I, the type of tourist attractions safety issues
"Safety is heavier than Mount Tai", tourism safety once the problem may evolve into a catastrophic accident. It can be said that there is no tourism without safety, safety is currently one of the more prominent issues in tourism that affects tourism decision-making and restricts the development of tourism. Tourist attractions of the security problem mainly includes natural disasters, man-made disasters, security accidents, security management, etc., protected by the content of the tourists' life and property safety as well as the safety of the tourist landscape.
Zheng Xiangmin (2008), through the analysis of tourism safety related literature, related reports and survey results, summarized tourism safety problems into six manifestations, namely, crime, fire, disease (poisoning), traffic accidents, natural disasters, and other accidents from a macro-whole perspective. Various forms of manifestation in the various aspects of tourism activities alternately or at the same time, mainly including:
(a) crime
Because of the seriousness of the trauma brought to the tourists and the impact of the social nature of the crime has become one of the most striking forms of tourism security manifestations. Tourism crime here refers specifically to crimes against tourists. Among the common types of tourism crime, property crimes account for the vast majority. Among them, theft and fraud are the main forms, and violent crime accounts for a small percentage and is often associated with property crime.
(2) fire and explosion
often cause serious consequences, such as casualties, infrastructure damage, property damage, and even cause the entire tourist attraction facilities system disorder. Mainly includes two aspects, on the one hand, refers to the self-help tourists pose a threat to the fire, mainly in hotels, entertainment venues and tourist attractions; on the other hand, refers to the self-help tourists behavior caused by improper fire.
(C) Traffic Accidents
In all aspects of tourism operation, tourism transportation is one of the biggest links affecting safety issues. Tourism traffic accidents are often devastating. According to the form of traffic, tourism traffic accidents can be divided into:
1. road traffic accidents
Related data show that every year, China's traffic accidents high 500,000, traffic accidents killed more than 100,000 people, the economic losses amounted to tens of billions of yuan. 2007, the country *** road traffic accidents 327,209, resulting in 81,649 deaths, 380,442 people were injured, direct property losses of 12,000,000 yuan. People were injured, and direct property losses amounted to 1.2 billion yuan. With the development of highways, serious and serious traffic accidents have risen sharply. 2007, the national highway accidents resulted in 5,925 deaths. Road traffic accidents are common, is a huge safety hazard of tourist traffic.
2. Aviation accidents
Air traffic is relatively safe compared to other modes of transportation; however, any accident can be catastrophic for civilian passenger aircraft.
3. Water accidents
refers to safety accidents in water bodies, with the emergence of cruise ships, bamboo rafts and other water transportation and water tourism projects, including shipwrecks, inland waterways (lakes) safety accidents. Many of China's geological tourism attractions, because of its location in the sea, river, lakefront, there are objectively a lot of water excursion safety hazards.
4. cable cars and other scenic traffic accidents
The cable car cableway although the tourist attractions to improve the convenience of transportation in the area, but easy to make a large number of tourists concentrated in the limited capacity of the scenic area and cause safety problems.
(4) disease (poisoning)
Travel fatigue, tourism in a different place, resulting in "discomfort" and the objective existence of food hygiene problems, etc. may induce travelers' diseases or lead to food poisoning.
(E) natural disasters
Natural disasters are tourism activities as opposed to man-made disasters, by the weather, floods and other uncontrollable natural causes of safety issues, is one of the common problems of tourism safety. Including natural disasters that threaten human life and damage tourist facilities, other natural factors and phenomena that jeopardize the health and lives of tourists, and the dangers arising from the contact between tourists and wild animals and plants, insects and other aspects.
(F) other safety issues
In addition to the above five manifestations, tourism safety manifestations also include other special, unexpected and sudden events. Such as playing zoo animals were scratched and bitten, building collapse was smashed and crushed, crowded and trampled.
Two, safety sign system
Tourist attractions safety sign system refers to the development, utilization and management of scenic spots in order to develop, make use of and operate the management, so that it plays a variety of functions and roles in the tourism image elements of the overall deployment and specific arrangements. Safety sign system can provide humanized service for tourists and guide them to complete tourism activities smoothly and safely.
(A) the type of safety signs
In the geological tourism attractions of the tourists distribution center, the main channel, dangerous areas and other areas, in accordance with the national provisions of the safety sign symbols set up a safety sign system, which is used to remind the tourists to pay attention to safety. Safety signs are mainly composed of graphic symbols, safety colors, geometric shapes or words. The international standard GB2894-1996 divides safety signs into four major types.
1. Prohibit signs
Used to prohibit tourists from unsafe behavior graphic symbols. Including prohibit pyrotechnics, prohibit smoking, prohibit touching, prohibit climbing, prohibit entry, prohibit traffic, prohibit crossing, prohibit bringing fire and other 23 kinds of signs. The basic graphic is a round border with a slash, the circle and slash are red, the graphic symbol is black, and the backing is white.
2. Warning Signs
Graphic signs used to remind visitors to pay attention to the surrounding environment to avoid danger. Including attention to safety, beware of fire, beware of cables, beware of falling objects, beware of landslides, beware of slips and falls, beware of vehicles and other 28 kinds of signs. The basic graphic is a square triangular border with graphics of different connotations within the border, the border and graphics are black and the backing is yellow.
In addition, according to the provisions of the Measures for the Safety and Security of Tourists, the tourism administration at all levels should establish a system for the release of tourism safety warning information. The system has been implemented in October 2009, the rights and obligations of tourists and tourism product providers are clearly stipulated: based on the assessment of the tourism safety situation of the destination, the safety warning information for traveling to the destination shall be issued to the tourists, and the tourism safety situation of the destination shall be marked in red, orange, yellow and blue respectively, which corresponds to the issuance of the red, orange, yellow, blue Tourism warning information, respectively:
(1) Red tourism warning: it is recommended not to travel to the destination;
(2) Orange tourism warning: it is recommended to reconsider the necessity of traveling to the destination to avoid unnecessary travel;
(3) Yellow tourism warning: it is recommended to pay great attention to the factors affecting tourism safety that have already occurred or are likely to occur at the destination;
(4) Yellow tourism warning: it is recommended to pay great attention to the factors affecting tourism safety;
(4) Blue Tourism Alert: It is recommended to pay attention to the factors affecting tourism safety that have already occurred or are likely to occur in the destination.
3. Directive signs
Graphic signs used to force people to take certain actions and adopt precautionary measures. Including must wear protective eyewear, must wear a helmet, must wear a life jacket and other 12 kinds of signs. The basic graphic is a rounded border, the graphic symbol is white, and the backing is blue.
4. Tips signs
To provide people with some kind of information (indicate the safety facilities or places) of the graphic signs. Including emergency exits, shelters and other four types. The basic graphic for the square border, graphic symbols for the white, green background.
(B) the scenic area to establish a sound safety sign system considerations
graphic signs due to a certain implied effect, a single graphic symbol does not allow visitors to obtain the correct information, but also must be accompanied by text; all signs must be produced and hung according to national standards, in order to allow all tourists can see and understand; signage material in addition to meet the ruggedness and durability, water does not deform and other characteristics, but also to adapt to local conditions, and so on. In addition to the characteristics, but also according to local conditions, and tourist attractions and the coordination of resources and environment; in order to ensure the effect and prevent disputes, safety signage should be inspected at least once every six months, do not meet the requirements of the broken signage should be repaired or replaced in a timely manner.
Three, geological tourism attractions outdoor sports safety facilities management
Most of the outdoor sports are adventure activities, such as mountaineering, rock-climbing, camping, hiking, ice-climbing and other projects, there is a great deal of excitement and challenge. It allows people to embrace nature, challenge themselves, cultivate personal perseverance and teamwork spirit, and improve wild survival ability. While people are keen on outdoor sports, they often face the resulting safety problems. It can be managed in terms of ropeway safety, boat safety, mountaineering safety, rafting safety, and stream tracing safety in the safety management of facilities in geotourism scenic spots.
(A) geological tourism scenic ropeways and amusement facilities safety management
In the scenic area specific areas set up amusement facilities, many scenic spots, most of the safety accidents and ropeways and other visitor facilities are closely related. Many of China's geological tourism scenic spots have built passenger and sightseeing ropeways, so the management and maintenance of these facilities is of great significance. Ropeways and amusement facilities safety should take the following measures:
1. Conform to relevant laws and regulations and strict approval
Conformity with relevant national laws and regulations is an important prerequisite for the construction of ropeways in geotourism scenic spots, and the approval process must be strictly observed. First of all, the ropeway construction should obey the relevant laws and regulations, and in line with the overall planning of tourist attractions or construction detailed planning requirements. Secondly, the ropeway construction project should have environmental impact assessment report, engineering geological survey report and other relevant thematic reports, and the review results meet the construction requirements. At the same time, construction units and individuals must be examined and agreed by scenic spot management organizations and city and county construction departments, and submitted to the provincial authorities. In the world cultural and natural heritage sites planning and construction of ropeway projects, but also seriously fulfill the provisions of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, in line with the "protection first, rational development, scientific management, sustainable use" principle, so that the ropeway construction is scientific and reasonable.
On the contrary, if the violation of laws and regulations, the lack of relevant complete approval procedures, will cause the construction of the stop and loss. For example, Zhangjiajie Wulingyuan Scenic Area's "Hundred Dragons Heavenly Stairs" has three glorious laurels - "the world's highest full-exposure outdoor sightseeing elevator, the world's highest double-deck sightseeing elevator, the world's largest load and fastest Sightseeing Elevator". However, this "heavenly ladder" has just operated less than half a year, due to the lack of elevator record required safety inspection report and environmental impact assessment report, on September 30, 2002 was called off by the Ministry of Construction, until August 7, 2003 to resume normal operation, which to the ropeway builders and tourist attractions development has brought about huge losses. This has brought great losses to the ropeway builders and the development of tourist attractions. Therefore, the ropeway construction must comply with the relevant laws and regulations, the implementation of strict approval procedures, which is one of the important prerequisites for the construction of the ropeway.
2. Handle the relationship between the protection and development of the scenic area
In a certain sense, any form of development will have a certain impact on the ecological environment of the scenic area. But the negative impact of cableway construction is not to be ignored, which is mainly reflected in the construction of cableway will destroy the scenic vegetation and landforms, and thus affect the ecological value of the scenic area. For the world natural and cultural heritage, it will directly affect the overall image of the heritage. Therefore, the correct handling of the relationship between protection and development is the first problem to face in the construction of the ropeway.
From the point of view of sustainable economic growth, the effective protection and sustainable utilization of resources is always the first place, the core issue of dealing with the relationship between the development and protection of ropeways lies in the "how to make careful decisions, well-designed, scientific cabling, and effective prevention of damage to the quality of the landscape and the quality of the environment". This requires the planning and design of ropeways do not compete with scenic spots, it is in a subordinate position compared with the landscape. Such as Taishan in the Tianmen ropeway construction, blowing up the moon view of the peak 1/3 of the peak surface, an area of 19,000 square meters, as far as 10 ~ 20 kilometers away can clearly see the peak of this dilapidated scene, resulting in the most serious destruction of Taishan ever.
3. The upper part of the ropeway (the top of the mountain) landscape must be attractive
While the ropeway itself sometimes becomes a tourist landscape, the ropeway also has the function of enjoying the beautiful scenery from above, but the ropeway is still the most basic function of the transportation function, the tourists take the ropeway is mainly to conveniently reach the landscape. Therefore, the upper part of the ropeway (the top of the mountain) must have attractive landscape, if there is no attractive landscape or landscape in general, can not attract a large number of tourists, only to meet the individual's desire to see the distance of the leisure, ropeway construction is unnecessary. Such as Xiamen's Wanshiyan scenic area, ropeway on the top of the mountain neither very attractive natural landscape, and no strong human resources, not able to make visitors stay, so the ropeway's revenue has been challenged, the ropeway has become a major failure of the Wanshiyan scenic area. If the top of the ropeway has a good tourist attraction, tourists will be a large number of visitors, such as the Huangshan Mountain Scenic Area has a size of 72 peaks, of which the Lotus Peak, Bright Peak, Tendu Peak three main peaks are at an altitude of more than 1,800 meters above sea level, strange peaks and ancient pines appeared in the Sea of Clouds, beautiful, take the ropeway to view the "Welcome Pine", "Sea of clouds" of the tourists, but also to the tourism industry in Huangshan Mountain has brought lucrative economic benefits.
4. Scenic spots, climbing difficult, long tour line
Many famous mountain scenery, but the peaks of high, steep, difficult to climb, making many old and frail tourists have more than enough and not enough. Ropeway construction is generally in the mountain tourist attractions, mountainous areas, "the height difference is large, difficult to climb, long tour line" is the important premise of the construction of the ropeway, and vice versa, "the height difference is small, easy to climb, short tour line," there is no need to build the ropeway facilities. Such as the plains and hills of the tourist attractions, touring the area height difference is not large, visitors can easily reach the landscape sightseeing, so generally do not need to build ropeways. According to the scientific planning of the construction of ropeways in tourist attractions, the vertical height difference between the mountain should be about 1,000 meters, step tour road up to 10 kilometers or more, climbing angle of 45 degrees should be considered for the construction of ropeways.
Such as the Jinshanling Great Wall is the most magnificent section of the Great Wall along the north of Beijing, over the years the Jinshanling Great Wall with its superior geographical location and well-preserved cultural relics and monuments, has become one of the largest hot spots outside the summer resort in northern Hebei tourism, attracting a large number of Chinese and foreign tourists to travel and vacation. However, due to the location of many attractions in this place is steep, making it difficult for many physically challenged and elderly disabled tourists to reach the ideal attractions, so they have no choice but to look at the Great Wall sigh. In order to allow more tourists to enjoy the Jinshanling Great Wall from above, the relevant departments invested heavily in the construction of the Jinshanling Great Wall cableway. This cable car type cableway from the foot of the Great Wall straight to the small Jinshanling building near the Great Wall along the scenery as far as the eye can see, so that tourists in a limited time, from the Great Wall to enjoy the elegance of the style.
(B) Geotourism scenic area mountaineering tourism and safety equipment
1. Mountaineering sports profile
Mountaineering as a unique sports, by virtue of its charming charm popular throughout the world. Modern mountaineering began in Europe, the development of only 100 years of history. China's mountaineering started late, after the birth of new China, mountaineering has the conditions for the development of the sport. 1960 May 24, three Chinese mountaineers Wang Fuzhou, Gumbu and Qu Yinhua, from the British mountaineering team was called "death route" - the north slope of Mount Everest, successfully climbed the mountain, and then climbed to the top of the mountain. The three Chinese mountaineers, Wang Fuzhou, Gumbu and Qu Yinhua, successfully climbed Mt.
With China's social progress and economic development, mountaineering has made great progress, mountaineering is no longer the patent of professional athletes, folk mountaineering activities are booming, commercial mountaineering activities also came into being.
2. Mountaineering safety equipment
China's more famous mountaineering sacred places are Mount Everest, Chogori Peak, Xixiabangma Peak, Altun Shan, Tanggula Mountain, Meili Snow Mountain, etc., in the process of mountaineering, the climbers will meet the mountain hypoxia, avalanches, rolling stones, slippery fall and other difficult and dangerous test. For this kind of high-risk alpine adventure or competitive mountaineering mountaineers, in addition to meet the requirements of mountaineering related regulations, must have good physical quality and mountaineering techniques, but also must have strict equipment. Mountaineering equipment is the mountaineering sports used in the equipment, tools, clothing, etc. collectively. Mountaineering equipment should be adapted to the environmental conditions of mountaineering, in the design, selection, materials, production to try to make it lightweight, strong, efficient, and can be multi-purpose, mainly divided into three categories:
(1) camping equipment. Including tents, cooking utensils, bedding and a variety of fuel.
(2) technical equipment. Including mountaineering ropes, oxygen equipment, measuring instruments, altimeter, dry hygrometer, steel cones, mountaineering iron locks, lifts, hanging ladders, skids, snow shovels and so on.
(3) personal equipment. Including mountaineering clothing, mountaineering shoes, alpine boots, helmets, torches, gloves, protective glasses and so on. It is characterized by lightweight and easy to carry, durable, easy to disassemble, multi-purpose.
3. Tourism mountaineering management measures
Most tourists prefer to choose a moderately challenging, safe and high leisure tourism mountaineering, such as China's famous "five mountains" and the four famous Buddhist mountains. Tourism mountaineering is a combination of tourism and mountaineering activities, tourists do not have to provide strict personal equipment, but the geotourism scenic area managers should implement the relevant infrastructure management, to provide a good, safe mountaineering environment. Management can be carried out through the following measures:
(1) Hire experts to standardize the names of the mountains on the routes where the masses often carry out mountaineering activities, and set up the necessary safety protection measures, such as signposts marking the road, friendly reminder signs, etc., to maintain the standardization and tidiness of the mountaineering recreational trails and to prevent accidental injuries to the public and tourists from occurring;
(2) Maintain the routes on which the (2) Maintain the routes, set warning signs at locations on the routes that are more dangerous and unsuitable for hiking activities, widen the narrower places, and lay stepped slabs at steeper places;
(3) establish hiking rest stops, corridors, toilets, and garbage dumps, etc. at suitable locations on the routes to facilitate short breaks and convenience for tourists on the way. Clean up dead trees in time to avoid mountaineers being injured by dead branches.
(C) Geotourism scenic area rafting facilities safety management and equipment
1. Rafting tourism profile
Rafting tourism refers to the legal possession of the provincial tourism administrative department issued a rafting fixed-point certificate of the enterprise, the organization of tourists in the creeks, rivers, lakes and other waters where the geotourism scenic area using rafting tools to carry out artificial rafting tourism activities.
The rafting program is increasingly popular among tourists because of the strong physical and mental stimulation it gives. Rafting activities have been widely carried out in the international arena, and some countries have already reached the degree of popularization. At home, due to the improvement of the living environment of the masses in recent years, the quality of life, rafting activities have also begun to transform into a popular mass sports activities. According to preliminary statistics, there are currently 63 rafting sites in the country*** and more than 50 legal organizations operating rafting (Cui Yuan and Jin Yanchun, 2007). Some of the more famous ones are located in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, Ringshui River rafting, Longtan River rafting in Longtan Natural Scenic Area, Liulimiao Township, Huairou, Beijing, Beijiang River rafting in Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Furong River rafting in Jiangkou Township, Wulong County, Chongqing Municipality, Maoyan River rafting in Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province, Bazhou River rafting in Guizhou Province, Bamboo rafting in Taiboushan Mountain, Fujian Province, Inner Mongolia Jinshantun Big Forest Adventure Rafting and Tianmu Stream Rafting in Zhejiang Province, Sichuan Minjiang River rafting, etc.
2. Safety management measures for rafting facilities
As a special tourism project, rafting tourism is highly dangerous, the National Tourism Administration has issued the Interim Provisions on Safety Management of Rafting Tourism. This provision from the rafting river section, rafting dock, rafting tool safety, rafting tourism experience people's management system, personnel management and training and other aspects of rafting safety work carried out a comprehensive regulation. According to the regulations, it is especially important to strengthen the rafting safety management. The following measures should be taken:
(1) Strengthening the government's management and infrastructure construction
Management is a very important part of the development of rafting tourism, which includes the operation and management of transportation, communication, personnel training and other aspects. As for safety management, the government's regular supervision, inspection, scientific management and perfect infrastructure are the core factors to guarantee the development of the tourism industry (Chen Bingchan et al., 2001). In terms of transportation and communication, it is necessary for the local area and rafting enterprises to carry out the construction of basic and supporting facilities, including the construction or renovation of roads in and out of rafting scenic spots, the construction of parking lots, and the construction of power supply, program-controlled and mobile communication facilities. So that tourists can have a convenient, fast and comfortable feeling no matter in the process of traveling to and from the rafting scenic spots as well as in the process of playing.
For rafting tourism, the rafting process of infrastructure can not keep up, it means that the travelers do not have personal safety and complete relaxation of the mind. Due to the widespread confusion and lagging management of rafting spots in China, rafting safety accidents caused by these accidents have been occurring. For example, the Maling River Canyon Rafting Tourism in Qianxinan, Guizhou Province, has been developed for nearly 20 years, but there are still many problems with its management. on October 3, 1999, in the Maling River Canyon National Natural Scenic Area, a cable car crashed, causing 14 deaths and 21 injuries. Another example is that in July 2009, a rafting boat capsized in a section of water in Nixi Township, South Three Gorges, Yunyang County, Chongqing, and dozens of tourists involved in the rafting adventure on board disappeared, seven of whom were killed. This shows how important the safety management of rafting tourism facilities is.
(2) Specialized training for tourism management and service personnel
The advantages and disadvantages of the comprehensive quality of knowledge, business and skills of tourism management and service personnel directly represent the image of the tourist site. It requires practitioners of rafting tourism geography, geomorphology, climate, hydrology and other natural science knowledge of proficiency, but also requires mastery of the local economy, culture, folklore, folklore, religion, as well as tourism-related safety, health and other aspects of knowledge. In view of the categories of tourism employees and problems, different ways are adopted to train and educate them in order to improve their understanding of eco-tourism, master the basic knowledge and skills of tourism management, hospitality services, and rafting technology operators, and provide high-quality tourism experience services to the rafters.
(D) Geological Tourism Scenic Ski Tourism and Equipment
1. Ski Tourism Overview
Winter skiing is one of the young people's favorite activities, in Europe and the United States is particularly popular. In recent years, China also has more and more people began to understand and love skiing, ski tourism has shown a booming trend. In the past few years in China's northeastern region, northern China and some western provinces and regions have built nearly a hundred ski resorts, and every year there will be many new snow parks to start the construction. China's more famous ski resorts are Heilongjiang Yabuli Ski Resort, Jilin Beidahu Ski Resort, Hebei Mulan Weichang Ski Resort, Beijing Nanshan Ski Resort, Inner Mongolia Al Mountain Ski Resort, Yunnan Jade Dragon Snow Mountain Ski Resort, Chengdu Xiling Snow Mountain Ski Resort and so on.
2. Ski tourism safety management measures
Ski resort safety operation is a systematic project. Including personnel safety, equipment safety and operational safety. Its safety system includes staffing, equipment, emergency procedures, safety workflow and visual recognition system and sound and image system. In addition to the facilities need to be complete, more systems, procedures and guests can not see the background work.
The guests can not see the work of the content include: check whether the sign prohibiting beginners to enter the existence of and can be easily recognized; snow patrol personnel whether the work is in place and timely detection of abnormalities; safety nets are working properly; monitoring facilities can provide the responsibility for accidents to determine the picture and so on. Specifically include the following measures:
(1) Follow the industry management norms
To operate safely, ski resorts should firstly follow the industry management norms for safety management. In accordance with the "Beijing Ski Resort Safety Management Norms (Trial)" (2005) safety rules: ski slopes should be flat and spacious, with a width of not less than 20 meters; skating routes can be retained natural turns, slopes and reverse slopes, but there shall be no continuous undulation resulting in continuous vacations; ski slopes are not permitted to have sharp, small curves, steep and fast sharp turns should be equipped with safety guards; general-purpose ski slopes should be mashed on the snow surface, The snow surface of general-purpose ski trails should be pounded, compacted and flattened, with no exposed soil, rocks or tree roots, and the thickness of the snow layer should not be less than 20 centimeters. The surface of the snow layer shall not form ice; the glide route shall not have obstacles that may hit; the end of the glide shall have a buffer zone that meets the safety distance, and so on.
For the selection of graphic symbols for maintaining ski and lift safety, refer to the standard ISO7001:1990, "Graphic Symbols for Public **** Information". These symbols include railroad gondola, high-capacity aerial tramway, small-capacity aerial tramway, single-chair aerial tramway, double-chair aerial tramway, triple-chair aerial tramway, four-chair aerial tramway, close safety bar, open safety bar, close over-the-top safety bar, open over-the-top safety bar, walk-in tourists must get out of the car, skiers must get out of the car, lift the front end of the ski-lift, ski gondola, steep-slope ski gondola, two-column column arrangement The ski lift, the steep-slope ski lift, the two-column column arrangement, the three-column column arrangement, the four-column column arrangement.
(2) the establishment of emergency procedures
Ski resort as a service provider to provide comprehensive service programs, the first thing to ensure is the absolute safety of guests. Including guests' personal safety, property safety and the emergence of emergencies must have a complete handling procedures. Correct working procedure is to ensure the safety of the first condition of the equipment, equipment, emergency measures are also to be established in advance in order to prevent the emergence of the situation.
For example, when a stopping accident occurs in the cable car operation, according to the requirements of the China Ropeway Inspection Center, the ski resort usually rehearsed ropeway rescue plan should be implemented in a timely manner. In the case of professional judgment ropeway did not reverse, down the tower by the ambulance staff to evacuate the guests close to the ground, the situation is special also need professional firefighters to come to the rescue. Emergency procedures are necessary in the event of such an accident. Usual drills and proper response in case of accidents can minimize the impact and damage.
(3) Installation of proper nets
Many ski resorts install nets on both sides of the slopes, which not only do not reduce accidents, but also increase the rate of accidents. The reason for this is that some ski resorts, after installing the guard nets, think that they can skate at high speeds with the protection of the nets. If it is in the front of the installation of the guard net, can play a good blocking effect, but if the pillar of the safety net is a hard object, skiers hit the top of the serious injury, so the domestic ski resort should be prohibited from installing metal or wood guard net support, and more scientifically and effectively to increase a variety of protective measures.
(4) Implementation of the care of tourists
At present, the high rate of skiing accidents is due to the lack of care for skiers in the snow park, the skier's technical problems and poor management of ski resorts. Ski resorts should first strengthen the "guardianship" of tourists, ski instructors should be responsible for tourists, timely understanding of the situation of tourists, in a timely manner to give tourists technical guidance, so as to avoid the occurrence of accidents.
(5) Strengthen monitoring and forecasting
Ski resorts are densely populated, and many tourists with poor skiing skills are prone to stampedes. Therefore, many countries have enacted relevant laws, ski resorts and other places are required to install monitoring cameras, and strive to cover the entire ski resort, each visitor to the implementation of positioning management. In the event of an accident, the fastest possible rescue can be carried out.
In addition, ski resorts should predict weather conditions in a timely manner, and always conduct wind speed tests to provide accurate weather information and remind visitors in a timely manner.
3. Skiing safety facilities and equipment
Common safety facilities include snow protection nets, infirmaries, snowmobiles for rescue, snow stretchers and so on. Ski equipment including ski shoes, skis, poles, ski glasses, ski clothes, gloves and so on.
(E) Geological Tourism Scenic Anadromous Tourism and Safety Equipment
1. Anadromous Tourism Overview
Anadromous stream is the downstream from the canyon stream to the upper reaches of the river, to overcome the obstacles on the terrain, the source of the poor water and climbed to the top of the mountain of an adventure activity. Ancient stream climbing, which is independent from mountaineering, involves technical climbing along a stream valley against the current, encountering waterfalls or boulders, and depending on the terrain.
The backpacking tourism relies on geological tourist attractions on the ground, close to adventure tourism in the form of activities, close to expanding tourism in the form of organization, and close to leisure and sports tourism in terms of obtaining feelings. As an emerging outdoor sports program, backcountry was originally a kind of mountaineering in the European Alps, and now it has evolved into a relatively independent outdoor sport, which was prevalent in Japan in the 1960s to 1970s, and was introduced into our country after the 1970s.
Domestic more famous backpacking attractions are Guangdong Jiangmen Tiger Cave Valley, Qingyuan Huanglong Gorge, Hainan Haikou Wanquanhe Canyon, Beijing Miyun rejected the Horse River and so on.
2. Safety equipment for backpacking
As a brand-new way of traveling, except for a few outdoor sports enthusiasts, many people still don't know the real connotation of "backpacking", and hold a wait-and-see and skeptical attitude towards it. Due to the uncertainty of the environment and unexpected events, as well as the participants' own reasons, backcountry tourism has a great deal of risk.
Engaging in backcountry activities must be teamed up and accompanied, and never enter the valley alone, so as not to be trapped and unable to get out. The equipment requirements for backpacking tourism are high. Group equipment for backpacking includes braided rope, anchor stake, rock hammer, map, compass, altimeter, etc. In addition, there should be special equipment for backpacking. In addition to this, there should be special personal equipment for backpacking, such as:
(1) backpacking shoes: necessary equipment for backpackers, it is not advisable to use non-slip resistant shoes, waterproof materials should be used for backpacking shoes, which have a non-slip effect and are not easy to wear and tear, and it is best to use two-fingered type of shoes with strong gripping power, but hand-woven grass shoes and sports sandals with non-slip function can be used as non-slip shoes as well;
(2) leg protection
(2) leg guards: made of waterproof material, in addition to a certain degree of cold resistance, but also free from weeds and rocks bruises, abrasions, cuts and prevent leeches and other bites, divided into two kinds of long and short, in addition to the protection of the calf can also be a knee protector;
(3) helmets: the available lightweight climbing helmets or mountaineering helmets, the domestic engineering helmets can also be a substitute. Helmets can protect the head from the stream climbing slippery fall and falling rocks attack injury;
(4) waterproof backpack: to be able to carry backcountry equipment and climbing supplies shall prevail, the general backcountry more cycling bag;
(5) waterproof bag: backcountry tourists sometimes have to swim across the deep pools and canyons, backpacks under water is a common thing, to make the backpack to achieve the waterproof effect of the things, a single plastic bag tied together is not enough, so the backpack in the water is not enough. is not enough, so the backpack is necessary to add a waterproof bag;
(6) waterproof mirror: can protect the eyes of the backpacking tourists;
(7) waterproof clothing: choose to lightweight, breathable, easy to dry nylon fabrics are appropriate.
In addition, backcountry tourists must have ascender, descender, safety belt, iron lock and other technical equipment.
3. Safety management measures for anadromous tourism
Safety is the core issue of anadromous tourism. The scenic spots that have developed anadromous tourism should take the initiative to build up anadromous tourism safety guarantee system and integrate it into the local social safety guarantee system. It mainly includes the following measures:
(1) Strengthen the training of professionals
The anadromous tourism itself has very strong professionalism, and tourism enterprises can cooperate with adventure professional clubs to cultivate specialized anadromous tourism skill talents. Many people think that the safety of anadromous travel depends largely on the leader, and there are very few excellent leaders at present, which makes many anadromous travelers take a wait-and-see attitude towards this project. Through strict safety training for organizers and leaders, leaders and guides can master the organizational skills of outdoor sports, safety prevention knowledge and backcountry technology to ensure the safety of activities.
(2) Adequate professional training and skill coaching for participants
Reminding work before departure determines whether the trip will go smoothly afterwards, and this step is an essential procedure before backtracking. For first-time participants, the use of equipment, the possible problems encountered during the tour should be introduced. For experienced participants, more advanced and exciting backpacking techniques can be taught directly. Both guides and participants need to be adequately trained.
(3) Improve qualification and certification as well as industry standards and insurance mechanisms
Borrowing from international experience, a number of regulations and conduct standards to ensure the safety of outdoor sports can help maximize the safety of tourists. At the same time, the establishment of industry associations to strengthen the supervision of backcountry tourism enterprises. In addition, the purchase of commercial insurance can effectively reduce the risk in the operation.