Emergency shelter refers to the response to emergencies, through planning, construction, with emergency shelter life service facilities, available for emergency evacuation of residents, temporary life safety places. Strengthen the planning and construction of emergency shelter is to improve the city's comprehensive disaster prevention capabilities, reduce the impact of disasters, and enhance the government's emergency management work capacity is an important measure.
I. Principles of planning and construction of emergency shelters
(1) People-oriented. To the people's lives and property safety as the criterion, give full consideration to the public living environment and building conditions, as well as the actual conditions of the nearby sites can be used as a refuge, the construction of safe, livable cities.
(2) Scientific planning. Emergency shelter planning as an important part of urban disaster prevention and mitigation planning, its planning should be consistent with the city's overall planning, and synchronized with the implementation of the city's overall planning. Emergency shelter planning should be rationally formulated near-term planning and long-term planning. Near-term planning to adapt to the current needs of disaster prevention, long-term planning through urban renewal and development, the formation of a reasonable layout of the emergency shelter system.
(C) the proximity of the layout. Adhere to the principle of proximity, as far as possible in residential areas, schools, large public buildings and other areas where people gather to arrange more emergency shelters, so that citizens can evacuate in a timely manner.
(4) Combination of level disaster. Emergency shelter should have a variety of functions of the complex, usually as residents of leisure, recreation and fitness activities, equipped with disaster relief facilities (equipment), in the event of an earthquake, fire, floods and other major disasters as a refuge, refuge use, the two are taken into account, and do not contradict each other.
(E) a multi-purpose. Emergency shelter should have to withstand the characteristics of multi-hazard, that is, in the case of sudden earthquakes, fires, floods, wars and other events can be used as a place of refuge. However, multi-hazard use, should consider the applicability of specific disaster characteristics and evacuation needs, pay attention to the emergency shelter location environment, geological conditions and other factors.
Two, emergency shelter construction ideas
Based on domestic and international information and experience, the author puts forward the following ideas on the construction of emergency shelter:
(a) the scale of the urban emergency shelter
Combined with the city's administrative divisions, population distribution, population density, building density, and other characteristics as well as the evacuation of the residents' requirements, can be divided into three levels of construction:
An emergency shelter can be built in three levels:
This is the first level of the emergency shelter. Divided into three levels of construction:
The first level of emergency shelter for municipal emergency shelter, the general size of more than 150,000 square meters, can accommodate more than 100,000 people (per capita living area of more than 1.5 square meters). When a major disaster strikes, it is a strategic emergency shelter for disaster prevention before the disaster, emergency shelter during the disaster, reconstruction of homes and restoration of order in urban life after the disaster, and other disaster mitigation measures;
Second-level emergency shelter is a district-level emergency shelter, generally 15,000-5,000 square meters in size, with a capacity of more than 10,000 people. Mainly for major disasters when the regional emergency shelter;
Tertiary emergency shelter for the street (town) emergency shelter, the general size of more than 2,000 square meters, can accommodate more than 1,000 people. Mainly used in the event of a disaster, in the short term for the temporary refuge of disaster victims.
The above three levels of refuge should be in the construction process, should be the first level of refuge as the hub, to the second level of refuge as the node, to the third level of refuge as the end, ladder equipped, net configuration, step-by-step implementation, to build a complete system of urban emergency shelters. In the process of construction, should be in accordance with the principle of hierarchical construction, by all levels respectively undertake the corresponding construction tasks.
(2) Setting up of emergency shelters
1. Coverage radius of emergency shelters
First-level emergency shelters: after a disaster warning, they should be reachable through motorized transportation from half an hour to two hours;
Second-level emergency shelters: after a disaster warning, they should be reachable within half an hour;
Third-level emergency shelters: Should be reachable within 5-15 minutes after disaster warning.
2. Elements and Functions of Emergency Shelter Places
Three-level Emergency Shelter Places: set up to meet the needs of emergency living in tents, movable houses and other temporary housing, temporary or fixed for emergency medical care and epidemic prevention facilities, water supply pipeline network, water supply trucks, cisterns, wells, wells and other two or more water supply facilities to ensure that the lighting, medical care, communication power supply system or multi-grid power supply system or communication power. Multi-grid power supply system or solar power supply system to ensure lighting, medical treatment, communication, sewage pipelines and simple sewage treatment facilities to meet the needs of life and avoid environmental pollution, concealed pit latrines or portable latrines to meet the needs of life, movable garbage and waste sorting, storage and transportation facilities to meet the needs of life, and access routes around the periphery of the stilt houses and within the premises in accordance with fire prevention and sanitary and epidemic-prevention requirements, as well as signs of evacuation sites, signs for evacuation of people and signs for emergency evacuation of people around the periphery of the premises. The sign of the emergency evacuation function area and the sign of the evacuation of people are set up around the place.
Second-level emergency shelter: on the basis of the construction of the third-level emergency shelter, configure fire-fighting tools or equipment and facilities in the shelter area, according to the number of people to be accommodated in the shelter and the time of life, set up facilities for stocking up emergency living materials in or around the place, and set up emergency management facilities such as broadcasting, image monitoring, wired communication, wireless communication and so on.
The first level of emergency shelter: on the basis of the second level of emergency shelter, set up an emergency parking lot near the place, set up an emergency apron for helicopter landing and takeoff, set up a bath place, set up a graphic board, touch screen, electronic screen and other facilities to introduce the function of the place.
3. Emergency shelter site selection
Parks, green spaces, squares, stadiums, indoor public **** of the field, halls, and underground human defense fortifications can be selected as the site of the emergency shelter. Site selection should give full consideration to the safety of the site, pay attention to the geological situation of the selected site, avoiding earthquake fault zones, floods, landslides, mudslides and other natural disasters prone to natural disaster areas; select the terrain is high and flat and open, easy to drain, suitable for setting up tents terrain; select high-rise buildings, towering structures across the range of the collapse of the distance outside; select the storage of toxic gases, flammable and explosive substances or nuclear radiation storage The location should be outside the influence of toxic gas storage, flammable and explosive materials or nuclear radioactive materials storage, high-voltage transmission and transformation lines and other facilities. Emergency shelter should also be near the direction of different more than two smooth and fast evacuation routes.
(C) the construction of emergency shelters
Emergency shelter construction can take the following ways: First, the stadium-type emergency shelter, refers to the city's large gymnasiums and unused large-scale warehouses, exhibition halls and other emergency shelter functions. Second, the human defense project emergency shelter, refers to the transformation of the use of urban human defense projects, improve the corresponding living facilities. Third, the park-type emergency shelter, refers to the transformation and utilization of the city's various parks, green spaces, schools, squares and other public **** place, plus the construction of the corresponding living facilities. Fourth, the urban and rural emergency shelter, refers to the use of urban and rural areas to build emergency shelters. Fifth, forest-type emergency shelter, refers to the use of forest land in line with the requirements of evacuation, shelter and wartime air defense.
Three, the maintenance and management of emergency shelter places
(a) the implementation of who invested in the construction, who is responsible for the principle of maintenance and management. Emergency shelter owners should be required to set up a variety of facilities and equipment, delineation of various types of functional areas and set up signage, the establishment of a sound place to maintain and manage the system.
(2) emergency shelter government management, should be developed for different types of disasters in the use of the place of emergency plans, clear command structure, delineation of the evacuation location, the preparation of emergency facilities location map as well as the place of function manual, the establishment of a database and electronic maps, and to the public. Conditional places, can also organize test emergency drills.
(C) all levels of government, departments to prepare a single emergency plan should be linked with the city's emergency shelter planning and construction. Emergency shelter construction funds should be included in the annual budget at all levels of government.
(d) Establish a well-trained emergency volunteer team. Through the training and drills organized for volunteers, make them familiar with the procedures of disaster prevention, evacuation and relief, and the operation and use of emergency equipment and facilities.
(v) Establish a set of standardized identification signs for emergency evacuation sites. Emergency shelter should be set up near the unified, standardized signage, prompting the location of the emergency shelter and distance, the place should be set up within the functional zoning details, prompting the distribution of various types of emergency facilities, at the same time, the place should also be set up inside the publicity column, publicity facilities within the place to use the rules and emergency knowledge.