "Facts about My Elder Brother Gongdu" says, "Jiaying's family, all of them came from Ninghua Shibi in Tingzhou, and all of their surnames are the same." Hakka ancestors into the Ninghua settlement and reproduction of the most prosperous period, it is the Hakka folk formation period (i.e., the end of the Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty), since the Ninghua Hakka migrated to spread all over the Hakka is known as the authentic Hakka. Therefore, Shibi is known as the "Cradle of Hakka", the "Second Ancestral Land of Hakka" and the "Ancestral Land of Hakka".
The migration of Hakka people brought the culture of the Central Plains into Ninghua, fundamentally changing the old appearance of Huangliandong and making it flourish. Ninghua is full of celebrities, from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, there were 152 successful candidates for the examination, 50 jinshi, and 1 scholar. During the Republic of China period, more than 90 people graduated from universities and 10 people studied abroad. After liberation, more than 1,000 people have been admitted to universities, 8 people are studying abroad, 65 people have been awarded senior technical titles, and 7 people have been awarded a master's degree or above. From Song to Qing Dynasty, more than 140 Ninghua people wrote more than 300 books, among which Zheng Wenbao's Jiangmiao Zhi, Luo Dengbiao's Yixue elucidation, and Lei 鋐'鋐's Reading Occasional Records were included in Siku Quanshu (The Complete Works of the Four Libraries). In the Tang Dynasty, Wu Zhengji was the first scholar of Tingzhou. Zheng Wenbao of the Song Dynasty, who was the first jinshi of Taiping Xingguo, had potential in poetry and history, and was good at seal script; his seal carving of Yishan Rock Carvings was regarded as a model for later scholars. Zhang Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty, a scholar in the Hongwu period, was rigorous in his studies. At the end of Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, Li Shixiong was rich in writings and noble in ambition. His "Sense of Things" was regarded as the first Aesopian fable collection in China, and the compiled "Ninghua County Record" was regarded as the world's most famous record. Huang Shen, a painter in the Qing Dynasty, was one of the "Eight Monsters of Yangzhou", and enjoyed the reputation of "three masterpieces of poetry, calligraphy and painting". EPILEDS Lei, a scholar of science, advocated poor reasoning and practice, and was praised as "the first-class person in the world". Calligrapher Yi Bingshou, with his unique scribal style and reputation, and Deng Shiru*** called "South Yi and North Deng". They are our country's generation of celebrities, outstanding achievements, enjoy great reputation.
Ninghua people are rich in the spirit of struggle. Song Shao Ding two years (1229), the salt merchants Yantou Tuo unveiled a revolt, the team of tens of thousands of people, swept Taining, will be happy, Qingliu, Changting, and Jiangxi Province, Shicheng counties, the struggle lasted four years long. After that, there was also a peasant uprising led by Cao Fang Cao Liushun during the Yuan Dynasty, the Huangtong Peasant Uprising in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, and the Xixiang Peasant Riot in the early years of the Republic of China.
During the Second Domestic Revolutionary War, Ninghua was an important part of the Central Soviet Area and one of the counties where the 25,000-mile Long March of the Central Red Army of Workers and Peasants began. In the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928), Xu Chisheng, who was studying in Changting Provincial No. 7 Middle School, joined the Chinese ****productivity party, and in the following year, he was sent back to Ninghua to carry out the revolutionary work and establish the Farmers' Association and the party organizations. At the beginning of the 19th year of the Republic of China, Mao Zedong and Zhu De respectively led the Red Army to pass through Ninghua and went to Guangchang in Jiangxi Province, where they propagated the revolutionary principles and sowed the seeds of revolution, and Mao Zedong also wrote the words "Rumengling - New Year's Day" at that time, looking forward to the revolutionary situation in full swing.In June, the underground organization of Ninghua ****productivity party headed by Xu Chisheng led the peasants of five townships, namely, Caofang, Huaidu, WoKou, ChengGuan, and Li Qikeng, to hold an armed insurrection. After the victory of the riot, it was organized in June. After the victory of the riot, the Ninghua County Revolutionary Committee was established on June 27th, and on July 1st, a party representative meeting was held to set up the China*** Ninghua Special District Committee. In the 20th year of R.O.C., the central county committee of Ninghua County (governing Ninghua, Qingliu and Mingxi counties) was established, and then the county committees and county soviet governments of Ninghua, Pengpai and Quanshang counties were set up one after another in the territory of Ninghua, as well as the party organizations and people's power in the districts and townships. In May of 23rd year of the Republic of China, the provincial party committee and provincial soviet government of Fujian and Gan were moved from Jianning to Anyuan of Ninghua, and then to the county town of Ninghua. In October of the same year, the Workers and Peasants Red Army set out on a long march, the Kuomintang reoccupied Ninghua, Ninghua Soviet party and government organs and local armed forces turned to guerrilla activities, and persisted in the struggle until May of the Republic of China in the 24th year of the siege by the enemy and all the losses. During the period of the Soviet, Ninghua carried out a vigorous armed struggle and economic construction, which not only contributed great material and financial resources to the revolutionary cause, but also won the honorable title of "Our Model District" in the campaign of expanding the Red Army in Huaitu and Wokou. There were 13,777 people who joined the Red Army and more than 3,000 revolutionary martyrs who contributed their precious lives to China's revolutionary cause. During the Anti-Japanese War, the people of Ninghua donated a large amount of money and property for the anti-Japanese salvation of the country, and more than 4,900 young people were enlisted in the army.
During the Liberation War, the people of Ninghua made unremitting efforts to fight for early liberation. In March, 37th of the Republic of China, China*** Minzhegan District Committee (Provincial Party Committee), sent ****production party members to Ninghua to carry out revolutionary activities, and in the following year, set up guerrillas in the area of WoKou and HuaiTu. Ninghua was peacefully liberated in October 1949 through the efforts of progressive forces on many fronts under the pressure of the People's Liberation Army.
Ninghua has been in a single natural agricultural economy for more than 1,000 years from the founding of the town to its liberation, and has been in a single natural agricultural economy throughout its long history due to the bondage of the feudal system. So the Republic of China "Ninghua County Records" sigh Ninghua people "confined to the old news, little change". To the Republic of 38 years (1949), the county's gross industrial and agricultural output value of only 20.45 million yuan, per capita 150 yuan, agricultural output value accounted for 98.57%.
After liberation, Ninghua carried out a comprehensive socialist revolution and socialist construction. In the past forty years, it has gone through a tortuous process of development. In the seven years after the completion of socialist transformation, the gross output value of industry and agriculture in 1956 increased by 78% compared with that in 1949, with an average annual increase of 8.6%, of which the gross output value of industry increased by 8.1 times and that of agriculture increased by 59%; the ratio of agriculture, light and heavy in 1956 was 85:11:4. In the ten years after the full-scale construction of socialism started from 1957 to 1966, the gross output value of industry and agriculture increased by 10 times compared with that of 1956. In the decade from 1957 to 1966, when the full-scale construction of socialism began, the total output value of industry and agriculture in 1960 was 10% higher than that of 1956, of which the total output value of industry was 214% higher. However, because of the "Great Leap Forward", which was a hasty attempt to achieve success and ignored the objective laws of economic development, there was a situation in which industry went up, agriculture went down, and the economic structure was seriously out of whack, with the gross value of agricultural output dropping by 26% and the total grain output dropping by 37%. after 1960, through the rectification of socialist organizations and the restructuring of the national economy, the People's Commune adopted the production team as the unit of accounting, and the national economy recovered in 1964. The national economy was restored to the 1956 level in 1964 and began to develop in 1965, with the gross value of industrial and agricultural output increasing by 22% over 1956, including an 81% increase in industry and an 11% increase in agriculture. 1965 saw the launching of a socialist education campaign in the winter of 1965, and the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, before the end of the socialist education. In 1966, before the end of the "social education", the "Cultural Revolution" began, and the momentum of the national economy began to develop was frustrated again. 1966 gross output value of industry and agriculture dropped by 7% compared with the previous year, and the ratio of agriculture, light industry, and heavy industry was 77:11:12. 1967 onwards, the "rebel factions" stopped the production of the rebels and the party and government organs were paralyzed. In 1967, the "rebels" stopped production and revolted, and party and government organs were paralyzed. In two years, the gross value of industrial and agricultural output dropped by 2%, and in the winter of 1968, the Revolutionary Committee of Ninghua County was set up, gradually restoring the roles of the Party and government leaders and functional departments. 1970 and onwards, water conservancy construction was vigorously carried out, new agricultural technologies and rice varieties were promoted, and a substantial increase in grain production was achieved, while industry also expanded its production areas. In the ten years from 1966 to 1976, the national economy suffered great losses but still made progress, and the gross output value of industry and agriculture in 1976 was 101% higher than that in 1965, with an average annual increase of 6.5%, and the ratio of agriculture, light industry, and heavy industry was 68:8:24. 1976 saw the crushing of the Jiang Qing Counter-Revolutionary Group, which put an end to the Cultural Revolution. "After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 1978, the CPC corrected the "leftist" errors, set things right, and shifted the focus of work to economic construction. With the reform of economic system and political system, the national economy entered into a new period of development, and the gross value of industrial and agricultural output reached 230 million yuan in 1987. in the nine years after 1978, the average annual growth rate was 9.5%, which was the fastest period of economic development in Ninghua, in which the gross value of industrial output increased by 2.3 times, the gross value of agricultural output increased by 77%, and the ratio of agricultural, light and heavy output was 53:17:30. the gross value of social output reached 276.62 million yuan in 1987, and the total output value of the country reached 1.5 million yuan in the same period. In 1987, the total value of social output reached 276.62 million yuan, an increase of 10.8 times over 1950, with an average annual increase of 6.9%; the total value of industrial and agricultural output was 9.47 times higher than that in 1950, with an average annual increase of 6.6%; and the gross domestic product (GDP) was 16,001,000 yuan, an increase of 7.65 times over that in 1950, with an average annual increase of 6%. The ratio of the structure of the first, second and third industries was 86.2:12 in 1950, and 54:25:21 in 1987; the national income in 1987 amounted to 143.12 million yuan, an increase of 7.46 times than that of 1950, with an average annual increase of 5.9%; the total retail sales of commodities amounted to 120 million yuan, an increase of 30 times than that of 1952; the total purchases of agricultural and sideline products amounted to 0.5 billion yuan, an increase of 52 times than that of 1953; the fiscal revenue amounted to 0.5 billion yuan, an increase of 1.5 times as compared with that of 1953; and the total sales of agriculture and sideline products amounted to 1.5 million yuan. increased 52 times, the financial income of 0.14 billion yuan, 42 times more than in 1950.
Ninghua is an agricultural county, until the liberation, the level of production is very low, in 1949, the county's total grain output of 45,000 tons, mu yield only 80 kilograms, mu average agricultural output value of 39 yuan. After liberation, the implementation of land reform, greatly liberating agricultural productivity, breakthrough in centuries of languishing situation, the total grain output in 1957 reached 76,800 tons, an increase of 70% over 1949. 1970, the reform of the farming system, expanding the area of replanting, the introduction of rice varieties, grain production and a major breakthrough. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the ***, reform of the agricultural economic system and the structure of the agricultural economy, agricultural production has been the overall development of the total value of agricultural output in 1987 amounted to 120 million yuan, the total output of grain reached 190,000 tons, respectively, 5 times more than in 1949 and 3.2 times, the average yield of 430 kilograms per acre, per mu of average agricultural output value of 278 yuan, the rate of food commodities accounted for more than 1 / 3. At the same time to change the single structure of food production, agricultural planting output value in the total agricultural output value of 77.3% in 1949, 75.6% in 1957, 64.8% in 1980, 57.6% in 1987. Within the plantation sector, the share of cash crop output in the total value of agricultural plantation output rose from 12% in 1949 to 19% in 1987. Among the various industries within agriculture, the secondary industry developed the fastest, with its output value rising from 1.07 million yuan in 1949 to 20.337 million yuan in 1987, an increase of 19 times, from 6.9% to 16.6% of the agricultural output value, followed by pastoralism and forestry. The traditional rapeseed production in cash crops is basically stable, planting about 40,000 mu every year, with mu yield increasing by about 1 times; soybean production replaces autumn soybeans by ridge beans; traditional chili pepper production tends to decline due to the influence of the law of value; after the 1980s, the production of roasted tobacco, lotus seeds and oranges had a pioneering development; in 1987, the area of roasted tobacco planting amounted to more than 40,000 mu, with the total output reaching 3,989 tons, becoming the "leader" of cash crops. In 1987, the planting area of roasted tobacco reached more than 40,000 mu, with a total output of 3,989 tons, becoming the "leading" cash crop, and Ninghua became one of the roasted tobacco base counties in the province; the planting area of lotus seed was 349 mu, with a total output of 138 tons; the planting area of tangerine was 13,650 mu, with an output of 1,490 tons; and the planting area of tea was 24,000 mu, with a total output of 363 tons. At the same time, township enterprises emerged, rapid development, the number of enterprises in 1980 for 447, 8743 employees, total income of 14.76 million yuan; in 1987 the number of enterprises increased to 7060, 22185 employees, total income of 77.16 million yuan, more than 4 times the 1980 increase. The township industry broke through all kinds of constraints and founded a number of factories of an initial scale; in 1987, the number of township and village industrial enterprises was 3,951, with a total output value of 45.55 million yuan, an increase of 16.6 times and 10.6 times compared with that of 1979. With the implementation of the household responsibility system and the development of agricultural diversified economy, the income of the peasants has been increasing; the annual per capita income of the peasants was 27 yuan in 1949, and reached 413 yuan in 1987. Changes in the agricultural economy, greatly liberated the productive forces, the emergence of a new contradiction in the labor surplus, although engaged in the secondary industry, tertiary industry labor gradually increased, but the labor force out of the problem has not yet been fundamentally resolved, the rural reform must continue to deepen.
Ninghua has long had handicrafts. According to archaeological discoveries, during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there was already a considerable level of pottery and building materials industry, mining, smelting, papermaking, and textile were also developed earlier. However, in the long old society, its development is very slow, until the Republic of China in 17 years, Ninghua only the first power machinery, to 1949 there is only a factory, the county's total industrial output value of only 580,000 yuan. After the liberation, the people's government firstly started the construction of electricity and transportation, and the industry gradually developed. Especially after 1978, with the deepening of reform and opening up, break through the industrial "three on the ground" of the bondage to the direction of multi-channel multi-faceted development. To 1987, the county has a mining and metallurgy, electric power, machinery, building materials, forest, chemical, paper, printing, food, textile, electronics and other industrial enterprises 161, fixed assets worth 72.52 million yuan, more than 6,000 employees, industrial output value of 110 million yuan, of which the heavy industry accounted for 63%, the national ownership of enterprises accounted for 33.8%. Rosin, turpentine, mica capacitors and other products have won the title of Ministry of Excellence and Provincial Excellence, and the quality of tungstic acid has reached the international standard, and some commodities have entered the international market. In a word, although Ninghua has established some basic industries, they are still very weak, especially the energy industry. After the liberation, Ninghua's transportation, post and telecommunication also had great development. Before liberation, there was only one highway from Ninghua to Liancheng, and the mileage of Ninghua was only 37 kilometers, and in 1987, the mileage of Ninghua reached 774 kilometers, with an average of 32.7 kilometers of highway per 100 square kilometers, basically realizing that the townships and villages are connected to the highway. The total length of postal and delivery routes reached 2012 kilometers, each forming a network.
Before liberation, the enrollment rate of school-age children was very low, with only 17.7% of school-age children enrolled in school in 1949, and more than half of the young adults were illiterate. After the liberation, the rapid popularization of education, the 1987 school-age children enrollment rate of 98.85%, the basic realization of the illiteracy-free county. 1987, there are 455 elementary school, 11 middle schools, 50,891 students, per 1,000 people in the school students from the pre-liberation of the 2 people to 49.3 people. Culture and health undertakings have also seen great development, with recreational venues in both urban and rural areas able to accommodate more than 20,000 people at one time, 15,000 seats in theaters, and recording appliances coming into the home in droves. The county has 87 health care institutions, 842 beds, medical technology, equipment is constantly updated, malaria, smallpox, cholera and other infectious diseases have been eliminated, the new method of delivery rate remained at more than 95%, life expectancy by the Republic of China in 36 years of age 33 years to 66.11 years of age in 1984, the natural growth rate of the population in 1987 was controlled at 12.56 ‰.
Ninghua has a long history and splendid culture, especially after the end of the Tang Dynasty, a large number of Han Chinese in the Central Plains moved in, bringing advanced production technology and cultural knowledge, so that Ninghua flourished for a while. However, due to the long-term feudal economy and the environmental impact of being located in the mountainous area, Ninghua's development in culture and economy was slow, and until the liberation, it was still very backward and poor. After the liberation, the people of Ninghua, under the leadership of the Chinese ****productivity party, carried out democratic reforms and socialist construction, and the speed of development in just a few decades far exceeded that of thousands of years in history, and brought about drastic changes. However, in order to realize modernization, development and affluence, the task is still very arduous and burdensome, and requires unremitting efforts. Ninghua party, political leadership, Ninghua people have recognized their own historical mission, have full confidence and courage, is pragmatic and innovative, pioneering spirit, give full play to the advantages of arable land in Sanming City, the first, the effective use of "non-ferrous metal pot of gold" and the rich forest resources, and strive to overcome the disadvantages of transportation, make full use of the communication between the Fujian and Jiangxi provinces, the edge of the county. The edge of the county's favorable conditions, to take advantage of the strengths and weaknesses, to promote the benefits and eliminate the shortcomings, in the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics of the road to prosperity and modernization of tomorrow!