According to the needs of China's geological prospecting and scientific drilling, deep core drilling has become more and more widespread, thus promoting the updating and development of key equipment for deep drilling. Since 2005, the capacity of drilling equipment has been developed from the deep hole to the deep hole and ultra-deep hole, drilling rigs for deep drilling in addition to vertical shaft drilling rigs, but also developed a series of all-hydraulic power head type, hydraulic top drive, electric top drive and other types of drilling rigs and ancillary equipment.
(I) Main types of drilling rigs
1. Vertical shaft hydraulic drilling rigs
Deep-hole vertical shaft hydraulic drilling rigs have increased the torque of the rotary system of the drilling rigs, the lifting capacity of the elevator, and the clamping and torque transmitting force of the chucks, on the basis of the original XY-4-type vertical shaft hydraulic drilling rigs. Some drilling rigs have adopted the dual-purpose design of vertical shaft and rotary table, which can be utilized for reaming of larger diameters in the upper part of the drilling. Typical series of deep hole vertical shaft hydraulic drilling rigs are shown in Figure 2-1, and the main performance parameters are listed in Table 2-1.
Figure 2-1 Typical types of deep hole vertical shaft hydraulic drilling rigs
(a) XY-5 drilling rigs; (b) XY-6B drilling rigs; (c) HXY-8B drilling rigs; (c) HXY-9B drilling rigs
Table 2-1 Typical types of deep hole vertical shaft hydraulic drilling rigs
2. Fully hydraulic power head drilling rigs
The so-called "full hydraulic power head drilling rigs" are the most common type of drilling rigs. Full hydraulic power head drilling rig refers to the drilling rig's rotary, feeding, lifting drilling tools and other institutions are hydraulically driven, the hydraulic motor is directly mounted on the rotary, the rotary can be along the mast (or guide frame) for a long travel mobile feeding. At present, full hydraulic power head drilling rig has been more and more widely used. The main types of fully hydraulic power head drilling rigs are: mast-type, vehicle-mounted mast-type, split tower-type and so on. Typical types of deep hole fully hydraulic power head drilling rigs are shown in Figure 2-2, and the main performance parameters are listed in Table 2-2.
3. Top drive drilling rig
Top drive drilling rig (referred to as top drive drilling rig) is a kind of power head drilling rig. The top drive mechanism is connected to the upper end of the drill pipe column, which directly drives the column to rotate and drill, circulate mud, add or subtract lagging, and unscrew or remove the drill pipe screws and other operations. The top drive drilling rig can be driven up to several meters or tens of meters (depending on the length of the riser), and there is no need for a chuck to hold the active drill pipe to transmit torque when drilling, so it is widely used in oil drilling. In recent years, deep core drilling has also developed this form of power head drilling rig. The main types of top drive drilling rigs are: hydraulic top drive and electric top drive two kinds, as shown in Figure 2-3, the main performance parameters as listed in Table 2-3.
Figure 2-2 Typical deep-hole hydraulic power head drilling rig type
Table 2-2 Typical deep-hole hydraulic power head drilling rig parameters
Figure 2-3 Types of top-driven drilling rigs and their supporting drilling towers
(a) Hydraulic top-driven drilling rigs; (b) electric top-driven drilling rigs
Table 2-3 Typical deep-hole hydraulic, electric top-driven drilling rigs parameters
(B) the main types of mud pumps
Drilling mud pumps according to the structure and working principle is mainly divided into: piston reciprocating pumps, screw pumps and centrifugal pumps. Deep geological core drilling mostly use piston reciprocating pumps (single-cylinder, double-cylinder, three-cylinder, four-cylinder types). Drilling construction site commonly used double-cylinder and triplex piston reciprocating pumps, they can be transported high viscosity, high density, strong abrasive and corrosive liquids, with small fluctuations in output characteristics and other characteristics. At present, drilling with typical piston reciprocating mud pump type shown in Figure 2-4, the main performance parameters as listed in Table 2-4.
Figure 2-4 Typical reciprocating piston mud pump for deep hole drilling
(a) BW-280/30; (b) BW-300/16; (c) BW320/10; (d) BW350/15; (e) BWF-400/10; (f) BW-1000/12
Table 2-4 Deep Hole Typical Reciprocating Piston Mud Pump Parameters for Drilling
(C) Main Drilling Tower Types
The main types of drilling towers used for deep geological core drilling are quadrangular type, A-type and mast type, with the typical types shown in Fig. 2-5, and the main performance parameters listed in Table 2-5.
Figure 2-5 Main types of drilling towers for deep geological core drilling
(a) quadrangular tower; (b) quadrangular tower (straight and inclined); (c) A-type tower; (d) mast drilling tower
Table 2-5 Typical drilling tower parameters for deep geological core drilling