There are many voices in the media's evaluation of "automobile industry development policy", including praise and disparagement. No matter what kind of point of view, everyone has a good reason. However, the policy has been introduced, and enterprises can only seek development if they comply. Reading through the development policies of the automobile industry, we didn't find the focus on the bus industry. It seems that neither the definition of large groups nor the encouragement policy of automobile consumption has anything to do with the bus industry. However, since buses are covered in the automobile category, they are naturally bound and supported by the development policies of the automobile industry. Next, I will talk about my personal views on the impact of the automobile industry development policy on the bus industry. First, emphasizing energy conservation and environmental protection is conducive to promoting the technological progress of bus enterprises. There are four articles in the Development Policy of Automobile Industry, which relate to energy conservation and environmental protection, emphasizing "promoting the production and use of hybrid vehicles", "encouraging automobile manufacturers to develop and produce new fuel vehicles", requiring the automobile industry and related industries to pay attention to the development and application of new technologies to improve the fuel economy of automobiles, and "actively carrying out research on new materials for vehicles such as light materials, recyclable materials and environmental protection materials". Previously, the development and production of related products by bus companies was mainly driven by market demand. After the introduction of industrial policies, these companies can enjoy the preferential policies of the state, be more active and gradually improve their performance. From the perspective of the bus market, the "Automobile Industry Development Policy" emphasizes energy conservation and environmental protection, and is demand-oriented. Dual-fuel buses have been widely used in the field of urban public transportation, and hybrid buses also have mature products. Take Beijing as an example. At present, there are more than 1.800 natural gas buses in Beijing, and now a new type of liquefied natural gas bus has been developed, which stores natural gas in liquid form, occupying less vehicle space, reducing the weight of the whole vehicle and driving longer. According to reports, before 90% of buses in Beijing used clean fuel, Tsinghua University, Beijing Tsinghua Industrial Development Research Institute and Beijing General Bus Factory have jointly established the first scientific research base specializing in the research and development of urban buses to jointly develop fuel cell urban buses. The fuel cell city bus, which is listed in the national "863" plan, is the most environmentally friendly bus in China. Its main principle is to use the electric energy generated by the chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen as the power, and the combination of hydrogen and oxygen only produces water vapor and does not emit any pollutants. This technology is also in the forefront of the international automobile industry. At present, great progress has been made in the trial production of fuel cell vehicles, and it is expected that they will be put into trial operation next year. In the field of road buses, the application of clean fuel buses is currently facing two major problems. First, the power of such products can not meet the speed requirements of road buses, and second, it can not solve the problem of fuel replenishment. With the oil price in line with international standards, bus products with low fuel consumption have gradually become a hot spot in the market. Therefore, energy saving is the main problem to be solved for road bus products at present. Among the current bus products, Zhongtong Bofa of Zhongtong Bus, Fuel Saving King of Jianghuai Bus and Khyron, the star of Anhui An Kai Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. are all ideal energy-saving products. "Zhongtong Bofa" adopts grid manganese steel underframe, full-load car body and new lightweight environmental protection decorative materials to make the car body lightweight, and with the unique streamlined car body modeling, the wind resistance is minimized. Because of its light weight and small wind resistance, the fuel consumption of this product is only 24 liters per 100 kilometers. Among high-end luxury buses, Zhongtong Bofa has the first fuel-saving performance. JAC's "Fuel-saving King" is a complete guide to Korean modern technology. Under normal circumstances, the fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is only 22.5 liters. According to reports, the use of this product for highway passenger transport can save 30,000 ~ 40,000 yuan in fuel costs a year. At the just-concluded 8th China International Automobile Expo, An Kai Vehicle Company made a grand appearance with "Star Khyron" series buses, and the fuel consumption of its 12m bus was only 23 liters per 100 kilometers, which attracted the attention of many professional visitors. If the fuel price remains high for a long time, the market performance of energy-saving products will get better and better. Under the joint action of industrial policy and market demand, the enthusiasm of public transport enterprises to develop energy-saving and environmental protection products will be unprecedented, and technological progress will be gradually accelerated with the increase of investment and the expansion of demand. The development policy of automobile industry emphasizes energy conservation and environmental protection, which has a positive guiding role in product development and technological progress of bus enterprises. Secondly, promoting the improvement of specialized production level in structural adjustment is of guiding significance to the management decision of bus enterprises. Article 14 of the Policy for the Development of Automobile Industry requires that "automobile manufacturers should improve their specialized production level in structural adjustment, and gradually adjust their internal supporting parts production units into social-oriented and independent specialized parts production enterprises". To understand these contents from the perspective of bus products and bus companies, there are three experiences: First, improving the efficiency of resource sharing is conducive to the development and progress of the bus industry. There is a view in the automobile industry that "the chassis of FAW rarely uses the bridge of Dongfeng, and the bus products of Dongfeng basically do not actively use the engine of FAW". In all fairness, the axle of Dongfeng and the engine of FAW are excellent products in the industry. The reason for this situation is very simple, that is, the choice of resources and land is more biased towards the latter. Although bus products also belong to the category of automobiles, their personality characteristics are very obvious compared with passenger cars. Different public transport products not only have different functions, but also are influenced by climatic conditions, regional conditions and humanistic ideas. For example, the cold weather in the north and the complicated road conditions in mountainous areas have different requirements for bus products. Europeans like large windshields with wide views, while Americans pay little attention to the appearance of buses in terms of welfare. Therefore, the bus industry advocates "global procurement", aiming to meet the personalized needs of users for bus products on the basis of pursuing the best matching. Resource sharing can not only improve the utilization efficiency of social resources, but also ensure that bus companies can achieve different configuration requirements for different bus products, which can be described as killing two birds with one stone. Gradually adjust the internal supporting spare parts production unit to a society-oriented, independent and professional spare parts production enterprise, so that bus companies can choose more products, which is conducive to the development and progress of the bus industry. Second, we don't advocate the management mode of "the sparrow is small and complete". In recent years, driven by the rapid growth of market demand, the bus industry has developed greatly, and a number of large-scale outstanding enterprises have emerged. Because these enterprises have grasped the market opportunities well and accumulated a certain amount of energy, their management methods have changed greatly compared with the original ones. Some have gradually developed into comprehensive groups through mergers and acquisitions, such as Yutong Group and Liaocheng Bus Group; Some extend the product chain to make the market coverage of enterprises larger, among which Sanjinlong and An Kai are the representatives; Some enterprises gradually expand into other fields through capital operation, and Jinhua neoplan's presence in Guihang Skylark is a typical example. However, in the process of business expansion, some enterprises have hidden worries that the front line is getting longer and longer and the stalls are getting bigger and bigger. For example, bus companies are committed to the research and development and production of parts, not only on the chassis, but also including air conditioners, seats, axles, suspensions and some electronic products. The so-called "sparrow is small and complete" tries to cover everything related to bus products. Although I am very much in favor of bus companies mastering key technologies such as chassis and engine, the management policy of excessive "all-round development" of bus companies runs counter to the improvement of professional production level, and it is also incompatible with the management methods of excellent foreign bus companies. In particular, some relatively weak enterprises, because their own bus production is not enough to support the development requirements of related parts industries, sometimes appear projects that are hastily launched and quickly closed down, which not only fail to promote the technological progress of bus products, but also in personnel placement and funds. Therefore, the "Automobile Industry Development Policy" advocates the improvement of specialized production level in structural adjustment, which has very realistic guiding significance for the management decision of bus enterprises. Third, improving the level of specialized production is also an important part of structural adjustment. The structural adjustment of bus enterprises has many specific contents, including product structure adjustment, marketing strategy adjustment, and the most popular is the expansion of enterprise scale. The development policy of automobile industry tells the bus industry that improving the specialized production level is also one of the important contents of the structural adjustment of bus enterprises. With the gradual improvement of the market economy, the social division of labor is becoming more and more detailed, and it has become a trend of social development from "big and comprehensive" to "small and specialized". For the bus industry, there is no contradiction between the expansion of large capital groups and the professional development of powerful bus enterprises. In the bus market where personalized demand is the main position, this is a situation that no one can replace anyone. Shaolin in Henan Province is a very active "figure" in the bus industry and a typical representative taking the road of professional development. When other industries are developing by leaps and bounds, Henan Shaolin is also developing rapidly, and even in a leading position in some fields, such as product export. In recent years, good news has been reported frequently, and medium and light buses have a very good reputation in neighboring countries. Therefore, public transport enterprises pay attention to improving the level of specialized production in structural adjustment and make more fuss about market segments. As long as the positioning is accurate, it also has a very broad prospect. Third, the establishment of a normal exit mechanism is expected to change the situation of many, small and scattered bus companies. The establishment of the normal withdrawal mechanism of automobile production enterprises is a great progress in the development policy of automobile industry. In the market economy, the survival of the fittest should be a very common thing. However, because the state has never defined a specific exit mechanism for the management of the automobile industry, establishing an exit mechanism has become a hot topic that should not be a topic. A few years ago, the "shell resources" of the bus industry were waiting for a price, and social capital entered at a low cost, which once became a very popular "edge ball", resulting in the long-term proliferation of many small and scattered bus companies. The automobile industry development policy stipulates: "Special publicity shall be given to automobile production enterprises (including existing modified car production enterprises) that cannot maintain normal production and operation", "automobile production enterprises shall not buy or sell production qualifications, and bankrupt automobile production enterprises shall cancel the announcement list at the same time". The implementation of the policy is expected to solve some problems in the bus industry for many years: First, "shell resources" are no longer resources, blocking speculators' back roads. After enterprises stop production, "shell resources" are often in the hands of a few people. Selling "shell resources" is not only a kind of speculation, but also easy to breed corruption. It is often at the expense of everyone's interests and enriches the individual's pockets, which is unfair to the resources themselves and the latecomers who use them. At the same time, it disturbs the normal market order and is not conducive to the coordinated development of the bus industry. After the establishment of the normal exit mechanism, "shell resources" are no longer resources, which not only conforms to the law of economic development, but also ensures the fairness of competition. Secondly, the general trend of "technical bankruptcy" has gone, which can effectively prevent the loss of state-owned assets. Because there is no exit mechanism, the most effective and direct way for bus companies is bankruptcy in the case of poor management and overwhelming. This kind of bankruptcy is because the productive assets are well preserved and the production qualification has not changed. After bankruptcy, buses are still produced under a different name, enterprises are still the original enterprises, factories are still the original factories, and the products produced are still the original products. Therefore, I call it "technical bankruptcy". Through this kind of bankruptcy, we can get rid of the historical burden and go into battle lightly. Although we saved the enterprise, we cheated the bank and harmed the national interests. After the "Automobile Industry Development Policy" established a normal exit mechanism, this "technical bankruptcy" is no longer operable. Third, it's only a matter of time before we change the situation that there are many, small and scattered bus companies. According to relevant data, one-third of the bus industry 100 enterprises are in a state of suspension. According to the exit mechanism of the automobile industry development policy, these enterprises will gradually withdraw from the market. After the merger and reorganization of some powerful large enterprises or enterprise groups, I judge that the last remaining bus enterprises will be between 40 and 50, before 10 or before 65438+. The normal exit mechanism can guide the bus industry to intensive and large-scale development, which is conducive to enhancing the competitive strength of bus companies and promoting the development and progress of the bus industry. In the international bus market, there will be more and more bus products made in China. Four. Strict import management, avoid speculation, and guide the independent development of bus companies. Nine items in the automobile industry development policy involve import management, and there are very clear provisions on imported automobile products. The popular form of CKD will no longer have high profits, and its purpose is very clear. The main purpose is to guide enterprises to develop independently through strict import management, so as to improve their technical ability and manufacturing level. As far as the bus market is concerned, the mainstream products are all products with independent intellectual property rights. However, due to the obvious gap between China's bus products and foreign excellent bus products, most enterprises think that introduction is a shortcut to improve the technical level of bus products, and a large number of enterprises have very successful experience. The import management regulations in the development policy of automobile industry are of positive significance to the further development of bus industry. 1, and a level playing field is built. Due to the gap in product technology, CKD products from abroad have a great market in China. Although the influence of CKD in the bus industry is much smaller than that in the car industry, it still has a negative effect that cannot be underestimated. In fact, CKD is a purely commercial form. The more products imported through this form, the less space left for independent research and development products, and it is basically impossible to upgrade the technical level of local enterprises through CKD. Therefore, strict import management in the automobile industry development policy can reasonably limit the free diffusion of CKD and build a platform for fair competition for domestic bus companies. On this platform, the best way for bus companies to achieve business results is to improve their independent development capabilities. 2, do not exclude technology introduction, but we must handle the relationship between technology introduction and independent development. As far as the current bus industry is concerned, introduction is the best way to improve the technical level. The main purpose of strict import management in the development policy of automobile industry is to promote the technological progress of automobile parts enterprises while improving the local production capacity of automobile products, and does not exclude the introduction of technology. With regard to technology introduction, the development policy of the automobile industry is detailed in Article 7. The general principle is to "adhere to the combination of technology introduction and independent development" and require that "the products with imported technology should have international competitiveness and meet the needs of the mandatory development of international automobile technical specifications". In the bus industry, there are many successful cases of introducing technology, including An Kai, Beifang and Guilin Daewoo in the early days, and Zhongtong, Yutong and Hefei Hyundai in recent years. The technology introduction and independent development of bus industry are a pair of contradictions, which need to be carefully studied: First, independent development should not be just an enterprise behavior. Bus companies have considerable independent development capabilities, and their products perform well in the market, such as buses with low entrances. At present, more than a dozen companies in China can independently develop related products, which are highly sought after by the market because of their good appearance and low price. However, the gap between these products and world-class products is obvious. The low-floor buses exhibited at this year's Beijing Auto Show, such as ZK6 180 of zhengzhou yutong and CJ6 180 of Changzhou Iveco, are all imported products. Even the self-developed low-floor buses have to rely on imports for their key components. For bus companies, the effect of technology introduction far exceeds independent development, and it is not enough for a single company to lead the world alone. Therefore, independent development should not only be an enterprise behavior, but also need the policy support of the government, and more importantly, the guidance and organization of relevant competent departments. Only by mobilizing the enthusiasm of all parties can independent development truly form a climate. Secondly, the marketization of scientific research achievements must be given priority. Improving the technical level through introduction can only be a follower forever. To catch up with the advanced level in the world, the ultimate goal is to develop independently. In the bus industry, the product development organized by the state and relevant departments has been carried out many times, and some have even achieved excellent results, but in the process of marketization, they often encounter obstacles from all sides. For example, the low-floor city bus and chassis developed by the Ministry of Communications in 2000 is a national technological innovation project, which won many honors, but it encountered many difficulties in the process of going to the market. Up to now, there is no product announcement, and the developed products can't be sold at all. Some of the world's leading cutting-edge technologies used at the beginning have been gradually overwhelmed by the latecomers over time. To turn scientific research achievements into products, we must put the marketization of scientific research achievements in the first place. In order to deal with the relationship between technology introduction and independent development, national policy plays a very key role. The development policy of automobile industry, which strictly regulates import management and encourages independent development, will play a positive role in promoting the independent development of bus industry, especially "the state gives support to R&D activities in line with technical policies in tax policy", which has strong operability. 3. It is not allowed to import used cars, which is conducive to regulating the market. Most developed countries have no time limit on the use of public transport products. Therefore, imported second-hand buses will not only occupy market share, but also have potential safety hazards, which will have a negative impact on the development of bus industry. Article 59 of the Automobile Industry Development Policy stipulates that "the State prohibits the import of used cars, motorcycles and their parts by means of trade or donation, and the import of used car assemblies and parts for disassembly and renovation in the name of scrap steel and scrap metal". Although the import of used cars is not allowed, the impact on the bus market is less than that of cars, but it still plays an important role in regulating the market. Encouraging the circulation of used cars is the gospel of revitalizing the public transport market. Regarding the circulation of second-hand cars, Article 66 of the Policy on the Development of Automobile Industry clearly stipulates that "the state encourages the circulation of second-hand cars" and that "relevant departments should actively create conditions to unify and standardize the tax collection and management methods for second-hand car transactions, facilitate automobile circulation enterprises to carry out second-hand car transactions, and cultivate and develop the second-hand car market". At present, there are only patents for passenger cars in the circulation of used cars in China. In fact, the commercial vehicle field also needs a relatively standardized used car market. Taking buses as an example, the importance of establishing the second-hand bus market is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, establishing the second-hand bus market is the need of highway passenger transport enterprises. Under the influence of speeding up trains, discounted air tickets and cars entering families, the highway passenger transport market is facing unprecedented pressure. The main phenomena are relative excess capacity, tight customers, low attendance rate and shrinking profit space. Under the comprehensive effect of these factors, the difficulties faced by passenger transport enterprises can be imagined. If active and effective measures are not taken, the consequences will be out of control. According to the market feedback information, adjusting the transportation structure is the first choice for highway passenger transport enterprises at all levels. But whether it is line adjustment or capacity adjustment, it will eventually involve the adjustment of transport vehicles. As we all know, compared with trains, the safety, comfort and economy of road buses are inferior. Therefore, the highway passenger lines that directly conflict with railway passenger transport must be adjusted. Only by opening up some new lines or adjusting the departure time and frequency can there be room for survival. Due to the change of transportation environment, the change of highway bus is inevitable. Second, the establishment of the second-hand bus market is the need of bus manufacturers. Bus manufacturers need to establish the circulation market of second-hand buses mainly from the marketing strategy of bus manufacturers. The competition in the bus market is fierce and cruel. Therefore, the realization of differentiated marketing has become an endless and eternal pursuit of marketing personnel in various enterprises. From the "exhibition tour" of Xiamen Jinlong to the "health bus" in zhengzhou yutong, from the "selling real estate" of Yangzhou Yaxing to the "nowhere to clear the way" of Henan Shaolin, everyone has come up with unique ideas and led the trend, including the "trade-in" marketing method of Jinhua neoplan. "Trade-in" should be said to be the first marketing strategy in the bus industry. However, due to the lack of a mature second-hand bus circulation market as a support, the old cars exchanged by enterprises have no way out and can only recover a little residual value (in fact, most old cars still have considerable use value), which makes the "trade-in" enterprises lose more than they gain. Therefore, the establishment of second-hand bus market is also the need of bus manufacturers. Third, the establishment of the second-hand bus market is the need to improve the socialist market economic system. Market economy needs to act according to market rules. As long as it is an effective demand that does not violate the law, it should be supported by relevant national policies. There are five important links in the socialist market economic system to be established in China, and the establishment of a unified and open national market system is one of the important contents. The standardized second-hand bus market should also be a part of the "national unified and open market system". "Establishing the second-hand bus market is the need to improve the socialist market economic system" is just my personal perceptual knowledge. To make this clear, I need a deep theoretical foundation, and I don't have it. The development policy of automobile industry advocates the cultivation and development of used car market, including not only used passenger cars, but also used commercial vehicles or used buses. If my understanding is correct, establishing a standardized and unified second-hand bus market will further promote the prosperity and development of the bus market, which will be of great benefit to both passenger transport enterprises and bus production enterprises. Encouraging the circulation of used cars is the gospel of revitalizing the bus market. The above five points are the impact of the automobile industry development policy on the bus industry that I read between the lines. In addition, the entry threshold is too high, which does not reflect the particularity of the bus industry, which can be regarded as the neglect of the bus industry by the automobile industry development policy.
Article 47 of the Policy for the Development of Automobile Industry stipulates: "The total investment of investment projects of newly-built automobile production enterprises shall not be less than 2 billion yuan, of which the self-owned funds shall not be less than 800 million yuan, and the product research and development projects shall be 500 million yuan." It is understood that 20 million yuan is enough to build new bus production enterprises including luxury bus production lines. As far as the bus industry assets are concerned, the total assets of other large bus companies are all below 65.438+0.5 billion yuan, and the total assets of medium bus companies are all below 0.5 billion yuan, except that the total assets of zhengzhou yutong reach 2.3 billion yuan. In other words, from the current situation, 2 billion yuan can build a super-large bus enterprise. For newly-built bus companies, market share and production and sales volume. In my opinion, it is reasonable for the automobile industry development policy to treat bus enterprises and special purpose vehicle enterprises equally. The development policy of automobile industry stipulates that "the registered capital of special-purpose automobile production enterprises shall not be less than 20 million yuan, and they must have the ability and conditions for product development", which is very suitable for bus enterprises. The ancients said, "The canal is so clear because there is running water at the source." If fresh blood cannot be introduced, the bus industry will be a stagnant pool over time. No matter from the point of view of competition or development, it is biased to keep social resources out of the bus industry by raising the threshold in the development policy of automobile industry.