I, Inner Mongolia coal resources
(I) coal resources
Inner Mongolia is one of the richest areas of China's coal resources, the area of coal seams in the region is large and widely distributed. In the region of 1.183 million square kilometers, the area containing coal has been identified as 120,000 square kilometers, accounting for about 10% of the total area of the region. Among the 101 flag counties and districts in the region, 67 of them store coal resources. The cumulative proven reserves in the region are 231.71 billion tons, accounting for 22% of the national reserves. There are 19 coal fields with proven reserves above 100 million tons, and 6 coal fields with reserves above 10 billion tons. Among them, 25.3 billion tons of reserves in the Jungar Coal Field, 21.4 billion tons in the Xilingol Victory Coal Field, 21.5 billion tons in the Hulunbeier Coal Field, and 73.6 billion tons in the Dongsheng Coal Field. At present, Inner Mongolia*** has 1228 coal mines of various types, including 67 state-owned key coal mines, 96 local state-owned coal mines and 1065 township collective coal mines. Formed Uda, Haibowan, Baotou, Pingzhuang, Dayan, Zhalainuoer, Hollinhe, Yimin, Jungar, Shendong and other 10 state-owned key coal production mines, as well as Shengli, Baiyinhuahua, Baozhixiele, Wanli and other four national key construction mines.
The characteristics of Inner Mongolia's coal resources can be summarized as follows: First, the resources are widely distributed, the total amount of more; Second, a complete range of good quality, mainly low-metamorphic bituminous coal and lignite, low-sulfur high-quality coal accounted for 70% of the total reserves of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal accounted for 60% of the high-quality coal; Third, the coal seams are buried in shallow, thick coal seams, the geological structure and hydrogeological conditions are relatively simple, the layer is stable, the size of the field, large, easy to mine; Fourth, the main coal mines are the main coal mines of the state-owned key production areas of Yimin, Zhunger, Shendong and Shengli. large and easy to mine; fourthly, the *** raw and associated mineral resources in the main coal system are abundant, which facilitates the comprehensive development of other mineral resources.
(2) Coal Production and Consumption
Since the Tenth Five-Year Plan, along with the rapid economic growth, the strong demand of energy market both inside and outside the region has stimulated the rapid development of energy industry in the region, especially coal industry, and the coal production has been growing rapidly. 2005 coal production of the region reached 25.607 million tons, an increase of 20.6 percent over 2004, and the coal production of the region reached 1.5 million tons, an increase of 20.7 percent over 2004. In 2005, the coal production in the region reached 25607 million tons, an increase of 20.60% compared with 2004 and 313.62% compared with 2001, which not only greatly exceeded the target of 95 million tons in the Tenth Five-Year Plan of the Autonomous Region, but also exceeded the visionary target of 132 million tons in 2010. *** Produced 800 million tons of raw coal, and exported 455 million tons of coal to the outside of the region, accounting for about 57% of the total. Inner Mongolia has become a large coal resource area, production area and output area in China. By the end of 2005, the installed capacity of thermal power generation had reached 19,966,900,000kw, and the annual power generation had reached 107,002,000,000kw/h, an increase of 243.62% over 2000.
With the rapid growth of the national energy market demand, domestic large-scale energy companies have to our region to invest in the construction of energy projects, advancing the diversification of the main body of investment in the region's coal industry, and promote the rapid growth of investment in the coal industry. Especially the implementation of coal power integration, coal chemical and other projects to promote the coal industry upstream and downstream industry extension, driving the development of related industries.
Two, Inner Mongolia coal resources development and utilization of existing problems
Inner Mongolia's rich coal resources have been and will continue to provide reliable energy security for regional economic and social development. However, along with the energy development, especially the large-scale development and utilization of coal resources, highlights such as energy resources, energy and environmental issues, energy efficiency issues, energy interests and a series of problems that can not be ignored.
(I) energy resources
The main body of energy resources widely used in modern society is still coal, oil and gas and other non-renewable disposable energy resources, the generation of its geological resources to millions of years, and the absolute amount of these resources is limited. Currently, the wasteful consumption of these resources is the lack of energy resources for future sustainable development strategy. Therefore, in the strategic management of energy resources, on the basis of a full study of energy demand and socio-economic development, we should carefully assess the energy demand and the laws and characteristics of growth and change, and effectively promote the balance of energy production and demand while endeavoring to improve the extraction and storage ratio of energy resources and promote the conservation of energy resources. In the energy industry management strategy, in view of the small energy production enterprises of resource extraction and storage ratio is generally lower than that of large and medium-sized enterprises, in energy resource-rich areas to limit the development of small energy enterprises.
(2) energy interests
A number of central enterprises in the development of energy resources to play a major role in accelerating energy development. However, due to the interests of the distribution mechanism has not yet been rationalized, the central enterprises and local enterprises, the government and the local people between the conflict of interest is escalating, has affected the future development of energy in an orderly manner. At present, compared with the central enterprises and local coal mines, the same mining 1 ton of coal left to the county-level local finance of the actual disposable income difference of 8 ~ 9 times; and the lack of integrated consideration of the local long-term industrial planning. Many energy-producing areas of local governments are not willing to central enterprises from the local cheap output of disposable energy products, hoping to take advantage of the development of the momentum of the development of higher value-added energy utilization and deep processing projects, to protect the long-term interests of the local. For example, the main coal-producing areas want to arrange more power plants and high energy-consuming projects, but the central enterprises engaged in one-time energy extraction basically do not take into account the local planning, many local long-term industrial development plan for many years is still "a blueprint".
In the main coal-producing areas, on the one hand, there is the expansion and accumulation of foreign capital, and on the other hand, there is the competition for the interests of the local people and the local government. The imbalance in the distribution of benefits has led to a monstrous development situation. Started in the second half of 2003 in the Jin-Shaanxi-Mongolia region, the heat of resource competition, so that some places in order to cede resources as a condition for the introduction of energy development and utilization of projects, for the future of the orderly development of the buried a major security risks; what's more, individuals through a variety of means to buy a piece of resources from the government, in order to sell the resources in order to make a fortune in the future, this speculation on resources not only breeds corruption, and more importantly, is to disturb the normal order of development. This kind of speculation in resources not only breeds corruption, but more importantly, disrupts the normal order of development.
(C) energy and environmental issues
Inner Mongolia coal resources are rich in areas are distributed in the continental arid, semi-arid climate zone. Soil erosion and land desertification in these areas is quite serious, low vegetation coverage, the ecological environment is very fragile. In the process of coal mining, processing, storage and transportation, combustion and use, it will destroy the ground surface, pollute the underground water resources, and emit a large amount of sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and soot, causing air pollution. Thermal power generation requires a large amount of water resources, which will further aggravate the water resources tension, while the discharged wastewater will pollute rivers, lakes and groundwater. Data show that on average, every 10,000 tons of coal mining can cause 0.2 hectares of grassland or farmland subsidence, mining 1 ton of raw coal needs to discharge 2 tons of sewage.
Western Inner Mongolia, Jin, Shaanxi and Mongolia junction area of the energy development zone ecological was originally very fragile, with the increase in the development of efforts, geological hazards are increasingly intensified, groundwater depletion, large areas of the surface vegetation died. However, at present, there is no clear compensation mechanism for the mining collapse area, and the investment in ecological management and restoration of the mining area is less charged to the cost of coal production.
(IV) Energy efficiency problems
Currently, our energy mining, transportation, processing and transformation, as well as utilization efficiency is still very low, on the one hand, there is a shortage of energy, and on the other hand, the waste of energy is alarming. From the point of view of energy utilization efficiency, at present China's total efficiency of comprehensive utilization of energy is only 33%, 10 percentage points lower than that of developed countries; after taking into account the extraction and transportation, China's total energy efficiency is less than 10%, which means that about 90% of the energy resources in the production, processing and conversion, transmission, storage and end-use of the process of loss and waste. 2005 China's energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP was In 2005, China's energy consumption per 10,000 yuan GDP was 1.22 tons of standard coal, compared with developed countries or countries with comparable levels of development, the energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of output value is 3.1 times the world average, 4.3 times that of OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries and regions, and 9 times that of Japan. The relevant data show that Inner Mongolia's current energy efficiency is much lower than the national average. 2005 Inner Mongolia's energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of output value of 2.48 tons of standard coal, more than two times the national average; unit of industrial value-added energy consumption level of 5.67 tons of standard coal / 10,000 yuan, is 2.19 times the national average. Compared with Guangdong Province, which has the highest energy utilization efficiency, it is 3.14 times and 5.25 times higher respectively. 90% of the small coal mines in our region use informal coal mining methods, and the resource recovery rate is only 30%.
These data both reflect the current waste of energy use, but also fully demonstrates the potential of Inner Mongolia to improve energy efficiency is huge. In terms of energy saving and efficiency, can make a big difference.
Three, to promote the sustainable development and utilization of coal resources in Inner Mongolia ideas
Energy resources are strategic resources. In the development of energy resources, conversion, utilization process there are obvious externality, that is to say, energy resources not only has the nature of private products, at the same time it also has a certain public **** product nature, which determines the development and utilization of energy resources can not rely solely on the market mechanism this "invisible" hand to regulate, more need for government This "visible" hand to carry out strong regulation. Facts also show that most countries in the world have government involvement and intervention in energy issues. For the development and utilization of coal as a strategic resource, the central and local governments must take into account the scale of development, resource succession, industrial upgrading, the cultivation of alternative industries, and ecological and environmental protection, and formulate scientific and reasonable development and utilization planning programs.
(I) Adhere to the energy conservation-oriented, as soon as possible to amend and improve the relevant laws and regulations
Should be revised as soon as possible to save energy law. China's energy situation, management system and social environment has changed a lot, the current law can not adapt to the needs of practice. Many of the provisions are too principled, with more advocacy provisions and fewer disciplinary provisions, lacking in coercive force and operability. Through the revision, the government's energy conservation management, supervision and service system will be improved, and an energy conservation management system with unified responsibility and division of labor will be formed. Strengthen the connection between the Energy Conservation Law and the Renewable Energy Law, and promote the application of renewable energy in the fields of construction, transportation and civil use. Clearly define national economic policies and specific measures to encourage energy conservation, and establish a mechanism of "whoever saves energy, whoever benefits", so as not to condone individual wastefulness at the expense of society. Establish an energy-saving-oriented fiscal, tax and price policy system, expand the scope of the current consumption tax to include non-renewable energy sources such as coal and its products, and gradually raise the tax rate to make it compatible with the need for energy conservation, so as to ultimately achieve the policy effect of raising the cost of energy consumption, incentivizing market players to consciously save energy, and curbing the waste of energy. Fully implement the method of resource tax based on reserves, standardize and raise the tax rate to prevent resource waste and destructive exploitation.
Establish an energy-saving oriented market access system. As soon as possible to formulate and improve the energy efficiency standards for all types of products, industry energy consumption access standards and energy-saving design specifications, public **** building energy equipment operation standards. The main energy-consuming industries and products should be implemented moderately ahead of the energy-efficiency standards, and gradually raise the threshold for market access, significantly narrowing the gap with the domestic and international advanced level, and promote enterprises to speed up the research and development and production of energy-efficient products, and guide the consumption of society.
Strict energy-saving target responsibility system, the implementation of energy-saving accountability. Governments at all levels should specifically report on energy conservation in their annual government work reports and planning reports. The establishment of a statistical system and working system adapted to the needs of energy conservation.
(2) the establishment of a "green GDP" accounting system, reflecting the cost of resources and the environment
The traditional national economic accounting system has many defects, one of the important aspects is that it is established on the basis of pure economic system analysis, and the resource and environmental systems that are closely related to the economic activities are not considered, do not reflect the value of resources, do not reflect the value of resources, and do not have the ability to make a profit. Consideration of the resource and environmental systems closely related to economic activities, does not reflect the value of resources, does not take into account the pollution and destruction of the ecological environment and its loss; its input-output accounting does not involve the interrelationship between stocks and flows. For producers, traditional accounting methods also fail to account for environmental resources as producers' assets, so that producers' economic behavior is based on sacrificing the environment. To this end, the real value of resources and the environment should be reflected in the "green GDP" and the establishment of a green accounting system, which should be used as an indicator for assessing energy development regions and enterprises, so as to establish an effective mechanism for sustainable development from the institutional perspective. At the same time, it is necessary to clarify the property rights of all factors, reverse the traditional concept of factors of production, and expand the perspective of property rights change from the fields of capital, labor, and other tangible and intangible assets to the factors of production such as resources and the environment, and clarify them from the property rights, and establish the market-oriented rules of property rights transaction according to the actual situation, and realize the orderly transfer of property rights of the factors of production of the resources and the environment through the standardized market behaviors and activities. On the basis of continuously broadening the scope of paid use of natural resources, a system of paid use of natural resources throughout the entire process has been established. The content of paid use of resources should include not only the price of extraction and additional development costs, but also the costs of resource restoration, treatment and renewal.
(C) as soon as possible to establish a compensation mechanism for the depletion of resources and the environment
The development and utilization of energy resources (mainly non-renewable resources) will inevitably result in a change in the value of resources. If the property right relationship of the resources is clear, the cost structure is reasonable, then, this loss can be reasonably compensated through the supply and demand of energy products and equal exchange; on the contrary, if the value of the energy products and the price of the deviation, the economic development of the energy products purchasing region is at the expense of the sustainable development of the energy development region. According to the theory of sustainable development, the development of a country or region is sustainable only when its entire capital stock (natural capital, human capital, product capital) maintains a certain growth over time. To this end, the concept of sustainable income needs to be established, i.e., the depreciation of resources is also included in the sales price of the product, so that the main body of energy development can obtain a reasonable income to compensate for the resources through the market exchange of energy products. The user cost method and the net price method can be used here, through the analysis of the total resource reserves, extraction, extraction life, extraction costs, resource rent, with the help of the total value of the resources to achieve the calculation.
The need to establish a reasonable trade synergy between regions as soon as possible. Because of China's three major economic zones in the east, central and west of the social and economic development of the imbalanced state and the gap is widening, coupled with the establishment and operation of the unified domestic market, may make the establishment of the market operation relationship based on environmental issues, the interests of the problem has become more prominent. The unequal trade structure between the less developed regions in the west and the developed regions in the east, the formation of high-tech industries in the developed regions in the east and the westward movement of their high-energy-consuming and high-polluting industries, as well as the support that the east receives from the western regions in the process of development at the cost of resources, the environment, and the benefits, have made the regions to have obvious differences in the responsibility for environmental damage, the ability to protect the environment, and the distribution of economic benefits. In addition, the serious asymmetry shown by different regions in the level of economic development, scientific and technological competitiveness, human capital stock and other aspects of sustainable development has made inter-regional trade relations increasingly complicated, and worsened the terms of trade in the western resource-exporting regions. Therefore, the establishment of harmonized rules for coordinating trade relations among regions is urgent and very necessary.
(D) the establishment of standardized and orderly financial transfer system
Inner Mongolia, environmental problems owe a lot of debt, the historical legacy of heavy baggage, the state should increase the financial transfer to Inner Mongolia, specify a certain period of time to transfer to Inner Mongolia the proportion of the proportion and incremental ratio to ensure that the central financial transfer to Inner Mongolia's share of the focus of support for the Inner Mongolia's economic construction and environmental governance.
In response to the industrial development of Inner Mongolia is too heavy, the energy industry and the development of coal is the main situation, the central government should increase investment, strengthen infrastructure construction, and promote the regional industrial restructuring. Structural adjustment policies adopted by the local government, especially in the field of some industrial complementary, industrial substitution and high-tech industrial development, the central government should give strong support. It should provide low-interest or interest-free loans and tax exemptions for the comprehensive utilization of resources and the development of renewable energy. At present, due to the limited local financial resources, funds supporting policies actually limit the ability of Inner Mongolia to fight for the central construction funds. Therefore, from the "compensation" point of view, the requirements of the relevant funds supporting the change of project construction funds from the central government to transfer the full amount of money, is a worthy of consideration.
(E) adhere to the multi-energy, environmental priority, reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources
In the active and effective promotion of energy conservation and efficiency on the basis of industrial policy guidance, vigorously adjust the structure of energy production, consumption, planned and systematic reduction of coal and other conventional energy consumption, encouragement and support for natural gas, wind, solar and other clean energy and new energy production and consumption, and gradually increase the role of clean energy in the energy sector. encourage and support the production and consumption of clean energy and new energy sources such as natural gas, wind power and solar energy, and gradually increase the proportion of clean energy in the composition of energy consumption.
More than 70% of China's energy consumption comes from coal, and the methane produced by coal mining occupies the first place in global greenhouse gas emissions. Some research results show that China's total coalbed methane resources of 31.46 trillion cubic meters, equivalent to 45 billion tons of standard coal, especially in the Jin, Shaanxi and Mongolia gas-containing areas of the largest amount of coalbed methane resources, 17.25 trillion cubic meters, accounting for more than 1/2 of the country's total coalbed methane resources. Among them, the estimated reserves of shallow CBM resources above 2000 meters in Inner Mongolia is 7 trillion cubic meters. If coalbed methane is developed and utilized in various mining areas, it will create considerable economic, environmental and social benefits.