National standards, international standards, enterprise standards and industry standards
product certification
The product certification system originated in Britain in the early 20th century. With the change of the times, it has become an effective means of product safety, quality and environmental protection evaluation, supervision and management.
catalogue
brief introduction
national standard
Classification of product certification compulsory product certification system
Optional product certification
Product certification background
The main contents of product certification: type inspection and approval.
Inspection and evaluation of quality system (environmental system)
Supervision and inspection
Supervision and inspection
Electronic product certification daquan CCC product certification
CCEE product certification
CCIB certification
Ce certification
CQC product quality certification
CSA certification
etl semko
FCC introduction
German security
Underwriters laboratories ltd
PCT certification
TUV authentication
EMC certification
MPRII certification
TCO certification
Basic process type test of typical product certification
Factory inspection
Supervision after obtaining the certificate
Product certification project
Brief introduction of product certification and issuing agencies around the world
national standard
Classification of product certification compulsory product certification system
Optional product certification
Product certification background
The main contents of product certification: type inspection and approval.
Inspection and evaluation of quality system (environmental system)
Supervision and inspection
Supervision and inspection
Electronic product certification daquan CCC product certification
CCEE product certification
CCIB certification
Ce certification
CQC product quality certification
CSA certification
etl semko
FCC introduction
German security
Underwriters laboratories ltd
PCT certification
TUV authentication
EMC certification
MPRII certification
TCO certification
Basic process type test of typical product certification
Factory inspection
Supervision after obtaining the certificate
Product certification project
This paragraph is edited by product certification and certification bodies around the world.
Most countries and regions in the world have established their own product certification bodies, using different certification marks to show that certified products meet relevant standards, such as UL American insurance company's laboratory safety testing and identification certification,
CE EU safety certification, VDE German Institute of Electrical Engineers certification, China CCC compulsory product certification and CCTP (bud) logo, etc.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines product certification as "a procedure in which a third party verifies whether an enterprise's products, processes or services meet specific requirements and have the ability to continuously and stably produce products that meet the standard requirements through the inspection and evaluation of the enterprise's quality management system and sample type test, and gives a written certificate."
If an enterprise product has passed the product certification of a famous national certification body, it can obtain a "certification certificate" issued by the national certification body, and it is allowed to affix a certification mark on the certified product. This internationally recognized and effective certification method can enable enterprises or organizations to establish a good reputation and brand image after product certification, and at the same time allow customers and consumers to identify the quality and safety of goods through certification marks. At present, governments all over the world have established this product certification system through legislation to ensure the quality and safety of products and safeguard the vital interests of consumers, which has become a new international trade barrier.
Edit this national standard.
National standards refer to the standards approved and issued by the national standardization authorities, which are of great significance to the national economic and technological development and are unified throughout the country. The national standard is a national unified technical requirement. The administrative department in charge of standardization in the State Council shall make a plan, coordinate the division of labor, organize the formulation (including revision), and unify the examination, approval, numbering and release. Where there are other provisions in the Law on the Formulation of National Standards, those provisions shall prevail. The service life of national standards is generally 5 years. Over the years, national standards will be revised or re-formulated. In addition, with the development of society, the country needs to formulate new standards to meet the needs of people's production and life. Therefore, the standard is dynamic information.
National standards are divided into mandatory national standards (GB) and recommended national standards (GB/T). The number of the national standard consists of the code number of the national standard, the serial number issued by the national standard and the year number issued by the national standard (using the last two digits of the release year). Mandatory national standards are the standards to protect human health, personal and property safety, and the national standards enforced by laws and administrative regulations; Recommended national standards refer to the national standards voluntarily adopted through economic means or market regulation in production, exchange and use. However, once the recommended national standards are accepted and adopted, or the parties agree to be included in the economic contract, it becomes the technical basis that all parties must abide by and is legally binding.
People's Republic of China (PRC) Standardization Law divides China standards into national standards, industrial standards, local standards (DB) and enterprise standards (QB).
Level 4. By the end of 2003, there were 20906 national standards in China (excluding engineering construction standards). China's national standards are mainly published by China Standards Publishing House.
The release of national standards for engineering construction is mainly issued by People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development.
Edit the classification of product certification in this section.
According to the types of certification, China's current product certification can be divided into: national compulsory product certification and non-compulsory product certification.
Compulsory product certification system
Compulsory product certification system is a product conformity assessment system implemented by governments of various countries according to laws and regulations in order to protect the personal safety of consumers, animals and plants, protect the environment and safeguard national security. It requires products to meet national standards and technical regulations. Compulsory product certification refers to the compulsory inspection and audit of products listed in the catalogue by establishing a compulsory product certification catalogue and implementing a compulsory product certification procedure. Where the products listed in the compulsory product certification catalogue have not obtained the certification certificate of the designated certification body and affixed with the certification mark according to the regulations, they shall not be imported, sold at the factory or used in the business service places.
According to the functions of the newly established CNCA authorized by the State Council, a compulsory product certification system will be implemented. The system requires that product certification must be evaluated according to ISO/IEC Guide 65 and authorized by the government. CNCA will launch a new unified and compulsory product certification "China Certification" logo (CCC logo) and implement a new certification fee standard that is consistent inside and outside, so as to further rectify and standardize the market. AQSIQ authorized China Import and Export Quality Certification Center (CQC) to carry out product certification (CCC mark). At the same time, CQC carries out non-mandatory product certification according to ISO/IEC Guide 65. CQC is a third-party impartial professional certification institution established by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine in accordance with the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Import and Export Commodity Inspection and its implementing regulations. CQC has joined IQNET (IQNET) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Electrical Product Conformity Testing and Certification Organization (IECEE), and has become the National Certification Body (NCB) of China.
Optional product certification
Non-compulsory product certification is the certification of products not listed in the national certification catalogue, which is a voluntary behavior of enterprises and is called "voluntary product certification". CECC (China Electric Power Enterprise Association Certification Center) is a third-party organization recently approved by CNCA to conduct voluntary certification of electromechanical products on behalf of the power industry. It is the only organization under China Electric Power Enterprise Association that can carry out system certification and electromechanical product certification at the same time. Product certification covers 20 types of products required by the power industry.
Edit the background of this product certification.
The trend of globalization, changing buying behavior and increasingly fierce competition. In this era of development, today's consumers are buying safe goods. In addition to considering a certain cost performance, their consumption expectations are increasingly linked to the requirements of product safety, quality and environment. So we say that the certification mark is the key to the market.
Edit the main contents of product certification in this paragraph.
The main contents of product certification evaluation are: fairness; Legal status; Ability (product certification requires professional ability) and quality system. The product certification system adopted by China mainly includes four basic elements:
Quality system (environmental system) inspection and evaluation; Type inspection; Supervision and inspection and supervision and inspection. The first two elements are the necessary basic conditions for obtaining product certification qualification, and the last two elements are the regulatory measures after product certification.
Type inspection and approval
Type inspection for the purpose of certification refers to the process that a certification body tests one or more representative product samples and makes a reasonable evaluation to prove whether the tested samples meet their corresponding standards. It is the first important link of product safety certification. The basis of type inspection is the relevant national standards of products. The number of samples required for inspection shall be determined by the certification body according to the requirements of laboratory testing. Sampling locations are randomly selected from the manufacturer's final products. Type inspection must be carried out by an independent inspection organization recognized by the state or CQC. If there are some special inspection items and the inspection organization lacks the required inspection equipment, the manufacturer's inspection equipment can be used under the supervision of an independent inspection organization or certification organization.
Inspection and evaluation of quality system (environmental system)
In order to ensure the quality of products and meet the requirements of standards continuously, enterprises must establish a quality management system according to the specific conditions of enterprises. Product certification is incomplete only by sampling inspection of the final product. Even sampling inspection based on statistics can only prove the quality of a batch of products, but can't prove whether the products produced in the future continue to meet the requirements of standards. Through the inspection and evaluation of enterprise quality management system, it is proved that the enterprise has the ability to produce products that meet the standard requirements continuously and stably, which is a practical method proved by practice.
Supervision and inspection
When the products applying for certification pass the certification, how to maintain the stability of product quality and safety, and keep the products of manufacturers continuously meet the standard requirements? It is necessary to supervise and inspect the certified products regularly. Supervision and inspection is to take samples from the final products or markets of production enterprises and conduct inspection by recognized independent inspection institutions. If the inspection results continuously meet the requirements of the standard, the mark is allowed to continue to be used; If the inspection results do not meet the requirements of the standards, necessary measures shall be taken according to the specific circumstances to prevent the certification marks from being used on the products that do not meet the standards. The supervision and inspection items were not carried out according to all the requirements of the inspection procedures. It is important to check those items related to manufacturing. In particular, customers have more opinions on quality and safety. The period of supervision and inspection is generally once a year.
Supervision and inspection
Supervision and inspection is to regularly review the quality assurance ability of production enterprises, so that enterprises can adhere to the established quality system and ensure the stability of product quality. This is a supervision measure for the quality of certification. The content of supervision and inspection is simpler than the first system inspection. The key point is to check whether the nonconformities in the previous inspection have been effectively corrected and whether the modification of the quality (environment) system meets the requirements of quality and environmental indicators.
Edit this encyclopedia of electronic product certification
Nowadays, no matter what industry in the world, the electronic household appliances used have passed various safety certifications (this of course does not include those products produced by "underground factories"). Why is there a safety certification? This is also a safety commitment of the manufacturer to his products, which is related to radiation, electrical safety, personal safety and so on.
Are there many signals on your monitor and computer power supply? If not, be careful, those products are not safe. Faced with all kinds of certifications and their labels, do you understand what they mean? The following is a brief introduction to some of the most common security certifications in the computer information industry, hoping to be helpful to your future hardware procurement.
CCC product certification
China's compulsory product certification was implemented on May 1 2002. The name of the certification mark is "China Compulsory Certification" (English: China mandatory
The abbreviation of certification is "CCC"). The products listed in the catalogue of the first batch of products subject to compulsory product certification issued by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and the National Certification and Accreditation Administration shall be subject to compulsory inspection and audit.
Where the products listed in the catalogue have not been certified by designated institutions and have not been marked with certification marks as required, they shall not leave the factory, import, sell or be used in business service places. After the compulsory certification mark is implemented in China, it will gradually replace the Great Wall mark and CCIB mark. The original "Great Wall" logo and "CCIB" logo were abolished on May 1 day, 2003.
CCEE product certification
CCEE- great wall logo the certification mark of China electrotechnical product certification Committee (ccee) was established in 1984 with the English name of ChinaCommissionforConformity.
Electronic certificate
Equipment (hereinafter referred to as CCEE) is the only organization representing China in the International Electrotechnical Commission's Electrical Product Safety Certification Organization (IECEE), and it is the national certification body in the field of electrical products in China. CCEE has four subcommittees on electrical equipment, electronic products, household appliances and lighting equipment. Has been abolished.
CCIB certification
CCIB is China Commodity Inspection Bureau.
Bureau) English prefix abbreviation. The safety and quality licensing system for imported goods is a safety certification system for imported goods implemented by the State Import and Export Commodity Inspection Bureau (SACI). All goods listed in SACI import safety and quality licensing system must pass product safety type test and factory production and testing conditions review. After passing the inspection, they are allowed to export and sell to China only after being affixed with CCIB commodity inspection safety signs. Common in genuine imported equipment and electrical appliances. Has been abolished.
Ce certification
Nowadays, CE marks are used more and more, and products with CE marks show that they meet the requirements expressed by a series of European directives such as safety, hygiene, environmental protection and consumer protection. CE stands for obedience.
European). CE is limited to the basic safety requirements of products that do not endanger the safety of human beings, animals and goods, not the general quality requirements, and the general instruction requirements are standard tasks.
If the product meets the main requirements of relevant directives, CE mark can be attached, instead of judging whether CE mark can be used according to the general quality provisions of relevant standards. So the exact meaning is: CE
This mark is a safety qualified mark, not a quality qualified mark.
CQC product quality certification
The name of CQC organization is China Quality Certification Center, and now CCC certification is compulsory in China.
Obtaining the CQC product certification certificate and affixing the CQC product certification mark means that the product is certified as safe by the national certification body and meets the quality standards of the national response.
CSA certification
CSA is the Canadian Standards Association (CSA).
Association) was established in 19 19, and products such as electronic appliances sold in the North American market need to obtain safety certification. At present, CSA is the largest safety certification body in Canada and one of the most famous safety certification bodies in the world.
. It can provide safety certification for various products in the fields of machinery, building materials, electrical appliances, computer equipment, office equipment, environmental protection, medical fire safety, sports and entertainment.
etl semko
ETLSEMKO provides product safety, EMC testing and product testing and certification.
Performance test, any electrical, mechanical or electromechanical product with ETL inspection mark shows that it has been tested to meet relevant industry standards. Among them, ETL certification is a kind of product safety certification, and the content of certification is basically the same as UL, but the cost is lower and the cycle is shorter than UL.
FCC introduction
FCC: The Federal Communications Commission of the United States has formulated a series of product quality and performance standards related to the electromagnetic compatibility of electronic equipment and the personal safety of operators. These standards have been widely used and recognized by technical supervision departments or similar institutions in many countries around the world.
Therefore, the technical manuals of electronic products produced by various manufacturers are often printed with certificates issued by FCC that meet a certain standard, or claim to meet a certain FCC standard. The FCC certification applied to computer equipment is mainly about the standards of electromagnetic compatibility and radiation limitation of products.
German security
GS certification is based on the German Product Safety Law (SGS) and carried out in accordance with the European Union unified standard EN or the German industrial standard DIN.
Testing is a voluntary certification, which is recognized as a German safety certification mark in the European market. The GS mark indicates that the use safety of the product has passed the testing of an independent institution with credibility. Different from CE, GS mark is not required by law, but because its safety awareness has penetrated into ordinary consumers, an electrical appliance with GS mark may be more competitive than ordinary products in the market.
Underwriters laboratories ltd
UL is an insurer's laboratory in Britain.
Inc.), UL was founded in 1894. UL Safety Laboratory is the most authoritative institution in the United States and a large private institution engaged in safety testing and appraisal in the world. This is an independent, non-profit professional organization that conducts experiments for public safety.
It uses scientific testing methods to study and determine various materials, devices, products, equipment, buildings and so on. Whether it is harmful to life and property; Determine, compile and publish corresponding standards and materials that will help reduce and prevent the loss of life and property, and conduct fact-finding business at the same time.
PCT certification
According to Russian law, the goods listed in the list of goods that must be subject to compulsory certification when entering the customs territory of the Russian Federation can only enter the Russian market if they obtain the national standard certificate (GOST certificate) issued by the Russian National Committee of Standards and Metrology. For the vast majority of Russian goods, as long as the Russian national PCT standard certification certificate is obtained, it is equivalent to getting a pass to enter the Russian country.
TUV authentication
TUVRheinland is the largest product safety and quality certification institution in Germany, and it is also an inspection institution recognized by the German government.
It is also an authoritative certification body alongside FCC, CE, CSA and UL. All products sold in Germany must pass TUV certification, so the TUV certification mark also appears on various IT products and household appliances like the above five marks.
PSE authentication
PSE is Japan's electrical safety certification, and Japan's electrical products market is huge. At the same time, Japanese consumers attach great importance to the safety of electrical products. From April 5438+0, 2006 to April/kloc-0, 2006, the electrical prohibition law (electrical
Applied and Material Control Law), which has been approved by the Electrical Safety Law (Electrical Safety and Materials).
safe
Law), most household or commercial electrical products and some important parts and accessories sold in Japan are controlled by the new law. The new law aims to make the old law more rational and more in line with the world trend. In the new law, most electrical products are voluntarily declared by manufacturers, which minimizes the involvement of the Japanese government. Testing institutions that carry out testing have also been relaxed from public welfare legal persons to private laboratories recognized by the government, and have joined the mechanism of free market competition. At the same time, the new law has increased the relevant provisions on the recovery of dangerous goods, and also increased the punishment for violations.
List of PSE product certification and certification bodies: PSE certification bodies, Jeter certification bodies, JQA certification bodies, CQC certification bodies, TUV Rheinland certification bodies and UL certification bodies.
EMC certification
Electromagnetic compatibility mark, EMC (electromagnetic)
Compatibility) The directive requires that the electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by all basic electrical products sold in Europe should not exceed a certain standard, so as not to affect the normal work of other products. At the same time, electrical products themselves have certain anti-interference ability (EMS) and can be used normally in general electromagnetic environment.
The directive was officially implemented on June 1996 65438+ 10/0/. It focuses on all kinds of electronic products, is a passport for all electrical products sold to the European market, and will be enforced in China, which is of great significance for products to occupy the international market.
MPRII certification
MPR-II is the Swedish National Bureau of Measurement and Testing.
Detection), mainly to implement standard restrictions on the electromagnetic radiation of electronic equipment. At present, MPR-II is still one of the test standards followed by the display industry.
In 1990, the MPR standard designed for general working environment has been re-formulated.
In addition, the display standards of 2 1 are listed in detail, including flicker, jitter, linearity, brightness, reflectivity and font size. In this paper, the maximum limitation of ELF (ultra-low frequency) and VLF (very low frequency) radiation is put forward, in order to reduce the electromagnetic radiation around the display to a reasonable level.
TCO certification
TCO is a display equipment certification standard formulated by SCPE (Swedish Professional Employees' Union) and has become a worldwide standard. Take a quick look at whether your monitor has the logo of TCO certification. There are currently four standards: TCO92, TCO95, TCO99 and the latest TCO03. The TCO92 standard mainly meets the requirements of electromagnetic radiation, automatic power-off function, power consumption data that the display must provide, and compliance with European fire prevention and electricity safety standards.
Based on TCO92, TCO95 standard further puts forward new requirements for environmental protection and ergonomics, requiring manufacturers not to use materials that hinder the ecological environment in the manufacturing process and packaging process. The TCO95 standard covers a wide range, mainly including monitors, whole machines, keyboards, system units and notebook computers.
TCO99 standard is an extension and concretization on the basis of TCO95, which puts forward stricter and more comprehensive standards for environmental protection and user comfort, and also puts forward specific provisions for the design of keyboards and notebook computers, as well as fax machines, photocopiers and printers. In displaying CRT, the brightness is required to be no less than 100 lumens. TCO99 standard is the most comprehensive and strict certification standard at present. TCO99 standard involves many fields such as environmental protection, ergonomics, waste recycling, electromagnetic radiation, energy saving and safety.
TCO99 standard strictly restricts the use of heavy metals (such as radiation and mercury) and brominated or chlorinated shell flame retardants harmful to human nervous system and embryonic tissues, as well as CFCS or HCFCs. In terms of energy saving, computers and display devices are required to automatically reduce power consumption in a certain idle period and gradually enter different stages of energy saving, and products are required to return from energy saving state to normal state in a short time.
TCO03 is the latest version, and the requirements are more stringent. Companies that want to pass TCO03 certification must first pass EMAS+0400 1 and ISO65438 (Ecological Management).
andAudit
Scheme) certification, and the company has to sign a resource recovery contract. TCO03 requires the brightness of CRT display to be no less than 120 lumens, and also requires indicators such as color temperature, color, three-color setting and darkness, so at present, the display certified by TCO03 is the healthiest display at present.
16, SAA certification is Australian product safety certification. 17, SASO certification, SASO is a Saudi Arabian standard organization.
18, CB system CB system is a global mutual recognition system established by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IECEE).
19, CNAS China Laboratory Management Organization, CNAS is a laboratory management accreditation organization in China, not a certification machine organization, and each country has its own laboratory management organization.
CNAS can also be said to supervise the quality of laboratories in China.
CECC mechanical and electrical product certification is a voluntary certification of mechanical and electrical products made by the Certification Center of China Electric Power Enterprise Association (affiliated to China Electric Power Enterprise Association) on behalf of the power industry, covering 20 categories of products required by the power industry.
Edit the basic process of typical product certification in this paragraph.
Type (product model, specification, etc.). Testing, ex-factory inspection and post-certification supervision are three basic processes. The first two processes are prerequisites for products to obtain certification certificates, and the last process is regulatory measures after certification.
Type test
Select representative samples of typical models and specifications, send samples according to the specified quantity, and conduct inspection according to the methods and/or standards specified and/or quoted by product standards.
Factory inspection
It refers to the inspection of the factory's quality assurance ability and product consistency at the production site according to the specified inspection basis, covering all products and production enterprises applying for certification.
Supervision after obtaining the certificate
Including factory quality assurance ability inspection, product consistency inspection and product sampling inspection.
Edit the product certification items in this paragraph.
The support content is the product inspection and testing fee, and other fees are not supported. The support ratio is 50%, and the maximum amount is 30,000 yuan/piece. Product certification must be carried out by foreign certification companies or authorized institutions (directly authorized only) that have been audited and registered by China Certification and Accreditation Administration and the administrative department for industry and commerce. Each enterprise supports only one certification for each product in a country.
Submit materials (1) invoices and bank payment vouchers for various product certification projects; (2) the contract between the project applicant and the entrusted certification body; (3) product certification certificate;
(4) All domestic product certification companies shall provide the certification qualification approval letter issued by CNCA and a copy of the power of attorney of foreign certification companies.
Edit this paragraph. Product certification and certification bodies around the world.
European CE certification bodies TUV Rheinland certification bodies, TUV Shude certification bodies, TUV Nande certification bodies, VDE certification bodies, BV certification bodies, SGS certification bodies, NPS certification bodies.
, its certification bodies, certification bodies of four Nordic countries. North American certification bodies UL certification bodies, ETL certification bodies, TUV Rheinland certification bodies, CSA certification bodies. China CCC certification body
CQC certification body CQC Command Testing Laboratory, Shenzhen Electronic Testing Center, Guangzhou Fifth Hospital, Guangzhou Household Appliances Research Institute and other national laboratories. Japan's PSE certification bodies, Jeter certification bodies and JQA certification bodies.
, Japan UL Certification Agency, TUV Rheinland Japan Agency, PSE Certification Agency, NPS Certification Agency, CQC Certification Center.