1. Physical injury and prevention Physical injury includes mechanical, temperature, pressure, and radioactive injury.
(1) Mechanical injuries Commonly, there are bruises, bumps, obstruction and other injuries. These injuries should pay attention to the prevention. For coma, confusion, restless patients and infants can be used to protect the bedrail, if necessary, can be used to restrain the belt, the old and weak, mobility should be given to support the patient; indoor floor should pay attention to maintain a dry, clean, items placed in a stable; the patient's commonly used items should be placed in the easy to take place; corridors, bathrooms, toilets should be set up handrails for patients to use the activities of the inconvenience; bathrooms and toilets should also be set up call system, in order to facilitate the use of patients when necessary. The call system should be set up in bathrooms and toilets for patients to use when necessary; in psychiatric wards, attention should be paid to the collection of razor blades, scissors and other sharp and blunt instruments to keep them out of patients' reach. When applying all kinds of catheters and instruments for operation, we should master the operation procedures and move gently to prevent damage to the patient's skin and mucous membrane. Properly fixed catheter, pay attention to keep the drainage smooth.
(2) Temperature injury Common temperature injury is hot water bag, hot water bottle caused by scalding; flammable and explosive substances, such as oxygen, gas, alcohol, gasoline, etc. caused by various burns, various electrical appliances, such as baking lamps, high-frequency electrocautery, etc., resulting in burns; application of ice packs and other frostbite caused by, and so on. Nursing staff in the application of cold and heat therapy, should strictly grasp the operational requirements, pay attention to the observation of local skin changes, and encourage patients to reflect the discomfort in a timely manner, for children or easily injured patients (such as unconsciousness or the use of sedatives) in the heat treatment during the accompaniment of a special person; flammable and explosive substances should be properly stored and equipped with fire prevention measures, a variety of electrical equipment in the hospital should be frequently inspected and timely maintenance.
(3) Pressure injury Commonly, there are pressure ulcers caused by long-term pressure on bone protrusion; because of the plaster or splinting too tightly, the formation of localized pressure ulcers; because of the hyperbaric oxygen chamber treatment due to the improper pneumatic pressure injuries; because of the improper infusion of pulmonary edema, etc., are pressure injuries. Therefore, in the work, we should strengthen the care of critical patients or long-term bedridden patients, turn over regularly, massage, in order to promote the blood circulation of the pressure parts; pay attention to the observation of patients fixed with plaster splints and their local skin changes, such as skin temperature, skin color and so on whether there is any abnormality; the application of hyperbaric oxygen chamber treatment, we should grasp the indications for the treatment of gradual pressurization or decompression and pay attention to the observation of side-effects. Infusion should be based on the condition, master the speed and pressure of infusion, and closely observe the infusion reaction.
(4) Radioactive injury Various kinds of radiotherapy such as deep X-ray, 60Co, linear gas pedal and other therapies are an effective local therapeutic means for the treatment of tumor. However, if the treatment process is not handled properly, it can lead to radiation dermatitis, skin ulceration and necrosis, and even lead to death. Therefore, when using X-rays and other radioactive substances for diagnosis or treatment, it is necessary to take appropriate protective measures for the personnel present, such as wearing a lead jacket coat and gloves, etc. for protection. For patients undergoing radiological diagnosis or treatment, unnecessary exposure of the patient's body should be minimized, the irradiation field should be kept marked, and the dose and time of irradiation should be correctly controlled. Patients should be educated to keep the skin of the area receiving the emission clean and dry, and avoid scratching, rubbing hard and scrubbing the skin with soap, etc.
2. Chemical damage and prevention When applying various chemical drugs, chemical damage can be caused by too large a dose or too high a concentration of drugs, too many times of medication
many times, irrational methods, improper coordination, and even the wrong drugs. Nursing staff should have a certain knowledge of pharmacology, mastering the principle of storage of commonly used drugs and the principle of pharmacotherapy; when using drugs, strict "three checks and seven pairs", drugs should be freshly prepared, pay attention to the contraindications of compounding.
3. Biological damage and prevention Biological damage includes damage caused by microorganisms and insects. The former is caused by cross-sensitivity
infection, such as wound infection, respiratory tract infection, intestinal infection, etc. The principle of prevention is to control the source of infection. The principle of prevention is to control the source of infection, cut off the means of transmission, and protect the susceptible population. Specific measures for the strict implementation of disinfection and isolation system, comply with the principle of aseptic technical operation, strengthen the care of critical patients, enhance the physical condition of patients. Insect damage is also common in hospitals, such as mosquitoes, flies, lice, fleas, cockroaches, etc., insect bites, not only disturb sleep, seriously affecting the patient's rest, but also can lead to allergic injuries, and more importantly, spread the disease, strong measures should be taken to eliminate and strengthen the precautionary.
4. Medical damage and prevention Whether it is physical, chemical, biological or psychological damage, if it is due to the words and behavior of health care personnel
patients' psychological or physical damage caused by carelessness, or improper operation, errors, are "medical damage". Such as some medical personnel to the patient is not enough respect, language is not appropriate, lack of patience, so that the patient's psychological difficulty to bear the pain caused by. There are also individual medical personnel due to poor sense of responsibility, negligence, resulting in medical errors, accidents, or make the patient's condition worse, or even life-threatening. In this regard, the hospital should strengthen the ideological and moral education, cultivate good medical ethics and medical style of medical personnel, improve the quality, strict implementation of the rules and regulations and operating procedures, to achieve effective prevention, to protect the safety of patients.