What kind of measures should be taken to prevent poisoning due to consumption of animal food?
Factors affecting the quality and safety of animal food and countermeasures to discuss
Wang Xiaoshe (Gansu Longnan Wudu District Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service Center 746000)
Abstract: At present, the safety and quality of livestock and poultry products in China have many problems, highlighted by: a variety of livestock and poultry epidemics, the incidence of a wide range of livestock and poultry products in the pesticide residues, veterinary drug residues, heavy metal content of livestock and poultry products exceeds the standard seriously. We should actively take effective measures to build pollution-free livestock and poultry products production, processing base to ensure the quality and safety of livestock products.
Keywords: livestock products; quality; safety
With the continuous development of the national economy, people's living standards continue to improve, meat, eggs, milk and other livestock products have become the main food of the national dietary structure, the masses of the people on the health of the increasing importance. The safety and hygiene requirements for livestock products are becoming more and more stringent. After China's accession to the WTO, the low-cost operation of China's products in the international market has a price advantage, but due to the lack of a sound quality assurance system for livestock products, we enter the international market of livestock products can not meet the quality requirements of livestock products, in the international market has the advantage of no market. Rapidly improve the quality of livestock products, become a matter of urgency.
I. Factors affecting the quality and safety of livestock products
1?Animal diseases. Livestock and poultry infected with pathogenic microorganisms or parasites, human consumption of livestock and poultry meat by pathogenic microorganisms (parasites), can be infected to the eater. Such as swine dengue, tuberculosis (bacteria), cysticercus (parasites).
2?Feeding prohibited additives. Excessive use of veterinary drugs, hormones, etc., can lead to poisoning or carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic. Such as adrenaline class (leptin) quinolone and other agents, anesthesia, analgesics and so on.
3?Livestock and poultry long-term drinking water contaminated by industry. Such as the content of metal ions water, pesticide contaminated water pipes, so that harmful substances in the livestock body accumulation, endangering the eaters.
4?Feed factors. The lack or excess of certain elements in the feed will affect the quality of meat, such as the lack of V?E, selenium caused by leukodystrophy, feeding alfalfa, carrots and so on too much, will cause yellow pigment deposition, resulting in yellow fat meat.
5?Long-term consumption of swill. Free-range feeding on garbage and other waste, etc., increase the chance of infection with epidemics, and at the same time, due to unclean food sources, affecting the quality of meat.
6?Breeding males and females meat, long rearing cycle of livestock meat quality and normal meat have obvious differences. Breeding male livestock meat has testosterone and other sex hormones, can not be eaten, breeding female livestock meat aging, low nutritional value.
7?Water injection factor: water injection meat moisture, unhygienic, poor meat quality.
8?Slaughtering methods, no designated slaughterhouse places, the meat market only after the quarantine, and the head and hooves, meat more unquarantined, health conditions can not be guaranteed.
9?Transportation of meat by unhygienic, unsealed means of transportation, resulting in the contamination of meat and milk products.
10?There is no good processing sites and conditions, resulting in the contamination of livestock and poultry products.
Two, livestock and poultry product quality and safety problems
1?Supporting regulations and standards are not yet complete. The establishment of safe livestock production system, inseparable from the policy guidance and standardization. At present, China's livestock product safety laws and regulations are not perfect, management, management methods, quarantine (inspection) means unclear.
2?Institutions are not sound, so far there is no national unity to carry out animal prevention and quarantine, livestock product safety inspection of the name and organization, affecting the construction of livestock product safety system.
3?Sentinel slaughtering, centralized quarantine carried out unevenly. All over the country to carry out sentinel slaughter, centralized quarantine situation is not balanced, below the county level and economic underdevelopment of the region to carry out the situation is poor; sentinel quarantine, centralized quarantine rate is low, meat quality and safety problems.
4?Quarantine, testing means backward. At present, the quarantine mainly rely on sensory inspection, the lack of advanced instruments and equipment, prohibited additives, veterinary drugs, hormones and other detection also exists in the detection means, instruments, reagents lack of problems.
5?Lack of necessary sick meat carcass treatment facilities. The grass-roots quarantine, detection of substandard meat more incineration, deep burial, treatment is not complete, and pollution of the environment, becoming a new source of pollution.
Three, improve the quality and safety of livestock products countermeasures
1?Clear management organization, improve the management system. From the central to the local level, a management organization with a unified name should be set up to be responsible for the supervision and management of epidemic prevention, quarantine and veterinary drug production, circulation and use in the animal rearing stage. In accordance with the principles of the International Code of Animal Health, all aspects of animal rearing and animal product production, processing and transportation should be under the supervision of the official veterinary system, and supervision and management should be strengthened to ensure the safety and quality of livestock products.
2?Accelerate the process of legalization, the establishment of a sound livestock and poultry product safety standard system. Solve the food safety according to the measures is to speed up the revision of legislation and standards system. Perfect laws and regulations system, sound livestock and poultry product safety standard system, is to ensure the instrument safety management work of the foundation. The state should organize as soon as possible, around the animal origin food production, product quality, safety evaluation and other factors, in the face of the international market, the development of animal origin food safety standards suitable for China's national conditions. In the construction of system standards should consider the advanced and practical standards, system supporting and trade development needs. Technical indicators strive to quantify and have strong operability. In the standard system supporting aspects, emphasizing product production, processing, sales of various aspects of the standard system supporting.
3? Increase investment in science and technology to improve the quality and safety of livestock products supervision and inspection system. Livestock product quality and safety supervision and inspection system is a technical law enforcement system. To this end, sound animal source food safety supervision and inspection system is imperative. Should be set up at the county level livestock and poultry product quality monitoring and inspection organizations, additional equipment, improve the detection system and testing methods, to meet the needs of high-volume, multi-project, high-precision, high-speed inspection. At the same time, the development of some fast, inexpensive quarantine, testing reagents and instruments, that is, to ensure that the quarantine, detection of fast and accurate, but also to enable operators to accept, and facilitate the promotion and application. Through the producers of livestock and poultry products to implement
Effective monitoring measures to meet market demand, thereby promoting the improvement of the level of safety of livestock and poultry products in China.
4?Standardized, large-scale breeding mode is the inevitable trend of the development of animal husbandry, but also to carry out animal epidemic prevention, the best way to ensure the quality and safety of livestock products. In order to guarantee the quality and safety of livestock and poultry products, the Ministry of Agriculture has promoted the action of pollution-free food, and in Beijing and other large and medium-sized cities to test the market access system. We should be combined with local practice, the development of pollution-free livestock and poultry products, processing base construction, leading enterprises, farming communities focus on support, strict management, and comprehensively improve the quality of livestock products.
5?Strongly implement the immunization labeling system. Vigorously strengthen the origin quarantine, slaughtering and quarantine, reduce the occurrence of diseases, to ensure the safety of livestock products.
6?Strengthen the government's macro-control, increase publicity to raise awareness of the quality and safety management of livestock and poultry products. At present, food safety issues are increasingly becoming the focus of the strengthening of government functions, the government plays an important role in the construction and operation of food safety system. Food safety issues must be arranged and deployed by the government, supervise the implementation of laws and regulations of the law enforcement departments, strengthen the market management responsibility system, feeding, production, processing and sales of all links into the food safety management system, the real realization of the "from feeding to the table," the whole process of monitoring. At the same time, make full use of the information means to strengthen the publicity of livestock and poultry products, the importance of safety management, the need to vigorously publicize and popularize animal product quality and safety standards at all levels of cadres and the public, and livestock and poultry breeders and veterinary feed production and management enterprises to strengthen the laws and regulations and safe production training to enhance the livestock and poultry products, producers, operators, consumers, livestock and poultry products, the sense of responsibility for the issue of safety With a sense of urgency. The government has the responsibility to standardize industry management, so that farming, production, processing and management, and effectively do a good job from the source, have the sense to guide consumers to form a healthy consumer atmosphere, for the quality and safety of livestock and poultry products management to create a good social environment.
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Animal food safety and veterinary drugs and Additives
Author: Chen Zhuanduo, Ding Huanzhong
Animal food, also known as foods of animal origin, refers to the edible tissues such as meat, eggs, milk and other processed products produced by animals, and their processed products. Because animal food safety not only has a very close relationship with people's life and health, but also may be related to the future of human beings (such as the safety of genetically modified animal food), so it has attracted more and more attention. Animal food safety issues involve a wide range of safe animal food must have what conditions (or standards), under the current conditions, the author believes that animal food safety is limited to "no disease, no residue, no pollution, no after-effects" four aspects or more appropriate.
In recent years, there are many articles from different sides of a more comprehensive discussion of the importance of animal food safety, the main problems and ensure animal food safety measures necessary, this paper is not prepared to make a comprehensive discussion of animal food safety, animal food safety and the application of veterinary drugs and additives to talk about the relationship between a little superficial views. Veterinary drug residues and veterinary drugs, additives application of modern farming due to a high degree of intensification, inevitably bring a large number of epidemics, so the need to use a large number of drugs to prevent and control animal diseases; in addition, in order to improve the feed remuneration and to meet the demand for animal food, but also the need to use a large number of feed drug additives. Reform and opening up for more than 20 years, veterinary drugs and additives to protect the development of China's animal husbandry plays an important role; but on the other hand, due to irrational use of drugs, the phenomenon of illegal use of drugs is very serious, resulting in China's animal food residues of veterinary drugs and additives is very serious. The causes of veterinary drug residues are mainly the following aspects.
Illegal use of prohibited drugs
In recent years, China's use of prohibited drugs is the most prominent clenbuterol (leptin), according to the relevant departments of Guangdong Province reported that in 2001 on the sale of pig liver sampling 24 samples, the detection of a positive 22, more than 90%; in November 2001, the city of Heyuan, Guangdong Province, 480 people occurred in the eating of pork containing leptin (or offal) and poisoning In November 2001, 480 people in Heyuan City, Guangdong Province, were poisoned after eating pork (or offal) containing lean protein. In addition, the use of estrogen, anabolic hormone, Valium and other prohibited drugs as feed additives are also found in many people, the serious consequences are difficult to predict.
Non-compliance with the provisions of the rest period
The problem is more prominent mainly feed additives. Most of the additives are prescribed rest period, such as antibacterial growth-promoting drugs quinol is 35 days, chlorohydroxypyridine is 5 days, chlorpheniramine is 7 days, etc., but the practice is rarely implemented. Some feedlots do not stop adding drugs until just before slaughter, which will definitely make the drug residue exceed the standard. Most anticoccidials and some other feed drug additives are stipulated to be banned during the laying period of laying hens, such as salinomycin, chlorohydroxypyridine, chlorpheniramine, monensin, tylosin, etc., but quite a number of farms do not comply with these regulations, resulting in drug residues in the eggs, which harms the people's physical health.
Feed drug additives overuse is also one of the important reasons for veterinary drug residues. China's feed and concentrates and so on most of the feed drug additives. With the growth of intensive animal husbandry time, the drug resistance of commonly used drugs is becoming more and more serious, thus adding more and more high, and even higher than the prescribed additive 2 to 3 times. According to the test, in the chicken feed, per ton of feed add oxytetracycline, no stopping period, and add 56 days of feeding or 500 g feeding 7 days, to stop more than 2 days, chicken tissues of oxytetracycline residues can be lower than the maximum residue limit. In addition, repeated addition of growth-promoting drugs is also a cause of overdose, for example, some people added quinol in chicken feed, but not labeled, and added into the premix containing quinol, which makes the amount of quinol greatly exceeded the prescribed level, in addition to cause poisoning of chickens, the more serious is to cause residues exceeding the limit, jeopardizing the health of consumers. In the prevention and treatment of livestock and poultry diseases in the use of excessive doses of drugs is also very common, so that the drug in the animal body will prolong the retention time, even according to the general withdrawal period may also cause residues exceeding the standard. Some feed mills in order to maintain confidentiality or to avoid the approval of the feed added some veterinary drugs, but not printed on the label, if the user has been used to the listing of animals, it will cause the drug residues in the product, which is one of the important reasons for drug residues.
Residues of veterinary drugs and additives in animal food
Residues of drugs in animal food
After the use of drugs in animals for the prevention or treatment of disease, the original form of the drug or its metabolites may accumulate, stored in the animal's cells, tissues, organs, or edible products (such as eggs, milk), known as residues of veterinary drugs in animal food, referred to as residues of veterinary drugs. Residues of veterinary drugs. Some drugs remain in organs and tissues in free form, and some of them remain in tissues in bound form, and such residues bound to tissue proteins may last longer.
Veterinary drug residues in addition to the prevention and treatment of disease caused by the use of drugs, the use of growth-promoting feed drug additives, contact with or eat into the environment of pollutants such as heavy metals, mycotoxins, pesticides and so on can also be caused. Therefore, broadly speaking, should be the chemical residues in animal food.
The main harmful effects of veterinary drug residues?
Direct toxic effects on consumers? General acute and chronic toxicity of veterinary drug residues are generally very low concentrations, coupled with the limited number of people to consume, most of the drugs and can not be due to residues cause acute toxicity. However, there are a few drugs residues can cause acute toxicity, such as in recent years in Hong Kong Guangdong, Zhejiang, Sichuan and other places some people due to eat pig offal containing clenbuterol and acute poisoning. In fact, as early as 1990, Spain had 2 cases of clenbuterol poisoning of more than 100 people. Many veterinary additives have a certain degree of toxicity, such as chloramphenicol can cause aplastic anemia, aminoglycosides have strong nephrotoxicity, etc., if the long-term consumption of animal food containing these drugs may produce chronic toxicity, but due to the lack of research in this area, diagnosis is also a certain degree of difficulty, it is rare to see reports in this area.
Special toxicity
Many veterinary drugs have been found to be teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic (referred to as the "three" effect), such as estrogens, nitrofurans, quinoxalines, arsenic preparations, etc., have been proved to have a "three" effect. Such as estrogens, nitrofurans, quinoxaline, arsenic, etc. have been proved to have the "three causes" effect, many countries have banned the use of these drugs for food animals, the United States in 1979 began to ban the use of Hexenoestrol as a growth promoter. 1988, the United States "National Center for Toxicological Research" reported that large doses of sulfadimethoxine (SM?2) can be caused by the incidence of rat thyroid cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma has increased greatly. Since this drug is commonly used in both cattle and pigs, its long elimination half-life is one of the most important drugs causing veterinary drug residues.?
Hormone-like effects
Prior to the 1970s, many countries are estrogen or anabolic hormones used as livestock and poultry growth promoters, and later found that estrogen and other sex hormones have a carcinogenic effect, has been banned as a growth promoter. However, at present, the illegal use of such drugs in livestock and poultry, aquaculture is heard of from time to time, if eaten containing such drug residues in the product, it may interfere with human endocrine function, affecting fertility, leading to children's precocious puberty, etc. It is worth attention. It is worth paying attention to.
Allergic reaction
Many antibacterial drugs such as penicillin, tetracycline, sulfonamides, etc. are antigenic, can cause allergic reactions, these drugs systemic or local (lactiferous ducts injected) after the use of medication, can be discharged from the breast milk, the sensitive people drink milk containing penicillin can be an allergic reaction, bringing serious consequences.
Effects on human gastrointestinal microorganisms
In recent years, many foreign studies have concluded that animal foods with antimicrobial drug residues can adversely affect the normal flora of the human gastrointestinal tract, and that some sensitive bacteria are inhibited or killed, resulting in the disruption of the balance, and that some conditional pathogens (e.g., Escherichia coli) may reproduce in large quantities or invade in vitro pathogens, thus damaging human health. Mokhtar (1988) reported that 27 patients (24 males, 3 females) infected with Schistosoma haematobium were evaluated for colonic flora before and after treatment with praziquantel, and that there was a significant increase in the counts of aerobic bacteria and E. coli-like bacteria at 48 h after treatment, which returned to normal only after one week. This change is thought to be the result of the drug acting as an inhibitor of the main anaerobic flora of the intestine, leading to a proliferation of the drug-insensitive aerobic flora. Disturbance of this flora may cause further complications in schistosomiasis patients whose immune function is already compromised.?
Effects on human pathogen resistance
Antimicrobial drug residues in animal food may cause human pathogens to be exposed to these low concentrations for long periods of time, and thus develop resistance; on the other hand, food animals are susceptible to resistance to low-dose antimicrobials when they are used as growth promoters.
October 1997, WHO held the first meeting in Germany on the topic of In October 1997, WHO held the first international symposium on "Impact of Antibiotics on Human Health Care after Application to Food Animals" in Germany, and the participating experts unanimously agreed that long-term low-dose use of antibiotics in food animals would increase the number of drug-resistant bacteria, and that bacterial drug-resistant genes could be transmitted among bacteria in the population, bacteria in the animal population and bacteria in the ecosystem, which would lead to the development of disease-causing bacteria (Salmonella, Enterococcus, etc.). Salmonella, Enterococcus, E. coli, etc.) to develop resistance and cause failure in the treatment of infectious diseases in humans and animals. Therefore, it is recommended that all countries should establish monitoring of bacterial resistance in food animals: therapeutic antibiotics used as growth promoters in animals and antibiotics that can cause cross-resistance should be banned in order to avoid the loss of human healthcare resources.
There has been a debate about whether resistance genes from resistant bacteria of animal pathogens can be passed on to resistant bacteria of human pathogens, but recent studies have demonstrated that resistance genes can be passed on to each other. According to Hunter (1992, 1994), he reported that he isolated ampramycin-resistant Escherichia coli from piglet feces, the surrounding environment, cattle barns, and pasture feces from swine farms where ampramycin had been applied for many years, and that all of these resistant strains contained a similar plasmid of approximately 62 kilobases coding for resistance to ampramycin, and that these plasmids could be passed on to each other in both animal and human populations. This finding provides rationale and practical justification for banning the same antimicrobial drugs in animals as in humans and developing veterinary-specific antimicrobials.?
Measures to avoid veterinary drug residues?
The development of veterinary drug rest period, the strict implementation of the rest period of the provisions of the 2000 edition of the Chinese Veterinary Pharmacopoeia only provides for the rest period of 30 kinds of drugs, and most of the drugs do not have a rest period of the provisions of the veterinary drug residues, which leaves room for the generation of space. Therefore, it is urgent to formulate the rest period of veterinary drugs. In the rest period of the drug or additives, it must be strictly enforced.
Establishment of veterinary drug residues in animal food monitoring system
China's current veterinary drug residues in animal food is a multi-departmental management, the Ministry of Agriculture, the State Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, the Ministry of Health, part of the functions of each sub-management, which often produces a lot of loopholes. The United States of America on the management of veterinary drugs is very strict, it is worthwhile for us to learn from. Suggest that China's management of animal food with international standards, the establishment of the State Veterinary Bureau, on behalf of the State to exercise veterinary management functions, veterinary drugs, feed, additives, animal food safety for unified monitoring. This is an organizational guarantee of animal food safety.?
Strengthen the education of producers of animal food safety is related to the producers, veterinarians, researchers, government administrators, education departments, etc., and only through the full cooperation and efforts of these people can we get the safest food. However, the most important of them are the producers, who have to have the consciousness and high quality to produce safe animal food. Therefore, producers must be well educated and trained, and a qualification system should be introduced where possible. To eliminate veterinary drug residues from the source of animal food is the most fundamental way to solve the residue problem.
Doing a good job from "farm to table" to avoid residues of scientific research
There are many types of veterinary drugs and additives, their metabolism in different animals varies greatly, and we know very little about the pharmacokinetics of these drugs in the edible tissues of the animal and elimination of the law. At the same time, animal food from the farm to the table to go through many links, in these links how to avoid veterinary drug residues and contamination, there is still a lot of scientific research work to be done.
Development of standard methods for the detection of veterinary drug residues in animal food
Currently, China's veterinary drug residues have developed some national standards, the Ministry of Agriculture has also promulgated a kind of residue detection of standard methods, but in general is not yet very perfect, and there are not many varieties, so it is important to further develop and improve the residue detection standards and methods should be the first thing to do.