Final review for 8th grade biology?
1.? There are about 1.5 million known species of animals, which can be divided into two main groups: vertebrates, which have a spine in their bodies, and invertebrates, which do not have a spine in their bodies.?
2.? Diversity of organisms: 1. Diversity of species; 2. Diversity of living environments; 3. Diversity of 00 ways of movement.?
3.? Fish can live in the water, two characteristics are crucial: (1) can rely on swimming old to get food and defense against enemies; (2) can breathe in the water.?
4, ? Fish can in overcoming resistance in the water structure: streamlined (pike-shaped) body; body surface secretion of mucus.?
5.? When swimming, the fish relies on the trunk to have the tail swinging from side to side to generate forward momentum, rely on the dorsal fins, pectoral fins, ventral fins, anal fins to maintain balance, and rely on the caudal fin to maintain the direction of advance.?
6.? When it is difficult to take the research object directly to do the experiment, sometimes use the model to do the experiment, that is, imitating the experimental object to make a model, or imitating certain conditions of the experiment to carry out the experiment, such experiments are called simulation experiments.?
7,? Various fins play the role of auxiliary coordination in movement.?
8.? Gills are the respiratory organs of the fish.?
9.? The gills are rich in capillaries, so they are bright red.?
10, ? The gill filaments are numerous and thin in order to enlarge the area in contact with water, which is conducive to adequate gas exchange. The gills do not easily absorb oxygen from the air, and when the fish leaves the water, the gill filaments cover each other, reducing the area of contact with the air, and they cannot get enough oxygen from the air, so they die of oxygen deprivation.?
11.? Fish gills are vital to respiration in water features: gill filaments bright red, containing rich capillaries; gill filaments and many and thin.?
12.? Water flows in through the mouth of the fish and out through the back edge of the gill cover.?
13.? The water flowing out of the fish's gills has less oxygen and more carbon dioxide.?
14, ? Gas exchange? O2 in the water - in the capillaries of the gill filaments?
Co2 - in water in gill filaments?
15.? Main features of fish: often scaly body, breathe through gills, swim by tail wagging and coordinated action of fins.?
16, ? Have a mouth without an anus, food from the mouth into the digestive cavity, digested food residue is still by the mouth out of the body, these animals are called coelenterates.?
17.? Animals that rely on shells to protect their soft bodies are called mollusks.?
18.? Animals having hard textured armor on their body surface are called crustaceans. Crustaceans breathe through gills.?
19.? Coelenterates, mollusks, and crustaceans are all invertebrates.?
20.? A variety of organisms in the water are all important parts of the waterside ecosystem, through the food chain and food web, they form a close and complex connection between them, and at the same time are all affected by the waterside environment, the changes in their species and the number of the growth and decline of the human life.?
21.? Compared with the watershed environment, the terrestrial environment is much more complex. (1) it is drier; (2) there is a big temperature difference between day and night; (3) it lacks buoyancy in water; (4) it has gaseous oxygen; (5) the land environment is complex and variable.?
22.? Adaptation of land-living animals to their environment: 1. generally have structures that prevent water from dissipating; 2. are not subject to the buoyancy of water, and generally have organs that support the body and locomotion for a variety of locomotor methods such as crawling, walking, jumping, running, climbing, etc. in order to forage for food and to avoid enemies; 2. generally have a variety of respiratory organs that can breathe in the air and are located inside the body such as the trachea and the lungs; 4. generally have well-developed sensory organs and nervous system, able to respond to the changing environment in a timely manner.?
23.? Annelids are not mollusks; annelids are invertebrates.?
24.? Animals whose bodies consist of many ring-like body segments that resemble each other are called annelids.?
25.? Earthworms live in humus-rich, moist soil because they are cold-blooded and there is little change in temperature for earthworms.?
26, ? Body segmentation allows the earthworm's carapace to move flexibly.?
27.? Earthworms rely on the contraction and diastole of muscles, the support and fixed movement of bristles.?
28.? Earthworms do not have a specialized respiratory system, earthworms rely on respiration can secrete mucus, always keep wet body wall to complete. Earthworm body wall is densely covered with capillaries, the oxygen in the air is first dissolved in the mucus on the surface of the body, and then seeped into the body wall, and then into the capillaries of the body wall. Carbon dioxide from the body is also expelled from the body surface through the capillaries in the body wall.?
29.? Earthworms cannot maintain a constant body temperature and can only live in deeper layers of soil where the temperature does not vary too much.?
30.? Thermostats are taller and better adapted to their environment than non-thermostats, which facilitates normal metabolism.?
31.? The constant body temperature of the rabbit, not only by the body surface of the hair, but also need to developed nervous system, circulatory system, respiratory system *** with the coordination.?
32.? Rabbits have longer hind limbs and shorter forelimbs, and the hind limbs are muscular and suitable for jumping.?
33,? Incisors - cut off food? Canines - tearing food? Molar teeth - grind food?
34.? The structure and location of the heart and lungs of the rabbit are similar to those of the human body, which explains the close classification of humans and rabbits as the same mammal.?
35.? Foodiness? Phytophagous (e.g., rabbits)?
Carnivorous (e.g. wolves)?
Omnivorous (e.g., human)?
36.? The cecum is mainly used for digesting fiber and is well developed in herbivores.?
37.? The teeth of the rabbit are differentiated into incisors and molars, which are suitable for cutting off plant fibers and molars for grinding food. Rabbits have a well-developed cecum on their digestive tract, all of which are compatible with their plant-eating habits.?
38.? Rabbits have well-developed brains and nerves all over the body, and well-developed limbs, which enable them to sensitively perceive changes in the external environment and respond quickly accordingly.?
39.? Mammals are the highest animals, vertebrates, there are many species, there are about 4,000 kinds on the earth, in addition to very few species, have the body surface hairy, viviparous, breastfeeding and other characteristics (other characteristics: four chambers of the heart, respiration with the lungs, constant body temperature, is a thermostat, teeth have incisors, canines, molars, the differentiation of teeth)?
40,? There are more than 9,000 species of birds in the world.?
41.? Birds have a streamlined shape to reduce the resistance of the air during flight.?
42.? The feathers of birds are divided into positive and down feathers (with warmth), positive feathers have feather shafts, wings are fan-shaped, which can increase the area of contact with the air, making it easy to fan the air and fly.?
43,? The bird's pectoral muscles are well-developed and attached to the keel protrusion, which facilitates the fanning of air and flight.?
44.? The bird's skeleton is hollow, light and strong, and the sternum protrudes with the structure of keel protrusion, which facilitates the attachment of well-developed pectoral muscles to the sternum (keel protrusion), reduces the weight and facilitates flight.?
45,? Birds digestive characteristics: 1, large amount of food, digestive capacity, to meet the digestion of energy during flight; 2, feces are not stored, reducing weight, facilitating flight; 3, short rectum, frequent defecation.?
46, ? The bird's heart is well developed and works well, and the blood's ability to transport oxygen is strong, which is good for flight.?
47.? Birds have well-developed air sacs (not respiratory organs) in their bodies, which assist the lungs to breathe and fulfill the need for oxygen during flight.?
48.? The bird's whole body is designed for flight.?
49.? Thermostatic animals? Mammals?
Birds?
50.? Birds have feather-covered bodies, forelimbs that turn into wings, the ability to fly quickly, air sacs in their bodies to aid lung respiration, and a high, constant body temperature.?
51.? Insects are the most diverse class of animals, known species more than 1 million species (accounting for 4/5 of animal species), insects have three pairs of feet, can crawl; some insects foot specialization into jumping feet, can jump; most insects have wings, can fly. Insects are the only invertebrates that can fly.?
52.? Insect wings and bird wings are different in structure, but in terms of suitability for flight have these **** the same points: all favorable to flight fan-shaped structure, the operation of these structures are caused by the contraction and diastole of the muscles, can be in the air to produce upward lift and forward momentum, relative to the body, are light, large area of the characteristics of, and conducive to the fanning of the air and flight.?
53.? Wings are important to the life and distribution of insects: they are conducive to feeding, escaping from enemies, expanding the range of activities and distribution, facilitating the search for mates and finding suitable places for laying eggs.?
54.? The external characteristics of insects: the body of insects is divided into three parts: head, thorax and abdomen, and the locomotor organs - wings and feet are born in the thorax. The thorax has well-developed muscles attached to an exoskeleton, which is a tough outer shell covering the surface of the insect's body (which undergoes molting), and serves to protect and support the soft internal organs and to prevent the evaporation of water from the body.?
55.? Insects are classified as arthropods, arthropods, in addition to insects, spiders, centipedes, shrimps, crabs, etc., and their **** the same characteristics are: the body consists of many body segments; the body surface has an exoskeleton; the feet and antennae are divided into segments.?
56, ? Juveniles live in the water, breathing with gills, after metamorphosis, and thereafter amphibious life, breathing with lungs, while using the skin to assist respiration, such animals are called amphibians.?
57,? The behavior of animals depends on certain body structures.?
58.? The locomotor system of mammals is made up of bones and muscles (bones, skeletal muscles (motor muscles), and connections between bones (such as joints)).?
59, ? The locomotor system is made up of bones, skeletal muscles, and bone connections (such as joints).?
60, ? People have 206 bones? Cranium, sternum, ribs (not movable)?
Torso bones (semi-mobile)?
Limb bones (movable)? Bone connections (joints) that can move?
61.? There are 26 vertebrae (semi-mobile connections) in the human body?
62.? Joint structure: joint head, joint capsule, joint cavity (with synovial fluid to make the joint flexible), joint socket, articular cartilage (cushioning effect).
Joint capsule?
Joint head?
Joint cavity?
Articular cartilage?
Joint fossa?
63.? Joints act as fulcrums in movement and are points around which bone rotates.?
64.? The major joints of the body: the upper limb? shoulder joints? Lower limb? Hip joints?
Elbow joint? Knee?
Wrist? Ankle?
Finger joints? Toe joints?
65.? All vertebrates have joints.?
66.? Elbow, hip, knee, and ankle joints are prone to injury when exercising.?
67, ? How to protect the joints in sports: First, do a good job of adequate preparatory exercise before exercise; second, the intensity of exercise should be appropriate; third, wear wrist and knee pads.?
68,? Skeletal muscle (is the organ) the middle thicker part is called the muscle belly, the two ends of the thinner cream-colored part is called the tendon.?
69.? Skeletal muscle has the property of contracting when stimulated.?
70.? Why does skeletal muscle move bone: when skeletal muscle contracts in response to stimulation from the nerves, it moves the bone around the joints, and so the body moves.?
71.? The muscles attached to the bone are always moved by two sets of muscles working in conjunction with each other.?
72.? There are more than six hundred skeletal muscles in a person's body, and when the arms are naturally lowered, the biceps and triceps are stretched.?
73.? When the elbow is flexed, the biceps contracts and the triceps diastasizes; when the elbow is extended, the triceps contracts and the biceps diastasizes.?
74.? Of course, movement is not accomplished by the motor system alone; it requires the control and regulation of the nervous system; it requires the supply of energy, and therefore the cooperation of the digestive system, the respiratory system, the circulatory system and other systems.?
75.? One sentence summarizes the role of bones, joints, and muscles in movement: skeletal muscles contract, pulling the bones around the joints, so the body produces movement.?
76.? Animals have a variety of behaviors, from the way of behavior acquisition, animal behavior can be roughly divided into two categories, one is an animal born, by the genetic material in the animal's body determined by the behavior, known as congenital behavior; the other is on the basis of genetic factors, through the role of environmental factors, by life experience and learning and acquisition of behavior, known as learning behavior.?
77.? There are many behaviors that are the result of a combination of both innate and learned behaviors, such as the migration of birds.?
78.? Innate behavior is the most basic condition for the survival of animals, and learned behavior makes animals more adaptable to the changing environment and better survive.?
79.? The higher the animal is, the better it learns and the better it adapts to complex environments. Similarly, the more complex the environment, the more behaviors to learn.?
80.? Innate behavior has great limitations; if an organism has only innate behavior but no learning behavior, it will be eliminated by nature.?
81.? For a person, the training of skills and the learning of knowledge are compatible with the developmental stage of the brain, and it is difficult to make up for a missed critical period of learning.?
82.? Characteristics of social behavior: 1. Certain organizations are often formed within groups; 2. There is a clear division of labor among members; 3. Hierarchies are also formed in some groups.?
83, ? Hierarchies are arranged in groups according to individual size, strength, health and ferocity.?
84.? The "alpha" has priority for food and mates, and for nesting sites, and the other members of the group make submissive gestures to it, not daring to return its attacks, and directing the actions of the whole community.
85.? An animal's movements, sounds and smells can all play a role in transmitting information.?
86.? The significance of social behavior to the survival of animals: by the strength of the group is often easier to obtain food and overcome the attacks of natural enemies, can effectively ensure the reproduction of the species, so that the group is better adapted to the environment, to maintain the life of the individual and the race.?
87.? In nature, the exchange of information among living things is universal (man has a human language, and beasts have an animal language). It is because of the existence of material flow, energy flow and information flow, so that the connection between organisms is intricate and complex, "pulling one hair and affecting the whole body", organisms and the environment to become a unified whole.?
88.? There is an interdependence and mutual constraint between various organisms in the food chain and food web. In the ecosystem, the number and proportion of various organisms are always maintained in a relatively stable state, this phenomenon is called ecological balance.
89,? The role of animals in nature: 1, animals play an important role in maintaining ecological balance; 2, animals can promote the material cycle of the ecosystem; 3, help plants pollinate, spread seeds; 4, biological control.?
90,? Biological control is the use of organisms to control pests and diseases. In addition to insect control, there are also bird control, fungus control, etc.?
91,? The role of animals in people's lives: rich in nutrients for people to eat; play a role in medicine and health care; in the ornamental, entertainment, literature and art have a certain image; people use in life to compare some images or some features; animals spread to humans some diseases (harm).?
92.? In an ecosystem, the number and proportion of various organisms are always maintained in a relatively stable state.?
93.? Scientists are now studying the use of organisms (such as animals) as "production plants" to produce some of the substances needed by human beings.
94.? Benefits of bioreactors: they can save the cost of building plants and purchasing instruments and equipment, and they can reduce complex production procedures and environmental pollution.?
95.? Scientists, through careful observation and study of living things, imitate certain structures and functions of living things to invent and create all kinds of instruments and equipment, which is bionics.?
96.A bacterium or fungus that multiplies and forms an aggregate visible to the naked eye is called a colony.?
97. Bacterial colonies are relatively small, the surface or smooth and slimy, or rough and dry fungal colonies are generally several to dozens of times larger than bacterial colonies. Molds form colonies that are often fluffy, flocculent or cobwebby, and can sometimes take on different colors such as red, brown, green and black.?
98.Bacteria and fungi, and their different species, can be broadly distinguished from each other by the form, size and color of the colonies.?
99. Colonies are often used as an important basis for strain identification.?
100. culture of bacteria or fungi in general: ① preparation of nutrient-containing nutrient base. ② medium for autoclaving cooling. ③ Put a small amount of bacteria or fungi on the medium (this process is called inoculation). ④The petri dish is placed in an incubator that maintains a constant temperature (it can also be placed in a warm place indoors) for cultivation.
101.Bacteria and fungi are widely distributed organisms in the biosphere.?
102.Bacteria and fungi also need certain conditions to survive. For example, they need moisture, suitable temperature, a certain space to live, and organic matter.?
103. bacteria and fungi cannot be found in an environment that has been subjected to rigorous high temperature mold.?
104.Lactobacilli can break down organic matter into lactic acid only under anaerobic conditions.?
105.All bacteria are unicellular organisms.?
106.Some bacteria are connected to each other in clusters or long chains, but each also lives independently.?
107.Schematic diagram of cell structure:?
108.Nutrition is divided into autotrophic and heterotrophic, both bacteria and fungi are heterotrophic, and heterotrophic is further divided into saprophytic and parasitic.?
109.Some bacteria grow and develop later, the individual shrinks, cell wall thickening, forming spores. Spores are the dormant body of bacteria, have a strong resistance to adverse environments. Small and light can also be scattered everywhere with the wind, falling in the appropriate environment, and can sprout into bacteria. The rapid reproduction of bacteria and the formation of spores make them ubiquitous. (Bacteria divide very quickly.)?
110.Yeasts are unicellular fungi. Molds, edible mushrooms, and macrofungi are multicellular fungi.?
111.?
112.Fungi have no chloroplasts in any of their cells and undergo sporulation.?
113.Yeasts are germinating.?
114.Penicillium: spores are greenish and arranged in a broom-like pattern. The mode of nutrition is heterotrophic.?
115. Aspergillus: spores are multi-colored and arranged in a radial pattern. The mode of nutrition is heterotrophic.
116.The fungi that cause moldy food are molds.?
Bacteria? Fungus?
Phase?
Same as?
Point? Cells have no chloroplasts and utilize readily available organic matter (heterotrophic)?
No?
Same as?
Point? Unicellular, no organized nucleus, divides to reproduce.? Both unicellular and multicellular species, cells with a true nucleus, mostly sporulating reproduction.?
117.Compare fungi and bacteria:?
118. the role of bacteria and fungi in nature: (1) participate in the cycle of matter; (2) cause disease in animals and plants (3) live with animals ****.?
119.Most bacteria and fungi are decomposers in ecosystems.?
120.In the natural cycle of matter, bacteria and fungi break down the remains of plants and animals into carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic salts, which have the ability to be absorbed and utilized by plants, which in turn make organic matter. Visible? Bacteria and fungi play an important role in the cycling of substances such as carbon dioxide in nature.?
121.Some species of bacteria and fungi live as parasites, absorbing nutrients from living plants and animals and from the human body, causing different diseases in plants, animals and people.?
122.*** living together, interdependent, mutually beneficial, once separated, neither can live independently, a phenomenon called *** life. (Once separated, they can live independently, called *** habitat)?
123.Parasitism (often harmful); ****situation (mutually beneficial).?
124. yeast fermentation state: ?
Organic matter? Yeast? Carbon dioxide + water + energy (more)? [mostly used to make bread]?
Organic matter? Yeast? Carbon dioxide + alcohol + water + energy (less)? [used to make wine]?
125. fermentation: anaerobic respiration (also called respiration) by microorganisms?
126.Spoilage of food is mainly caused by bacteria and fungi which can obtain organic matter from the food and grow and multiply in the food, leading to spoilage, so an important problem in food preservation is preservation. The main principle on which the prevention of food spoilage is based is to kill or inhibit the growth and reproduction of the neos and fungi within the food.?
127.Some fungi can produce substances that kill certain disease-causing bacteria, and these substances are called antibiotics (antimicrobials).?
128.Scientists can also use modern technology to transfer certain genes from other organisms into some bacteria, so that only these bacteria can produce medicines (use bacteria as bioreactors).?
129.In 1928, British bacteriologist Fleming invented antibiotics.?
130.The significance of classification of organisms: to understand the diversity of organisms, to conserve the diversity of organisms, to make the position of each species on the classification of organisms clear at a glance, and also to further clarify the affinities between organisms.?
131.Biological classification is mainly based on the degree of similarity of organisms (morphological structure, internal structure, physiological function) to divide organisms into different classes such as species and genera. The basic unit of classification is the species.?
132.In angiosperms, flowers, fruits and seeds are often used as an important basis for classification.?
133.Each kingdom is divided into six smaller classes, which are, from largest to smallest: kingdom, phylum, order, order, family, genus, and species.?
134.The more taxonomic units **** there are between two organisms, the closer they are related.?
135.The order ? <? Subphylum ? <? phylum?
136.The higher the taxonomic registration, the greater the variation among the ejecta, the fewer the ****similar features, and the greater the number of organisms contained.?
137.The intrinsic form of biodiversity is the diversity of genes, and the extrinsic form is the diversity of species.?
138.China is the richest country in gymnosperms and is known as the "home of gymnosperms".?
139.Various characteristics of organisms are controlled by genes?
140.Disruption of the polyandry of an ecosystem leads to loss of diversity of species and genetic diversity.?
141.Under natural conditions, on average, a bird goes extinct in 2000 years. On average, a mammal goes extinct in 8,000 years.?
142.The causes of threats to biodiversity are (1) changes and destruction of the living environment, (2) predatory exploitation, (3) environmental pollution, and (4) biological invasion.?
143.In order to protect biodiversity, the relevant laws are the Environmental Protection Law, the Marine Environmental Protection Law, the Forest Law, the Grassland Law, the Fisheries Law, the Wildlife Protection Law, and the Soil and Water Protection Law. (Each law should be preceded by "Chinese People's **** and State")?
144.The establishment of nature reserves is categorized into: in situ protection and captive protection.?
145.Forests are home to 50% to 90% of the world's terrestrial organisms.?
146.Dove trees are angiosperms. The silver fir is a gymnosperm.