Overview of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway
The construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is a strategic decision made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council at the beginning of the new century, and it is a landmark project of the development of western China, which is of great significance in accelerating the economic and social development of the two provinces of Qinghai and Tibet and in enhancing the national unity for the benefit of the people of all ethnic groups. The railroad was opened to traffic on July 1, 2006 at 9:00 pm.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway runs from Xining City of Qinghai Province to Lhasa City of Tibet Autonomous Region, with a total length of 1956 kilometers. Among them, Xining to Golmud section of 814 kilometers long, built in 1979 paved, put into operation in 1984. The Golmud-Lhasa section under construction is 1,142 kilometers long, starting from Golmud City in Qinghai Province and traveling southward along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway to Lhasa City, the capital of Tibet Autonomous Region, with a total length of 1,110 kilometers of new construction, and 32 kilometers of reconstruction of the existing line from Golmud to Nanshankou. The construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway is facing the severe challenges of permafrost, alpine cold and lack of oxygen, and ecological fragility, which makes the project arduous, demanding and difficult.
The construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway started on June 29, 2001, and the investment of 1.18 billion yuan was completed in that year, and the reconstruction of the existing line from Golmud to Nanshankou was completed, and the roadbed of the section from Nanshankou to Wangkun was formed basically, and the test section of permafrost was begun to realize the first victory. 5.32 billion yuan of investment was completed in 2002, and the main project of the section from Golmud to Wangkun was completed, and the main project of the section from Wangkun to Chumar River was completed basically, and the main project of the section from Chumar River to Chumar River was completed basically. The offline main project of the section from Golmud to Wangkun was completed, the offline main project of the section from Wangkun to Chumar River was basically completed, and the offline main project of the section from Chumar River to Buqiangge was completed by more than 80%. This year is the year of comprehensive attack on the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the annual plan to complete the investment of 5.6 billion yuan, as of the end of July the annual cumulative investment of 2.39 billion yuan, the start of the cumulative total of 8.89 billion yuan. At present, the Tanggula Mountain north of the tundra project is taking intensive measures, laying tracks and beams to the plateau hinterland advancing, Tanggula Mountain, crossing the ridge section and the Tangnan section of the key projects to start, the comprehensive attack has formed a climax.
The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is known as the "roof of the world", "the third pole of the earth", is China's "source of rivers". The Qinghai-Tibet Railway built on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in this primitive, unique, fragile and sensitive geographical and ecological environment is the world's highest and longest plateau railroad, with the highest point of the railroad over the Tanggula Mountain at an altitude of 5,072 meters, and 960 kilometers of sections above 4,000 meters above sea level, and 550 kilometers of consecutive permafrost zones. Effectively protecting the ecological environment during the construction and building of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is an important task in the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and also a focus of attention at home and abroad. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to the ecological environment protection of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction. Comrade Zhu Rongji requested that the spirit of the State Council on strengthening the protection of the ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau should be conscientiously carried out, and that the ecological environment of Qinghai and Tibet should be very much cared for, and every blade of grass and tree in Qinghai and Tibet should be very much cared for, so as to carefully protect every inch of the green land of our motherland. The ecological environmental protection work for the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has pointed out the direction.
Beijing, May 2 news, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction department introduced to the reporter on the 1st, after the Qinghai-Tibet Railway all the construction personnel **** the same efforts, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway line all the station line, auxiliary line track has been paved. So far, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway line all track laying all completed.
According to Xinhua News Agency, 1142 kilometers of track on the main line of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway from Golmud to Lhasa was paved last year. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is a landmark project for the development of China's western region, and the construction of the project started in June 2001, and the whole line will be opened for trial operation on July 1 this year.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is currently the world's highest railroad, along the route of the year-round average temperature below zero degrees Celsius, the oxygen content of the air is only half of the plains. The railroad crosses the section above 4000 meters above sea level for 960 kilometers, in which the highest point over Tanggula Mountain reaches 5072 meters above sea level. In order to open and operate the Qinghai-Tibet Railway as soon as possible, tens of thousands of builders along the whole line of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, giving up holidays and other rest time, are busy for the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
Experts say, the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will further accelerate the economic development of Tibet, Qinghai two provinces and regions, "easy to go abroad into Tibet," the history of the history of the railroad transportation will be gone, rail transportation will greatly reduce the cost of passenger and freight transportation in and out of Tibet.
"Heavenly Road" will make the "roof of the world" is no longer distant
The world's highest altitude plateau railroad - Qinghai-Tibet Railway wagon trial run on the 1st. Full start. The opening of this railroad will change the lifestyle of 2.7 million Tibetans, including the way they cook.
In front of a herdsman's tent in Dangxiong County, Tibet Autonomous Region, a 16-year-old Tibetan girl, Qunsang Drolma, smiled and said to the reporter, "When the train opens, we can cook without cow dung on the fire in our house."
In the vast Tibetan plateau, the cold winter takes up most of the year. During the long eight months, due to the lack of coal resources, cow dung is the main fuel for herders on the plateau. However, the prolonged and massive burning of cow dung deprives the grassland of its ideal fertilizer.
After the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, 75% of the materials in and out of Tibet will be borne by the railroad, thus changing the shortcomings of the previous road transportation with long distance, high freight cost and high loss.
The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, known as the third pole of the earth, is famous for its high altitude, thin air, low oxygen content, strong ultraviolet rays, perennial snow, and complex climate. The modern American train traveler Paul? Theroux wrote in the book "Traveling in China": "There are the Kunlun Mountains in, the railroad will never get to Lhasa."
After four years of hard work, after overcoming many rare scientific and technological problems, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway was completed last year, and will be put into trial operation on July 1 this year. Because it crosses the highest plateau in the world, this railroad is also known as the "heavenly road".
In the Tibetan people living on the Tibetan Plateau for generations, this amazing railroad is not only able to bring the plateau on the scarce coal transportation in, the leather cargo out, perhaps one day, generations of herdsmen herding for a living, but also to take the train to see the outside, the distance between them and the world will be drawn closer.
52-year-old Tibetan Suo Tso is a small restaurant owner in Lhasa. He said, "After the opening of the railroad, the first thing I'm going to do is to bring my partner to take the train from the doorstep to the capital city of Beijing for a tour, and then to more places to see!"
Tourism experts believe that the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will become a "golden tourism line" with unlimited business opportunities.
Huang Difu, commander of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction Headquarters, said in an interview with Xinhua News Agency that the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will connect the Silk Road with the Potala Palace, becoming a new golden tourism hot line in western China. Today, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan and other provinces and regions have been with Tibet on *** with the development of tourism consultations.
Soktso said, "When tourists from all countries come in, my small restaurant will definitely be more prosperous!"
According to a study by the Tibetan Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of Industrial Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the number of people traveling to Tibet in 2010 is expected to reach 528.24 million, and the direct income from the tourism industry can reach 5.8 billion yuan. 2005, Tibet received 1.8 million domestic and foreign tourists throughout the year*** and the income from tourism was 1.93 billion yuan.
Huang Difu also told reporters that the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company plans to open a luxury tourism train, passing through the Qinghai Lake, Kunlun Mountain, Coco Sicily, the source of the Three Rivers, the grasslands in northern Tibet, the Potala Palace, and other world-famous scenic spots.
In order to help tourists cope with possible plateau reaction, the train will be equipped with specialized oxygen supply equipment. After the completion of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will also use infrared monitoring system, in the plateau section to do unmanned, to maintain all-weather traffic.
In addition, the company will also launch a garbage collection system and a special garbage collection train, which will centralize the transportation of domestic garbage generated along the way to Lhasa or Golmud for treatment.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway, which starts in Xining City, Qinghai Province, and runs west to Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, is nearly 2,000 kilometers long. Trains will reach speeds of 120 kilometers per hour on the general section after opening, and the ride from Golmud to Lhasa will take no more than 12 hours.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway will provide two sets of oxygen supply in July 2006
April 23, 2006, according to the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company, the trains on the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, which will be opened for trial operation on July 1, 2006, will provide passengers with two sets of diffusive oxygen supply and oxygen masks to minimize the lack of oxygen in the trains.
The deputy general manager of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company, Ma Baocheng, introduced that according to the lack of oxygen along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company will make every effort to create a comfortable "internal environment" inside the train compartments, and set up two sets of oxygen supply methods inside the car ****, one set of diffusive oxygen supply methods similar to the central air-conditioning, which will provide passengers with two sets of oxygen supply methods. Central air conditioning", which will enable the entire carriage oxygen content to reach the plains of more than 80%%; another set of oxygen supply is set up next to the passenger seat oxygen mask, if the traveler feels that there is still a lack of oxygen in the carriages, you can take off the oxygen mask directly to inhale oxygen.
In addition, after the operation of each train will be equipped with a doctor and a nurse, to take the car first aid emergency measures.
The first "Qing 1" passenger train to Tibet started at 9 a.m. on July 1, 2006, from the Golmud Railway Station in Qinghai, heading for Lhasa in the Tibet Autonomous Region. This is the first passenger train to Lhasa, marking the beginning of the full line of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
The whole line of the plateau "heavenly road" was opened to traffic on July 1, 2006, a day destined to be written in history. On this day, the history of Tibet's inaccessibility to passenger trains was rewritten. 1, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway celebrated the "Qing 1" and "Tibetan 2" from Golmud and Lhasa, respectively, the train for the first time on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. 2 at 00:13 on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway from Lhasa to Lanzhou, the "Tibetan 2" train was opened to the public. The "Tibet 2" passenger train arrived safely at Golmud after 13 hours and 01 minutes of traveling. This marks the opening of the entire Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the world's highest altitude and longest route mileage plateau railroad.
At 00:31 on the 2nd, the "Qing 1" train from Golmud to Lhasa arrived safely in Lhasa. From 11:05 on the 1st to arrive in Lhasa, "Qing 1" train along the way through 45 stations, lasted 13 hours and 26 minutes.
Trains into and out of Tibet started successively
At 7:20 p.m. on the 1st, Golmud Railway Station. Hundreds of passengers holding tickets for the first passenger train to Tibet, the "Qing 1" train, began to board the train one after another. 8:30 p.m., the passengers basically boarded the train. 9:00 p.m., the door closed. Xinhua News Agency, CCTV's 12 journalists were allowed to board the first train to Tibet, with real-time reports.
At 11:05 on the 1st, with the whistle blaring, the "Qing 1" train departed for Lhasa.
Seven minutes later - at 11:12 on the 1st, from Lhasa to Lanzhou, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway "Tibetan 2" passenger train also slowly started, leaving the Lhasa railway station platform 1, the train has more than 700 passengers.
Watching the whistle slowly away from the train, came to participate in the opening of the celebration of the General Assembly of the northern Tibetan Naqu herdsman Gayang said: "from horseback riding, car to train, the dream of a thousand years of ancestors, I did not think that in my generation has become a reality!
The plateau scenery is breathtaking
1 12:40, the first trip into Tibet "Qing 1" train through the Kunlun Mountain Tunnel; 13:20, over the Qingshui River Bridge. Reporters at the scene to see, Qingshuihe Bridge around the terrain is flat, wide-open view, the bridge at a glance difficult to see the end. When the train came, the Cocoanut Sicily Protected Area Administration Sonam Dajie protection station Wen Ga, Gama and several other members of the mountain patrol to the train salute.
Since then, "Qing 1" train has passed through the Yuzhufeng, not frozen spring, Chumar River, five beams, Ri A Shakuzu, Tuo Tuo River, Tongtian River, Yan Shiping, Buqiangge and other stations ...... is like a long dragon traveling in the vast plateau, breaking the tranquility of the ancient wilderness. The tranquility of the ancient wilderness.
The train traveled all the way south. Outside the window sometimes rain, sometimes snow, sometimes a rainbow appears. People really experience the Tibetan Plateau "ten miles of different days" weather. The snowy mountains, the unique scenery on the plateau attracted people's attention, "occupied" a lot of digital camera memory card storage space.
The train set a new record in railroad history
The "Tibet 2" train out of Tibet is also all the way "through the general", straight to the north.
1 14:51, after more than 310 kilometers of driving, the train through the northern Tibetan town of Nagchu railway station.
At 17:35 on the 1st, the "Tibet 2" passenger train slowly passed the Tanggula station at an altitude of 5,068 meters. This is the first time a passenger train has passed through the world's highest railway station.
1 at 17:38, the train to 84 kilometers per hour, smoothly through the elevation of 5072 meters of the world's highest railroad. More than 700 people on board had the honor of being the first passengers to take the passenger train past the highest point of the world's railroads and arrive at the world's highest railroad station.
Tibetan passenger Zhaba Wangda said: "Tanggula this even animals are difficult to survive, the train can pass, really a miracle." Passenger Zhou Jun said with deep feeling, "I am standing at the highest point of the world's railroads and I feel immensely proud."
1 18:05, the first trip into Tibet, "Qing 1" and the first time out of Tibet train "Tibetan 2" times successfully in the Buqiangge station, "shoulder to shoulder". People cheered, because it means that the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Golmud-Lhasa section has experienced the complete test of passenger trains.
Tibet is no longer no railroads and trains
"Rubbing shoulders" after the two trains have been tested on the railroad to their own destinations.
1 at 19:31, out of Tibet, "Tibet 2" passenger train wind speed, smooth through the source of the Yangtze River, the first bridge - TuoTuoHe Yangtze River source bridge and TuoTuoHe station. 20:23, the train arrived at the wind volcano tunnel. 20:46, the train passed through the Chumar River, the Yangtze River, the Yangtze River, the Yangtze River, the Yangtze River, the Yangtze River and the Yangtze River. At 20:46, the train passed through the Chumar River station. 21:45, arrived at the Qingshui River Bridge. 22:20, over the world's longest plateau permafrost tunnel - Kunlun Mountain Tunnel.
1 21:18, "Qing 1" train through the Naqu station, across the northern Tibetan plateau, straight to Lhasa. Lhasa city, the sound of salutes, fireworks, people on the train waiting ......
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway opened to traffic, so that the Tibet Autonomous Region ended the history of no railroads and trains. It will surely provide strong support for the development of the western region and the promotion of comprehensive and coordinated economic and social development, said Liu Zhijun, minister of the Ministry of Railways.
The most important thing about the Qinghai-Tibet Railway
■The world's highest-altitude and longest railroad line
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway starts from Xining City, Qinghai Province, and ends in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet Autonomous Region, with a total length of 1,956 kilometers.
The second phase of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway under construction, the Golmud-Lhasa section, with a total length of 1,118 kilometers, is a landmark project for China's implementation of western development. The Gerla section starts from Golmud, an emerging industrial city in the Qaidam Basin in western Qinghai Province, and passes through Nachitai, Kunlun Mountains, Wudaoliang, Tuotuo River, Yanshiping, over the Tanggula Mountains, and then through Amdo, Nagchu, Dangxiong, and Yangbajing on the plateau in northern Tibet, and goes all the way to the south to reach Lhasa. It will cross more than 550 kilometers of permafrost section, the average altitude of the entire line in 4500 meters above sea level, the highest track will be across the altitude of 5072 meters of the Tanggula mountain pass. This steel artery total investment of 26.21 billion yuan, plans to pave the way in 2006, July 1, 2007, the entire line was opened to traffic.
The towering peaks, sheep snowy areas, the vast Gobi ...... ancient and mysterious Tibetan Plateau for thousands of years silent and lonely. Here although the land, beautiful and rich, but in the past due to economic, social, natural and other conditions, transportation is closed, logistics is not smooth, the plateau people can only long stick to the self-sufficiency of the manor economy. Until 1949, the whole of Tibet only 1 kilometer of road can drive cars, water transportation is just a zip line bridge, cowhide boats and canoes.
In order to promote the economic development of the plateau region, as early as the 1950s, the party and the state made efforts to study and solve the problem of Tibet railroad construction. After starting construction in 1958, stopping and slowing down in 1960, and swinging back to construction in 1974, the 814-kilometer section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway from Xining to Golmud was opened to traffic in 1984.
No other railroad in the world can be so shocking and exciting, in "the most mysterious place other than the moon" - the Tibetan Plateau, a world-renowned steel dragon is winding forward, it will break through the forbidden zone of life, crossing the Gobi Kunlun, flying over the cracks of the Gobi. Gobi Kunlun, fly frame rift valley rift valley ...... it with indisputable facts to tell the world: it is the world's highest altitude, the line of the longest plateau railroad!
■ The world's highest plateau tundra tunnel - Wind Volcano Tunnel
Wind Volcano Tunnel is the world's highest railroad tunnel, located in Qinghai Qinghai Tibet Railway Qinghai Plateau, "no man's land" edge of the length of 1,338 meters, track surface elevation of 1,338 meters, the track surface elevation of 1,338 meters, the track surface elevation of 1,338 meters, the track surface elevation of 1,339 meters. With a total length of 1,338 meters and an elevation of 4,905 meters above sea level, it is the highest tunnel in the world and a key control project of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The tunnel is located in the region of complex geology, mainly for the soil-bearing ice layer, full of frozen soil, rich frozen soil, and fissure ice, thaw frozen mudstone and other pathological geology. Here the average altitude of about 4900 meters, the average annual temperature of minus 7 ℃, the lowest temperature in the cold season of minus 41 ℃, the oxygen content in the air is only about 50% of the mainland, has been referred to as the "forbidden zone of life". Tunnel permafrost layer up to 150 meters thick, the thinnest cover of only 8 meters, the construction of the slightest carelessness, will lead to a major collapse, the engineering difficulty of the unprecedented.
Wind volcano plateau tundra tunnel design and construction, development, the use of tundra tunnel construction adapted to the low-temperature, early-strength concrete, the use of waterproofing, thermal insulation, and other new technologies and new techniques, to overcome the shallow tundra tunnel into the hole, the ice rock light explosion and other technical difficulties, mastered the plateau tundra roadbed and the tunnel construction of an effective approach to the tundra tunnel construction at home and abroad, so that it reaches the leading level of tundra tunnel construction. Tunnel in the wind volcano adverse geological areas, the key is to solve the problem of hot melting of the surrounding rock. The construction unit to overcome the saturated frozen ground texture construction as the preferred goal, and drawing on domestic and international experience in permafrost tunnel construction, development, production of two extra-large tunnel air-conditioning unit, the formation of the cave air freezer and air-conditioning room, to control the temperature inside the cave within ± 5 ° C, so as to solve the problem of heat thawing of the different permafrost geologic conditions, in order to ensure the smooth progress of the project to explore a new way. More than 400 sets of first-class plateau construction machinery have been purchased, realizing mechanized operation, greatly reducing the labor intensity of workers and improving productivity. Wind Volcano Tunnel is the longest tunnel with shallow buried layer on Qinghai-Tibet Line. In order to avoid landslides, a package of work method programs has been put forward for the spraying and supporting of different geologies. In the section of ice-rich frozen soil, the double-layer super-advanced and super-strong support method of large pipe shed and small pipe shed is adopted, and hollow anchor rods and heated cement slurry are used to anchor, so that the upper layer of the surrounding rock can form a relatively stable environment. At the same time, the implementation of "weak blasting, fast support, fast initial lining", so that the ice-rich frozen soil section can be safely passed. For the fissure ice geology, the method of "grabbing the grill first, welding the steel mesh quickly, and spraying the protection while welding" was adopted, and good results were achieved. For the thawed mudstone geology, the method of "using water glass for two-liquid grouting to stabilize the structure of the mountain first, and then excavating cautiously after the water glass and cement slurry solidified" was adopted, which soon stopped the collapse of the thawed mudstone and ensured the normal progress of the construction.
The Wind Volcano Tunnel began construction on October 18, 2001, and was successfully opened on October 19, 2002, marking important progress in the battle to build the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
The Wind Volcano Tunnel, located in Wind Volcano on the edge of Coco Sicily on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with a total length of 1,338 meters and an elevation of 4,905 meters above sea level at the track surface, is a key and difficult control project of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and the highest tunnel in the world, which has attracted worldwide attention.
This tunnel is geologically complex, mainly containing soil ice layer, full of frozen soil, rich frozen soil and other properties of the soil. When the excavation of the tunnel after the first gun blast, chiseling through many tunnels of China Railway Bureau of twenty construction technicians, the first time to see the soil full of ice, for the surprise. Tunnel permafrost layer up to 150 meters thick, the thinnest cover of only 8 meters, the construction of the slightest carelessness, will lead to a major collapse. Wind volcano area of harsh natural conditions, where the average altitude of about 4900 meters, the average annual temperature -7 ℃, the lowest temperature in the cold season -41 ℃, the oxygen content in the air is only 50% of the mainland about 50%, is referred to as the "forbidden zone of life". Wind Volcano Tunnel has more than seven ministerial-level scientific research projects, is the Qinghai-Tibet Railway scientific research projects most of the plateau tundra tunnel, the engineering difficulty of the unprecedented.
On October 18, 2001, the construction of Wind Volcano Tunnel started. The General Command of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction Department strengthened the leadership, China Railway Twenty Bureau Group Company organized the project scientifically, and the relevant units cooperated with each other vigorously, and in accordance with the guiding ideology of "relying on science and technology, people-oriented, and focusing on environmental protection", the project was constructed scientifically, managed strictly, and worked hard, and all the work made important breakthroughs and promising results.
Carry out joint research, breakthroughs in key points. In order to overcome the problem of plateau tundra construction, the General Command of Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction has set up a leading group of scientific and technological research by construction, design, construction, supervision and other member units, and the Command of China Railway Bureau 20 has set up a research group with the commander as the leader, and has made joint researches with the Railway Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Frozen Soil of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Southwest Jiaotong University, etc., and has successively developed and used the low-temperature tunnel construction method adapted to the construction of frozen soil tunnel in designing and constructing of tundra tunnels in highland tundra. Adapted to the tundra tunnel construction of low-temperature early strength concrete, the use of waterproofing, insulation and other new technologies and new techniques, to overcome the shallow tundra tunnel into the hole, ice rock light explosion and other technical difficulties, mastered the plateau tundra roadbed and tunnel construction of an effective approach.
Adhere to the identification and treatment, to solve the permafrost hot melt. Tunneling in the wind volcano adverse geological areas, the key is to solve the problem of hot melt surrounding rock. China Railway Bureau 20 command to overcome the saturated frozen ground construction as the primary goal, drawing on domestic and international experience in tundra tunnel construction, and Shijiazhuang Railway Institute *** with the development, production of two large tunnel air-conditioning unit, the formation of the hole air freezer and air-conditioning room, the cave temperature control within plus or minus 5 ℃, thus solving the different tundra geological conditions of the heat melt problem, to ensure the project smooth progress. The new road has been explored to ensure the smooth progress of the project.
Groping for advanced technology, promote advanced work method. Wind volcano tunnel shallow buried layer is long, in order to avoid the collapse, they for different geological spraying and support put forward the work method program. In the ice-rich frozen soil section, the use of large pipe shed and small pipe shed of double-layer ultra-pre-excellent support method, the use of hollow anchors and warmed cement slurry anchoring, so that the upper layer of the surrounding rock to form a relatively stable environment. At the same time, the implementation of "weak blasting, fast support, fast initial lining", safe through the ice-rich frozen soil section. And for the fissure ice geology, it adopts the method of "grabbing the grill first, welding the reinforcing mesh quickly, and spraying the protection while welding", which has achieved good results. Also on the frozen mudstone geology to take "water glass for two-liquid grouting, first stabilize the structure of the mountain, to be water glass and cement slurry solidification, and then cautious excavation", soon stopped the frozen mudstone collapse, to ensure the normal progress of the construction.
Emphasis on project quality, improve labor efficiency. They carry out the policy of "start work must be excellent, once into excellent, comprehensive excellent", the project acceptance rate of 100%, the excellent rate of 90% or more, reducing the quality of the disease, did not occur a grade of safety accidents. Also has purchased more than 400 sets (sets) of first-class plateau construction machinery, the realization of mechanized operations, greatly reducing the labor intensity of workers, improve productivity, accelerate the progress of tunnel construction.
Adhere to the "people-oriented", health protection first. The wind volcano tunnel air thin, strict lack of oxygen gas. In order to ensure that the team to go, stand firm, win, they are from the geographical environment, climatic conditions, technical difficulties, materials and equipment, medical and health care and other aspects of protection. Has invested funds to set up a high-pressure oxygen warehouse, B ultrasound and other advanced medical equipment "site hospital" and 9 grass-roots site health center, equipped with 34 medical personnel, formed a sound secondary health protection network; they cooperate with scientific research units, developed and built 3 production, life medical oxygen station, to the wind volcano tunnel for diffuse oxygen supply, each oxygen station each time, the oxygen supply, the oxygen supply, the oxygen supply, the oxygen supply, the oxygen supply. Oxygen supply, each oxygen station can produce 20 cubic meters of oxygen per hour, the purity of oxygen reached 94%%, and installed an oxygen bar car in the cave, which is convenient for the operating personnel to inhale oxygen at any time. Solve the problem of more than 3,000 construction workers and civilian laborers using oxygen for construction and life. Created a miracle that none of the construction workers and laborers died of plateau sickness.
On October 19, 2002, the Wind Volcano Tunnel of Qinghai-Tibet Railway passed through, marking the important progress in the battle for the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and the Ministry of Railways sent a special telegram to express its congratulations.
On July 29, 2003, the main project of the tunnel was completed. The successful breakthrough of the Wind Volcano Tunnel in the technical problems of plateau permafrost was awarded as one of the "Top Ten Scientific and Technological Events of China in 2002" by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China in the selection activities organized by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China and other organizations. Source: Huang Yang, Propaganda Department, General Command of Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway has a total length of 1,956 kilometers, with 960 kilometers of elevation above 4,000 meters, of which 550 kilometers cross the perennial permafrost zone of the plateau. Its highest point is located at an altitude of 5,072 meters, always snow-capped Tanggula Mountain Pass, known as "the closest railroad to the sky" and "the highest railroad in the world". The construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is a major strategic decision made by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council as it enters the new century, and it is one of the four major landmark projects of the Tenth Five-Year Plan of the country, and it is the first of the key projects for the development of the western region.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway starts from Xining City of Qinghai Province in the north and ends in Lhasa City of Tibet Autonomous Region in the south, with a total length of about 1956 kilometers, of which about 846 kilometers from Xining to Golmud was completed in 1984. Will start the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Golmud to Lhasa section, from the western town of Qinghai Province, Golmud City Railway Station, over the southern mountain pass, on the Tibetan plateau hinterland, through the Nachitai, five Liang, Tuo Tuo River, Yan Shi Ping, over the Tanggula Mountains into the Tibet Autonomous Region, and then through the Amdo, Nagchu, Dangxiong, Yangbajing, to the Tibet Autonomous Region, the capital of Lhasa City. The line direction is basically parallel to the Qinghai-Tibet Highway. Qinghai-Tibet Railway through the Coco Sicily, the source of the Three Rivers, Qiangtang and other nature reserves, because of its unique environmental protection design and construction, also known as China's first "environmental protection railroad".
■ The world's longest plateau tundra tunnel - Kunlun Mountain Tunnel
The Kunlun Mountain Tunnel at an altitude of 4,648 meters of snow in June, four seasons in a day, the cold and lack of oxygen, the oxygen content of only half of the mainland plains, the lowest temperature reaches more than 30 degrees Celsius below zero.
Fighting here in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway builders, braving the harsh natural environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, building the world's longest plateau tundra tunnel. Tunneling in the tundra is much more difficult than in the plains. Every summer, the temperature inside the tunnel rises, sometimes up to about 7 degrees Celsius, at such temperatures the permafrost is easy to melt, the hole from time to time there is ice slag down, to the construction of great difficulties. In order to prevent and minimize the impact of permafrost disease on the tunnel's solid performance, in the Kunlun Mountain Tunnel construction has taken more than twice the procedures than in the plains. Tunnel construction in the plains only in the anchor spray support, plus a layer of concrete can be, but in the tundra tunnel construction, but also need to set up two waterproofing and a thermal insulation board, play a role in waterproofing and heat preservation, and then finally lined with a concrete. This is equivalent to the tunnel to wear a waterproof warm clothes, effectively solve the tundra tunnel construction problems.
In order to protect the physical and mental health of construction workers, China Railway Bureau Five Four stipulates a four-hour shift operation system, provides sufficient oxygen to workers in the tunnel every day, and regularly checks the air quality in the tunnel. In the Kunlun Mountain Tunnel entrance, a yellow ventilation pipe is like a ribbon across the tunnel, this ribbon will be outside the tunnel of fresh air into the tunnel, to ensure that the tunnel construction of oxygen content. They also set up a first aid center at the tunnel entrance, and established a hyperbaric oxygen warehouse at the site, and the staff dormitory is also equipped with oxygen cylinders. At the same time, quarterly physical examination of employees, if found unwell, immediately sent to Golmud treatment.
Kunlun Mountain Tunnel in September 25, 2002 through.
■The world's highest railway station - Tanggula station
June 29 this year, the highest railway station along the Gera section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway - Tanggula station groundbreaking, this station is also the world's highest railway station.
Tanggula station is located at an altitude of 5,068 meters Tanggula mountain pass permafrost area, covers an area of about 77,000 square meters, designed for three strands. Tanggula station after completion will mainly adapt to the needs of the train will give way. The station is constructed by the Sixth Project Department under the 18th Bureau. According to the geographical location and geological characteristics of this station, the engineering design adopts a schist ventilated roadbed. This design can keep the permafrost temperature relatively stable in order to reduce the disturbance to the permafrost and achieve the purpose of effectively protecting the permafrost.
Tanggula Station was completed in August 2004, when it will become a major attraction on the 1,000-mile Qinghai-Tibet route.
■China's largest plateau railroad laying base -- Nanshangkou laying base of Qinghai-Tibet Railway
From the starting point of the Gera section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, Golmud City, about 30 kilometers southward, we came to the largest and highest grade plateau laying base in the history of China's railroad construction.
The Nanshangkou base of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is located at an altitude of 3,050 meters above sea level.
The scale and technical content of Nanshangkou Laying Base of Qinghai-Tibet Railway are the first in the history of China's railroad construction. At the beginning of the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, this place is still filled with yellow sand, rare and desolate. Since June 29, 2001, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway started construction of the horn blowing, China Railway Bureau more than 500 workers in this barren land on the resistance to lack of oxygen, the top of the wind and sand, the wind, food and shelter, played the man and nature of the battle and railroad construction technology, management level of the battle, overcome the difficulties, raised the Qinghai-Tibet Railway started "leading" flag. "
Paving the railway is the first step in the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.
Laying frame base from March last year to start the installation of machinery and equipment, debugging, nail joint production line from April to start trial production. Guo Xiuchun said, Nanshangkou paving base bear the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Nanshangkou to Amdo section of the track paving task. Qinghai-Tibet Railway through the line across the "roof of the world", due to the high cold, lack of oxygen, low pressure, coupled with large slope, temperature difference, wind and sand, thunder and lightning and other unfavorable factors, to the construction and transportation has brought great difficulties. At present, the domestic production of track-laying machine, bridge-crossing machine and internal combustion locomotives in the average altitude of 4000 meters on the Tibetan plateau power drop nearly half, the general maximum gradient adaptability of twelve thousandths of a percent, and because of the lack of oxygen, fuel combustion is not sufficient to produce a large number of exhaust gas, resulting in environmental pollution. The maximum gradient of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is designed to be 20 thousandths of a percent, and the harsh climate conditions and special geographical environment become a "roadblock" for the railroad pavement. To this end, China Railway Bureau mobilized experts with rich experience in paving and framing, transformed domestic track-laying and bridge-laying machinery and internal combustion locomotives, and put forward a series of specific solutions and measures, such as development of oxygen boosting equipment, transformation of machinery, rolling stock equipment, prevention of severe cold, wind and sand, lightning and other specific solutions and measures. After the transformation of track-laying and bridge-laying machines and internal combustion locomotives, in the twenty-two-thousandths of a ramp operation, power performance is good, normal operation of equipment, environmental pollution is minimal. This scientific research results to fill the domestic plateau paving technology on the blank, so as to provide equipment for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway paving protection.