? Titanic (RMS ? Titanic) was an Olympic-class liner that sank in April 1912 after hitting an iceberg on its maiden voyage. Built by the Harland & Wolff shipyard in Belfast on the island of Ireland, Titanic was the largest passenger liner of her time. On her maiden voyage, Titanic sailed from Southampton, England, via Cherbourg-Octeville, France, and Queenstown, Ireland, with a planned destination of New York, U.S.A. On April 14, 1912, at 11:40 p.m. ship time, Titanic struck an iceberg; and at 2:20 a.m. on April 15, the ship cracked in half and sank in the Atlantic. The Titanic disaster was one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters. More than 1,500 people lost their lives on board.
? In 1901, the White Star Company (WHITE?STAR?LINE) was acquired by American plutocrat Julius Pierpont Morgan's IMM International Marine, who was targeting the Carnard Company (Carned?Line). The financially distressed Carnard was forced to seek help from the British government, and in 1907 two fast ships of unprecedented size, the Lusitania and the Mauritania, which used large steam turbines for the first time, joined Carnard's vast fleet of mail ships. White Star was left behind in the race. With the IMM behind them, White Star decided to catch up.
? One evening in 1908, Lord Peary, owner of the Harland & Wolff shipyard, and Bruce Ismay, chairman of White Star, were ****ing dinner at Lord Peary's mansion in the Belgravia district of London. Belfast's Harland Wolff shipyard (Harland?&?Wolff, HW) had been a loyal partner of White Star since 1871. They talked about two new ships for Canard. Ismay offered to build two huge ships of unprecedented size at the HW yard, each with three smokestacks and a tonnage that would exceed Canard's two new ships by about 15,000 tons. With the two men in Pirrie's study, two ships became three, three smokestacks became four, and these three unprecedented giants would become the undisputed dominant ships of the Atlantic route, not only in tonnage, but in speed and luxury. The new ships were to have first-class dining rooms that spanned three decks in height, and even the third-class cabins were to be furnished in a far more comfortable and superior manner than on any other mail ship. In order to test the reliability of this new configuration, White Star purchased two 15,000-ton passenger ships, the twin-propeller Meganek and the three-propeller Laurentiank, from the "Autonomous Territorial Seamen's Company" in 1909, for comparative testing. The three propellers proved to give the mail ship a speed advantage in comparative tests.
Three propellers for speed
? The first of the Olympic class of mail ships was laid down on December 16, 1908, at the Harlan Wolff shipyard. Unlike other companies whose names were kept secret until the launching of a new ship, White Star quickly announced the names of the three ships - RMS?Olympic, RMS?Titanic, and RMS?Gigantic, which was renamed Britannia after the shipwreck of Titanic Nick, RMS?Britannic). Due to the sheer size of the hulls - up to 880 feet long - it was clear that the shipbuilding bays at the Harlan Wolfe shipyard could not start all three ships at the same time. They decided to build #1 (Titanic) and #2 (Olympic) first waiting for #1 to be launched before starting work on #3 (Colossus).
Titanic under construction at the shipyard
? Construction of Titanic began on March 31, 1909, at the Hanand-Wolfe shipyard in Belfast, Northern Ireland's largest city. The hull of the ship was launched on May 31, 1911 . All construction was completed on March 31 of the following year. Titanic was designed by William?Pirrie, Director of the Harland & Wolff Shipyard, Thomas?Andrews, Chief Designer (some called him Thomas Andrews), and Alexander?Carlisle, Managing Director. Bruce?Ismay, managing director of the White Star Line, provided much input into the design process. However, he cut the number of lifeboats on Titanic from the original 48 to 20 in order to make Titanic's top deck more spacious, and he reduced the height of the bulkheads in the middle section of the ship in order to make Titanic's first-class cabins more luxurious after learning that the giant ship could withstand four seawater-filled bilges without sinking. The construction of the Titanic was financed by J. P. Morgan and his International Mercantile Marine Company (International?Mercantile?Marine?Co.). At the time it was the largest and most prestigious manned mail ship. Titanic was approximately 269.06 meters (882.75 ft) in length, 28.19 meters (92.5 ft) in breadth, 18.4 meters (60 ft) in height from draft line to deck, and had a registered tonnage of 46,328 tons (21,831 net). Although she contained more space resulting in a larger gross tonnage (1,600 tons more than her sister ship Olympic), only three of the four massive smokestacks were actually used to vent soot. The remaining one was a companion whose actual use was as a chimney and ventilation for the main galley. The ship had a crew of 891 and could carry over 2200 passengers.
? But White Star's interest was not in this aspect of the quest for speed. At the time, Titanic was unprecedented in terms of luxury and sophistication. The ship was equipped with an indoor swimming pool, a gymnasium, a Turkish bath, a library, an elevator and a squash court. The first-class public **** lounge was decorated with fine wood paneling, furnished with high quality furniture and a variety of other fine touches, and every effort was made to provide a level of service that had never been seen before. The sunny Café de Paris served a variety of fine refreshments to first class passengers. Titanic's second and even third class cabins had equally upscale accommodations and lounges that could even be compared to the first class cabins of many passenger ships of the time. Three elevators were dedicated to first class passengers; as an innovation, second class passengers also had an elevator to use, however, third class passengers still had to climb stairs. Titanic's baker Biggs recalled, "...... There will never be another ship like her. I have worked on the Olympic, the Solemnity, and the Queen Elizabeth ....... None of them compare to the Titanic. The ...... is nice, like the Olympic, but much more luxurious. Let's say the large dining room, whereas the Titanic's carpeting was so thick you could barely get past your knees, and then there was the furniture, which was so heavy you couldn't lift it. And the siding ...... They could have built a bigger, faster ship, but Titanic put all her strength into camping a space of luxury and comfort. She was indeed a remarkable ship! Biggs speaks out as a general observation. Titanic was a temptation to all who built and designed her. The magnitude of that temptation has made her increasingly popular over the years. In the words of Shipbuilder magazine, Titanic "imitated Versailles in many details. ...... The lounge, furnished in the Louis XV style, resembled the salon of the Petit Trianon in France, and the mantelpiece featured a carving of the "Lady of the Hunt of Versailles". There were other fine bas-reliefs and works of art ...... fine teak and brass decorations, chandeliers and frescoes, Indian and Persian carpets". Even third-class cabins had marble sinks and bedside heating. Titanic was unrivaled luxury for her time. Although she was not the first ship to offer a deck pool, gymnasium, bathrooms and elevators now known as elevators, she did everything in her power to provide a level of service never seen before.
? The most luxurious feature of the ship is the grand staircase in the first class cabin, located between the first and second chimneys. Fitted with oak paneling and a gilded balustrade, the grand staircase extends all the way to the E deck and is topped by a glass dome supported by cooked iron brackets that flood the grand staircase with natural light. On the wall at the top of the staircase is a clock flanked by allegorical figures symbolizing nobility and honor. There is a similar staircase of relative simplicity between the third and fourth chimneys. James Cameron faithfully recreated this staircase in his movie Titanic.
? The Olympic and Titanic, despite being sister ships, do not share some detailed parts. Observations made after Olympic's maiden voyage revealed that passengers on A deck were subject to water spray and that the walkway through B deck was underutilized. Both of those flaws were improved on Titanic, where a portion of B deck was converted into a private, dedicated balcony for first-class luxury suites.
Titanic is considered a definitive piece of technical achievement. What Titanic was more fondly remembered for was safety. The two-story bottom, divided into 16 watertight compartments by 15 watertight bulkheads with automatic watertight doors, spanned the entire ship. 16 watertight (watertight) compartments prevented her from sinking. Curiously, these watertight compartments did not extend very high. The first two watertight bulkheads, along with the last five, were built only as far as D deck. The middle eight walls, on the other hand, were only set up as far as E deck, which was one deck lower. Nevertheless, with any two of the compartments filled with water, she could still be driven, and even with four of them filled with water, she could be kept afloat. No worse scenario could be envisioned at the time, so The Shipbuilder magazine deemed it "impossible to sink". One crew member told a 2nd class female passenger, Sylvia Caldwell, during the voyage, "God himself couldn't sink this ship."
? Titanic to coal as a fuel to produce steam to drive the steam engine work, the ship has 25 double-ended boilers 9 meters high and 4 single-ended boilers, their power from 159 coal furnaces, they are 24 hours a day a constant flow of steam for the Titanic to provide to maintain a strong power, the power system consists of 3 sets of main engines, including 2 sets of 4-cylinder reciprocating steam engines, and the other 1 set of steam turbines. The power of the main engine was more than 51,000 horsepower, so Titanic's maximum speed could reach 24 knots.
The crankshaft of Titanic's engine? And at this time, Ireland was at the heart of the Second Industrial Revolution.
? When: 1870s-early 1900s
? Location: Midlands, England
? The Second Industrial Revolution (Second?Industrial?Revolution) began in the 1870s, the main symbol: the widespread use of electricity (i.e., the electrical age)?After 1870, the development of science and technology soared, and a variety of new technologies and inventions emerged, and were rapidly applied to industrial production, which greatly contributed to the development of the economy. This is the second industrial revolution. At that time, the outstanding development of science and technology was mainly manifested in four aspects, namely, the wide application of electric power, the creation of internal combustion engines and new means of transportation, the invention of new means of communication and the establishment of the chemical industry. Wiener, the founder of cybernetics, put forward the concept that the second industrial revolution was typically characterized by automation.
? The second industrial revolution was notably characterized by the widespread use of electricity. From the 1860s and 1870s, a series of electrical inventions appeared. 1866 German Siemens (Siemens) made generators, 1870 Belgian Gelam (Gelam) invented electric motors, electric power began to be used to drive the machine, becoming a new energy to supplement and replace steam power. The electric power industry and electrical manufacturing industry developed rapidly. Humanity has entered the "electrical era".
? In 1831, the British scientist Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, according to this phenomenon, the electricity made in-depth research. In further improving the theory of electricity at the same time, scientists began to develop generators. 1866, the German scientist Siemens made a generator, and then several improvements, gradually improved, to the 1870s, the actual available generator came out. The invention of the electric motor realized the interchangeability of electrical and mechanical energy. Subsequently, electric lamps, trolleys, electric drills, welding machines and other electrical products sprang up.
? As a result, Ireland is well placed to build such a luxury cruise ship.