Tendering has been popularized. After practice, the bidding skills for bidding projects are summarized as follows:
1. Selection of bid sections
When owners invite bids, they often allow one contractor Businessmen submit multiple bids at the same time. Bidding units should consider how many bid sections to bid for and which bid sections to bid for. If they have the strength, contractors should bid for as many bid sections as possible. If the number of bidding sections is too small, the bidding coverage is small, which limits the flexibility of bidding operations and reduces the bid winning rate; if there are too many, the bidding document preparation task will be heavy within a limited time, and the bid preparation personnel will be distracted, affecting the quality of the bid document preparation and reducing the bid winning rate. , while also increasing the cost of purchasing and preparing tender documents. In terms of selecting the location of the project bid section, firstly, the construction content of the selected bid section must be consistent with the construction strengths of the unit; secondly, the size of the bid section and the construction must be taken into consideration. If conditions permit, you can go to the construction site to check before proceeding. Make decisions; third, be careful to avoid stronger competitors.
2 Preparation of bids
Preparation of bids is the main content of the bidding work. Generally, after the owner sells the bid document, he will quickly hold a pre-bid meeting attended by the bidders and organize an on-site inspection to answer the bidders' questions about the bid document and the construction site. Therefore, after purchasing the bid, the bidding unit should take the time to carefully read and study the bidding documents repeatedly, and list the questions that need to be answered by the owner and the list of items that need to be investigated and understood at the construction site. The main contents of the construction site investigation include: landforms and terrain conditions, local climate and hydrology conditions, road traffic conditions, distribution of local material sources, mining conditions and quality of natural materials, prices of purchased materials, transportation distances of various materials, power sources Water source conditions, communication conditions, price and consumption levels, social security conditions, comprehensive socio-economic conditions, etc.
After the on-site inspection, a labeling plan should be formulated immediately, and the division of labor should be clearly defined so that the entire labeling process can be carried out as planned to avoid loose work and shoddy work. The main content of the bid is the project budget and construction organization design. When preparing a budget, attention should be paid to the following issues: First, the quotas used must be correct. If the owner does not specify it, the latest national quotas in the same industry are generally used; second, the unit price of each budget must take into account price fluctuation factors during the construction period; third, the project The quantities shall be based on the project quantity list given by the owner. Even if there are obvious errors, no adjustments may be made without the owner's written approval. Fourth, other project expenses, such as reserve fees, supervision fees, and tentative deposits, must be listed in accordance with the requirements of the bidding documents. Fifth, after the budget preparation is completed, it must be reviewed and reviewed to make sure there are no mistakes. In addition, attention should be paid to the unity of project budget and construction organization design. The construction plan is the necessary basis for budget preparation, and the budget in turn guides the adjustment of the construction plan. The two are interconnected and cannot be prepared separately.
The engineering construction organization design is one of the basis for the planning and arrangement of the construction management and the supervision of the supervising engineer after winning the bid. It must be scientific, reasonable and practical. Construction organization design mainly includes: project management department personnel structure, project construction plan, construction site layout, construction schedule, labor and equipment allocation, quality assurance measures, safety production measures, logistics supply measures, etc. The project construction plan is the key, which directly affects the budget bid and the success or failure of the bidding. The bidding unit must initially determine several plans based on the on-site inspection situation for calculation and comparison. to determine a reasonable and economical solution. The construction schedule should be arranged at least earlier than the owner's time limit in order to obtain early construction period bonus points in the bid review.
3 Determine the final bid price
The final bid price is based on the budget price compiled by the bid document and the bid price is further revised after comprehensively considering various factors. It can be It is stated in the bid document, or it can be reported separately in the form of a reduction letter. The final bid price of the bidding unit generally accounts for 60%-70% of the entire bid score, which will have a direct impact on whether the bid is won. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully analyze and compare repeatedly based on the project budget, so that the determined final quotation can be as close as possible to the quotation and increase the bid winning rate. The following will discuss how to determine the final quotation based on the different types of bidding project quotations.
3.1 Reasonable bidding quotation
Reasonable bidding is the most basic form commonly used in project bidding. At present, most construction bidding for infrastructure projects in the lower reaches of the Yellow River adopts this form. The so-called reasonable bid means that the owner formulates a "base bid" for the project based on the project design budget. The final bid price of the bidding unit is compared with the owner's base bid. If the error is within the reasonable range defined by the owner, it is called "shortlisted."
After determining the qualifications of the candidate winning bidder, the owner will organize personnel to comprehensively review the bids of the shortlisted bidders and calculate the overall score of the bidder. On the contrary, if the final quotation of the bidding unit is not within the limited range, it is called a "flying bid", and such bidding unit has no winning bid. A reasonable bid is generally a bid that is slightly lower than the owner's bid base (-5%--8%). It may be a range or a definite number. Therefore, the bidding unit must carefully analyze and study the possible range of the owner's bid based on a correct budget, and calculate the best bid price as the final bid price. The simple calculation formula for the best reasonable bid is:
B=A×C×K
Where: B is the best bid; A is the engineering design budget; C is the lowest bid Coefficient, generally takes 0.90-0.95; K is the quotation coefficient, generally takes 0.92-0.95. The closer the final bid price of the bidding unit is to the B value, the higher the score.
3.2 Composite bid quotation
Compound bid is a special form of reasonable bid. The project's base bid is the weighted average of the owner's base bid and the final bid price of each bidder. It's called a "composite bid." The final quotation of each bidding unit is compared with the owner's base bid, and the error is within the range specified by the owner, which is called the "first shortlist". The average of the final bids of the first shortlisted bidders and the weighted average of the owner's base bid are used to arrive at a composite base bid. Then, if the final quotation of each bidder shortlisted for the first time is compared with the composite base bid, and the error is within the range specified by the owner, it is called the "second shortlisted". The bidding units shortlisted for the second time are qualified as candidates for winning bids. The owner will organize personnel to comprehensively review the bids of these units and calculate the overall bidding score of each unit. Regardless of whether they are shortlisted for the first time, any bidder who is not shortlisted for the second time is called a "flying bid", and such bidders are no longer qualified to win the bid. Therefore, when bidding for a composite bid project, in addition to analyzing the owner's bid, you must also consider the bidding quotations of competitors and calculate the approximate range of the composite bid. The best bid for a composite bid project is a bid that is slightly lower than or equal to the composite bid base. The calculation formula for the best bid is:
B={A×c×d1+[(R1+R2+…+Rn )/n×d2]}×k
Among them: B is the best bid price; A is the bid engineering design budget; c is the owner's minimum bid coefficient, generally 0.92-0.95; d1 and d2 are coefficients ,
d1+d2=1; R1, R2...Rn are the final quotations of each bidding unit; n is the number of bidding units; k is the quotation coefficient, generally 0.95-1.
3.3 Low-price bid quotation
Low-price bid is a unique form of project bidding, that is, the bidder with the lowest final quotation is preferred to win the bid. Projects constructed using loans from international financial institutions, such as the Xiaolangdi Project on the Yellow River, often adopt this form of bidding. Such projects are often subject to international public bidding. The units participating in the bidding have strong capabilities and the competition is fierce. Due to the participation and supervision of international financial institutions, the project construction management system is relatively strict. From bidding to contract implementation, all The construction process is managed according to internationally accepted FIDIC contract terms. When participating in bidding for such engineering projects, you should not blindly lower the bid price in order to win the bid, resulting in construction at a loss after winning the bid. Bidding units must carefully read and study the bidding documents repeatedly, fully understand the overall situation of the project, optimize the construction organization design, and calculate the cost price of the project construction based on the management level of the unit. The final quotation for low-priced bids shall be based on the principle of not being lower than the cost price.
In addition to analyzing and considering the different quotation types mentioned above, when determining the final bid price, you must also pay attention to the following issues: First, when there are multiple bid sections for the same project, the final price of each bid section The quotation should not be at a standard level, but should have a certain gradient. That is to say, the final quotation that increases or decreases based on the normal budget should have a certain step difference in the increase or decrease of each bid section. This can ensure that the quotation of one of the bid sections is close to the optimal quotation, and there will be no overall "flying bid" " phenomenon. This is the reason for having as many bidding segments as possible as mentioned earlier. The second is to analyze and study competitors' bidding quotations to know yourself and the enemy. This is a difficult but very practical task. If you can thoroughly analyze your opponent's quotation, you can not only make your own quotation better than that of your opponent, but also It can avoid lowering the quotation too much in order to win the bid, so as to obtain better economic benefits after winning the bid.
Third, in some cases where the quotation is not accurate, the final quotation should be on the low side and not on the high side. In short, calculating and determining the final bid price is a systematic and complex task. There are often many factors that cannot be determined, and it must rely on accumulated experience analysis and judgment. Therefore, as a contractor, you should pay attention to the accumulation of project bidding experience in order to achieve greater success in project bidding.