[edit]The development status of domestic and foreign fine chemicals
According to statistics, there are 17 chemical companies in the global top 500, of which the top few are the U.S. DuPont, Germany's BASF, Hoechst and Bayer, the U.S. Dow, and Switzerland's Ciba-Jiaji company. They all have more than 100 years of history, in the 1970s before the development of petrochemicals, and then gradually turned to fine chemicals. Germany is the earliest country to develop fine chemicals. They started from the coal chemical industry, in the 1950s before the coal chemical industry as raw materials accounted for about 80%, but due to the process route of coal chemical industry and poor efficiency, from 1970 onwards, the proportion of petroleum-based chemical products surged to more than 80%.
DuPont, the world's largest chemical company, was founded in 1802. It is from around 1980 from petrochemicals to fine chemicals significantly, than Germany and Japan started late, but the development speed is very fast. The company has been aiming at improving quality, lowering costs and increasing market competitiveness for its general products in the past, and since the 1980s, it has expanded the production of specialty chemicals, mainly pesticides, pharmaceuticals, specialty polymers, composites and other fine chemical products. The company's long-term goal for the development of life science products, for health care products, anti-cancer, anti-aging and other drugs and bionic medical products, the company's profits in 1995 was 3.3 billion U.S. dollars.
Dao Chemical Company was founded in 1897, and in the late 1970s, through product restructuring, strengthened the production of pharmaceuticals and a variety of engineering polymers, especially automotive coatings and adhesives have a specialty. In 1973, the company's fine chemicals output value of only 540 million U.S. dollars, the rate of fine chemicals for 18%, in 1996, jumped to 50%. 90's total output value of 20 billion U.S. dollars, while the fine chemicals output value accounted for 11 billion U.S. dollars.
BASF, Hoechst and Bayer are the three pillars of the German chemical industry. They are mostly mergers, transfers, sales as a means to increase investment in the strength of technical force, the implementation of the core business, try to increase the proportion of the core business and the market share of leading products. Focus on the development of health care pharmaceutical supplies, agrochemicals, electronic chemicals, medical diagnostic supplies, information imaging supplies, chemicals for aerospace and new materials and other high-tech areas, greatly improving the scientific and technological content of fine chemical products and economic benefits. For example, BASF's coatings and photopolymer resins and several other distinctive products, its sales accounted for the proportion of total sales from 11% in 1980 to 30% in 1995. The company's turnover in 1994 was 46.2 billion marks, Hoechst's turnover in 1996 was 52.1 billion marks, and Bayer's turnover in 1994 was 26.7 billion dollars. They all attach great importance to the development of high technology, Bayer to the end of 1995 has been awarded 155,000 patents, 24,000 products, it is the leading product in the pharmaceutical aspirin has been a century of history.
Switzerland's Ciba-Jiaji is the world's leading pesticides, pharmaceuticals, dyes, additives, cosmetics, detergents, aerospace adhesives and other production enterprises, is the world's only all outsourcing of raw materials and development of fine chemical industry, a large enterprise. 1994, its turnover of 16.1 billion U.S. dollars, and the rate of its fine chemical industry accounted for the world's first, as high as 80%. More than 80%.
Developed countries constantly according to the economic efficiency and development needs, as well as the market, the environment and resources-oriented, chemical industry product structure adjustment, the focus of its transformation are concentrated in the fine chemical industry, the development of fine chemical industry has become a worldwide trend. 1991 worldwide sales of fine chemicals for more than 40 billion U.S. dollars to Western Europe, the United States and Japan are the main. 90's, the rate of fine chemicals in developed countries is about 80% of the world's fine chemical industry. At the beginning of the 90's, the rate of fine chemical industry in developed countries is about 55%, and the end of the rise to 60%. The development speed of fine chemicals has been higher than other industries. The United States, for example, in the late 80's, the industrial growth rate of 2.9%, while the fine chemical industry is as high as 5%. The main goal of their development is to expand the production of specialized products, such as pharmaceuticals, health care products, electronic chemicals, specialty polymers and composite materials, and vigorously develop the life sciences products, such as anticancer drugs, bionic medical products, non-polluting high-efficiency herbicides, biocides and so on.
Our country since the 80's to determine the fine chemical industry as a key development goal since the policy to be tilted, the development of a more rapid. "Eighth Five-Year" period has built 10 fine chemical technology development centers, the annual production capacity of more than 8 million tons, about 10,000 kinds of products, the annual output value of 90 billion yuan, has laid a certain foundation. the end of the 20th century, the rate of fine chemical industry reached 35%. This is a large gap compared with foreign developed countries. They only on the electronics industry, a need for fine chemicals 16,000 kinds of color TV needs more than 7,000 kinds of domestic product matching rate are less than 20%, the rest rely on imports. Other fabric finishing agents, leather finishing agents and other aspects of a greater shortage. In addition from the quality of our fine chemical products, varieties, technical level, equipment and experience, are unable to meet the needs of many industries.
[edit]Opportunities facing the fine chemical industry
Fine chemical industry and people's daily lives are closely linked together, it is as important as the status of food production, related to national security. Therefore, fine chemical industry is one of China's pillar industries. At the beginning of the new century, the fine chemical industry was included in the National Economic and Trade Commission of the development of one of the priorities. This is one of the good opportunities facing the fine chemical industry.
Fine chemical production for the new technology, variety of fast replacement, technical specificity, monopoly, process, separation and purification of precision, technology-intensive, relatively small production volume, high value-added and functional, specialized chemicals. Many experts and scholars at home and abroad to the 21st century fine chemicals positioned as high-tech. In foreign high-tech parks, such as Les Ulis high-tech park in the southwest suburbs of Paris, France, there are many fine chemical enterprises. The same in China. In Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou and other high-tech development zones have a large number of fine chemical enterprises. As long as the high-tech enterprises, can enjoy the policy, financing, foreign trade, land acquisition, employment and other aspects of preferential conditions. This is a good opportunity for fine chemicals face two.
Currently in the world are in the industrial restructuring. With the continuous improvement of environmental protection requirements, European **** body countries, the United States and Japan, industrially developed countries, one after another, many chemical enterprises to developing countries to transfer. Although they have the attempt to transfer pollution, but also did transfer a certain number of fine chemicals production with high technical content to foreign countries, and this trend is constantly expanding. In terms of the world economic map, it is mainly Asia, South America and Africa that can accept such a transfer. Because of its economic and technological backwardness, Africa is unable to bear such a transfer. The South American Economic Cooperation Zone, headed by Brazil, has a certain economic, technological and resource base, but political instability and economic peril make it daunting for foreign investors. Asia's rapid economic development, especially in East Asia and South Asia, natural resources and human resources are unique, economic and technological level to a considerable degree. Among the ten ASEAN countries, manpower is cheap, and China and India are the most competitive. Because of China's political stability, favorable policies, large market capacity, single-minded economic construction, reform and opening up 20 years, has laid a solid foundation, so China is better than India. According to 1995 statistics, foreigners in China nearly 20,000 chemical enterprises, including fine chemicals up to 2206.
With the world and China's high-tech development, a lot of high-tech, such as nanotechnology, information technology, modern biotechnology, modern separation technology, green chemistry, etc., will be integrated with the fine chemical industry, fine chemical industry for the service of high-tech, high-tech and further transformation of the fine chemical industry, so that the application of fine chemical products to further broaden the field of products further upgraded, refinement, composite, functional, to the high-tech fine chemical industry. Functionalization, to the direction of high-tech fine chemical development. So a variety of high-tech benign interaction, is a good opportunity to face the fine chemical industry four.
In the face of such four good opportunities, it is no wonder that our experts and scholars and knowledgeable people, agreed that fine chemicals in China is definitely a sunrise industry, the future is boundless.
The progress of the industry, the development of enterprises, the need for excellent professionals to support. This gives our students a place to show their talents. In fact, the annual employment rate of our fine chemical industry graduates is more than 95%. Many fine chemical enterprises in and out of the province come to our school to ask for introduction or recruitment of fine chemical graduates. As there are very many fine chemical enterprises in the society, the economic benefits of fine chemical enterprises are generally better, the export and domestic market potential of fine chemical products is huge, and the prospect of fine chemical product development is broad, so the social capacity of fine chemical graduates is very large. In the foreseeable future, basically no employment problems.
[edit]Fine chemical development direction
According to the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD), according to the technology intensity, automobile, machinery, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry belongs to the medium-technology industry. High-tech and its industries are specific fields identified by their high research and development content, aerospace, information industry, pharmaceuticals and so on. As a branch of the chemical industry, fine chemical industry also belongs to the category of medium technology, but as fine chemicals, high-performance chemical materials, pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, etc. have been identified as high-tech category. 21st century is the era of the knowledge economy, a bio-engineering, information science and new materials science, mainly three major cutting-edge science of the new technological revolution is bound to have a significant impact on the chemical industry. The development trend of the traditional industry like fine chemical industry must be more and more aggravated by the intensive degree of technical knowledge, and high-tech complement each other.
1. The combination of nanotechnology and fine chemicals
The so-called nanotechnology, refers to the study of the law of motion and interaction by the size of the material between 0.1 ~ 100 nm of the system composed of the law of motion and the interaction, as well as the possible practical application of science and technology in the technical problems. Nanotechnology is one of the important contents of the science and technology industrial revolution in the 21st century, which is a comprehensive discipline with a high degree of intersection with physics, chemistry, biology, material science and electronics, including basic science with observation, analysis and research as the main line, and technical science with nanoengineering and processing as the main line. It cannot be denied that nanoscience and technology is a complete system integrating scientific frontiers and high technology. Nanotechnology mainly includes nanoelectronics, nanomachinery and nanomaterials and other technical fields. Just like microelectronics and computer technology in the 20th century, nanotechnology will be one of the new technologies in the 21st century. Its research and application will surely bring a technological revolution again.
As nanomaterials have quantum size effect, small size effect, surface effect and macroscopic quantum tunneling effect and other characteristics, so that the nanoparticles of the thermomagnetic, light, sensitive properties, surface stability, diffusion and sintering properties, as well as mechanical properties are significantly better than the ordinary particles, so the nanomaterials have an extremely wide range of applications in the fine chemical industry. Specifically in the following aspects:
(1) nanopolymers used in the manufacture of high-strength-to-weight ratio of foam materials, transparent insulating materials, laser-doped transparent foam materials, high-strength fibers, high surface adsorbent, ion exchange resins, filters, gels and porous electrodes and so on.
(2) nano-chemical daily Nano-chemicals and cosmetics, nano-pigments, nano-sensitive film, nano-fine chemical materials will bring us to a colorful world. Recently, the U.S. Kodak research department successfully researched a new type of nano-powder that has the function of pigment and molecular dyes, which is expected to bring revolutionary changes to the color image.
(3) adhesives and sealants Overseas nanomaterials nanoscale SiO2 has been added as an additive to adhesives and sealants, so that the adhesive bonding effect and sealant sealing are greatly improved. The mechanism is in the nanometer SiO2 surface coating a layer of organic materials, so that it has a hydrophilic, it will be added to the sealant soon form a silica structure, that is, the nanometer SiO2 to form a network structure, restricting the flow of the colloid, the solidification speed accelerated to improve the adhesive effect, due to the small size of the particles, and more increase the sealing of the adhesive. Small woodworm academic blog M oe {%|*LW
(4) Coatings Adding nano-SiO2 to various types of coatings can make its anti-aging properties, finish and strength exponentially improve the quality and grade of the coating naturally upgraded. Because nano-SiO2 is a kind of anti-ultraviolet radiation material (i.e. anti-aging), coupled with its extremely small particles of large surface area, can quickly form a network structure in the paint drying, while increasing the strength and finish of the paint. Small woodworm academic blog 1N&Y/Pi[V.A
(5) efficient combustion agent The nickel nanopowder added to the rocket's solid fuel propellant can greatly improve the fuel combustion heat, combustion efficiency, and improve the stability of combustion. Nano-explosives will increase the explosive power thousands of times;
(6) hydrogen storage materials FeTi and Mg2Ni is an important candidate for hydrogen storage materials alloy, hydrogen absorption is very slow, it must be activated, that is, many times for the absorption of hydrogen - dehydrogenation process. zaluski et al. ball milling Mg and Ni powder directly to the formation of Mg2Ni, the average size of the grains of 20-30 nm, the hydrogen absorption performance is better than the average of ordinary Mg2Ni, the average size of the grains of 20-30 nm. Zaluski et al. used ball-milled Mg and Ni powders to form Mg2Ni directly, with an average grain size of 20-30 nm. The hydrogen absorption of ordinary polycrystalline Mg2Ni can only be carried out at high temperatures (T ≥ 250°C when PH2 ≤ 20 Pa), and low-temperature hydrogen absorption requires a long time and a high hydrogen pressure; nanocrystalline Mg2Ni can absorb hydrogen below 200°C without activation treatment. After the first hydrogenation cycle at 300°C, the hydrogen content can reach ~3.4%. In the subsequent cycles, the hydrogen uptake was four times faster than that of the common polycrystalline materials. The hydrogen-absorbing activation performance of nanocrystalline FeTi is significantly better than that of ordinary polycrystalline materials. The activation process of ordinary polycrystalline FeTi is as follows: heating to 400-450 °C in vacuum, followed by annealing in H2 at about 7 Pa, cooling to room temperature and then exposing to hydrogen at higher pressure (35-65 Pa), and the activation process needs to be repeated several times. In contrast, the nanocrystalline FeTi formed by ball milling only needs to be annealed in vacuum at 400 °C for 0.5 h, which is sufficient to complete the full hydrogen uptake cycle. Nanocrystalline FeTi alloys consist of nanograins and highly disordered grain boundary regions (about 20% to 30% of the material).
(7) Catalysts In catalyst materials, the active sites of the reaction can be either cluster atoms on the surface or another substance adsorbed on the surface. These locations are closely related to the surface structure, lattice defects and edges of the crystal. Nanocrystalline materials are well suited as catalytic materials because of the large number of catalytically active sites they can provide. In fact, decades before the term "nanomaterials" appeared, many nanostructured catalytic materials have already appeared. Typical catalysts with metal nanoparticles loaded on inert materials, such as Rh/Al2O3 and Pt/C, have been used in petrochemicals, fine chemicals, and automobile exhaust gases in many applications. In the chemical industry, nanoparticles used as catalysts, is another aspect of nanomaterials to show their skills. Such as ultrafine boron powder, ammonium perchlorate powder can be used as an effective catalyst for explosives; ultrafine platinum powder, tungsten carbide powder is a highly efficient hydrogenation catalyst; ultrafine silver powder can be used as a catalyst for ethylene oxidation; copper and its alloy nano-powder used as a catalyst, high efficiency, selectivity, can be used for carbon dioxide and hydrogen synthesis of methanol and other catalysts in the process of the reaction; nickel nano-powder has a very strong catalytic effect can be used for the hydrogenation of organic matter reaction, automobile exhaust treatment, etc.
Pingjin et al. prepared poly(vinyl arsenopyrrolidone)-loaded Pd colloidal ultramicron particles with an average particle size of 1.8 nm by the colloidal method, which were used to catalyze the following reactions:
The activity was found to be 2-3 times higher than that of the general Pd catalysts, and the selectivity was almost 100%.
More than two kinds of osmium metal nanoparticles or alloys as catalysts can also obtain high catalytic activity and selectivity. For example, the amorphous Ni-B nanocatalysts prepared by chemical reduction method used to catalyze the atmospheric pressure liquid-phase hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene and the Co-Mn/SiO2 nano-alloy catalysts used to catalyze the hydrogenation of ethylene have good catalytic performance. The metal nanoparticles of Ni, Co, Fe and TiO2-γ-Al2O3 were mixed, molded and roasted for the purification of automobile exhaust, and the starting activity was similar to that of the ternary Pt catalysts, and the activity did not decrease for 100 hours of work at 600 ℃.