Information technology has brought great changes to people's production and lifestyle, such as: (1) the emergence of e-commerce, including online information services, e-shopping, e-banking and financial services, and online degree study; (2) changes in management; (3) Globalization of manufacturing and economic activities. With the Internet, a new device can be designed in the United States, printed in China and made in Russia.
As a place where people live and move, the emergence and development of intelligent buildings is an inevitable trend to adapt to the changes brought about by informatization. Intelligent building is to realize the comprehensive management of communication system and various equipment (air conditioning, heating, water supply and drainage, power distribution, lighting, elevator, fire control, public security, etc.) in the building. By configuring various subsystems in the building, based on integrated wiring and taking computer network as a bridge. All these, from a technical point of view, also played a technical support role for the intelligent building industry.
2. Social background of intelligent building
The rapid development of science and technology in the 20th century led to profound changes in the industrial structure. According to the occupational classification in Japan, the number of people employed in the tertiary industry is 1955, which is1000000, accounting for 26% of the total employment; 19,852,800,000, accounting for 47% of the total number of employed people. This marks the arrival of a new information age born out of industrial society. Information resources have become the main resources of social production and an important factor of human survival and social progress. The output value of information industry has become the main part of the gross national product, so it is a national industry, even a global industry, with obvious characteristics of independence and integration.
From 65438 to 0957, white-collar workers engaged in office work such as technology, management and staff in the United States surpassed blue-collar workers for the first time. From 1974 to 1984, the office efficiency in the United States increased by 4%, while the industry increased by 100% and the agriculture increased by 200%. At the same time, office expenses are increasing at a rate of 15%. On the other hand, with the increase of white-collar workers, people pay more and more attention to the quality of office environment. The economy that relies on a large number of well-paid office workers to provide services cannot afford the state of high office expenses and low motivation. This contradiction must be solved by means suitable for the information society. The emergence of intelligent building has opened up a broad prospect for solving this problem, especially its communication and office automation system, which greatly improves office efficiency.
After the 1980s, due to the impact of high technology, some developing countries have brought vitality to their economies, but at the same time, they are also facing problems such as backward infrastructure and lack of dividends. As a result, some transportation and communication projects originally invested by the government were opened to the people and abroad, and the so-called BOT model appeared. From 65438 to 0984, the United States and Japan began to reform, fully open and liberalize. Especially after the end of the Cold War in 1990s, a large number of high-tech military enterprises realized "military to civilian", which made the information technology market in full swing. All these have created social conditions for the perfection of the information society and the emergence of intelligent buildings.
3. The concept and development of intelligent building
In the information society, people's concept of modern architecture is also changing, and the services provided by traditional architecture are far from meeting the requirements of modern society and working environment. The emergence of IntelligentBuilding (IB) has turned every building into a small society, in which there are many small companies, and all kinds of business activities need trillions of information and control instructions to enter and leave the whole building. IB optimizes the structure, system, service, management and other basic elements of the building and their internal relations, thus providing a reasonable, efficient, comfortable and convenient environment for investment. Due to the economic development and social informatization, the word "intelligent building" has gradually become popular in the construction industry, and there has been an "intelligent" upsurge in building construction in China. Many real estate developers will label their names as "intelligent" or "5A-level intelligent buildings" when advertising. But the "intelligence" of architecture is not only to build a simple integrated wiring system, but also to add fashionable titles to itself at will. We must have a comprehensive, comprehensive and in-depth understanding of intelligent buildings, which is very important for designers, users and even developers.
3. 1 the evolution of intelligent buildings. The development history of IB is a development process from monitoring to management, and it is also the evolutionary history of building equipment monitoring. Early super-high-rise buildings generally have a lot of equipment, such as air conditioning system, water supply and drainage system, power distribution system, security system, fire protection system, parking lot system and other professional systems. It is difficult to operate and control these systems only through the central adjacent room. In the 1980s, with the rise of microcomputer technology and the progress of traditional signal technology, basically all equipment can be displayed in the central monitoring room of the building, which is easier to operate and manage and improves efficiency. 1984, in Hartford, Connecticut, USA, an old financial building was rebuilt and a building named (CityPlace) was built (as shown in figure 1), and it was born. It is the product of the development of the times and international competition; In order to meet the requirements of the information age, high-tech companies have established or rebuilt high technology. Built with high-tech equipment, such as the National Security Agency and the Pentagon. At the same time, high-tech companies have also innovated and improved their office or research environment to enhance their nine kinds of resilience. The concept of intelligent building was first introduced to Japan in the summer of 1984. In recent ten years, Nomura Securities Building, An Tian Building, KDD Communication Building, NEC Company Building, adkerson Building and Honda Castle Peak Building have been built one after another. Japan is one of the most representative countries that comprehensively study industrial clusters and put forward relevant theories and practices. At the end of 1995, Japan also established the National Intelligent Building Professional Committee. According to some estimates, the number of intelligent buildings in the United States will exceed 1 10,000, and 60% of new buildings in Japan and Thailand are intelligent buildings. The United States also claims that the proportion of intelligent buildings will be greatly increased after 1995. The first intelligent building in China is considered as a developing building in Beijing. Since then, a number of intelligent buildings, such as Shenzhen Wang Di Building and Beijing West Railway Station, have been built one after another, and the weak current project of the intelligent building of Shanghai Stock Exchange Building was all contracted by an American engineering company.
In short, after entering the 1990s, intelligent buildings have flourished, following the footsteps of the United States and Japan, and intelligent buildings have mushroomed in France, Sweden, Britain and other European countries, as well as Hong Kong and Singapore.
3.2 The connotation and architecture of intelligent building. (1) The Intelligent Building Research Institute in Washington, D.C. defines IB as: "Intelligent buildings provide a comfortable, warm and convenient environment with reasonable investment and high efficiency by optimizing the four basic elements of buildings-structure, system, service and management and their internal relations." (2) American Intelligent Building Association (AIBI) defines "intelligent building" as a building with high efficiency, high function and high comfort, which integrates the structure, system, service, operation and their interrelationships in an all-round way and achieves the best combination. (3) Japanese architectural circles emphasize that IB is a high-functional building, which has a high comprehensive management function through the convenient and effective use of modern information and communication equipment and building automation technology. (4) Singapore stipulates that IB must meet three conditions: first, it must have advanced automatic control systems such as security, fire protection and environmental control, as well as various facilities for automatically adjusting building parameters such as temperature, humidity and lighting, so as to create a comfortable and safe environment; Second, there are good communication network facilities to make data circulate in the building; The third is to provide adequate external communication facilities and capabilities. (5) Our understanding: IB is a safe, efficient, comfortable, convenient, flexible building with reasonable investment, which meets the needs of the information society. By adopting the method of system integration, intelligent computers, communication and information technology are organically combined with architectural art, and through automatic monitoring of equipment, management of information resources, information service for users and optimized combination with buildings.
3.3 The comprehensive intelligence of building operation usually includes five aspects:
First, the automation of building functions. The operation of large buildings includes many functional systems, such as water, electricity, heat, air conditioning, communication and so on. They also have their own characteristics. For example, the moisture is domestic water, domestic sewage, domestic hot water, production sewage, fire water, treatment and reuse of domestic and production wastewater, and treatment of production and domestic sewage. And it is very complicated for a building to realize automatic control. So the concept of intelligence is to make the best plan for others and complete its operation. Energy-saving operation of buildings. Another mission of intelligent building is to reduce the energy consumption of all kinds of equipment in the building, prolong its service life, improve efficiency, reduce management personnel and achieve higher economic benefits. C. communication automation. Using telecommunication network, satellite TV and computer internet to provide modern information transmission means for buildings. Office automation. Security automation. Signals are collected, analyzed and processed by various cameras and touch detectors, and controlled and protected by electromechanical integration equipment.
Generally speaking, IB consists of four systems: architecture, CA, OA and BA. After integrating them organically, IB can provide various advanced functions for office business processing, thus achieving the goal of economy, function, reliability and safety. CA, OA and BA systems * * * together constitute the mind and nervous system of the building. The building system is the main body of the three systems and the activity space of the building residents. Intelligent building is an intelligent combination of people, information and working environment, and it is an interdisciplinary application based on architectural design, behavioral science, information science, environmental science, social engineering, systems engineering, ergonomics and other theoretical disciplines. Intelligent building will become the symbol of future buildings.