Biotechnology Faces Ethical Dilemmas
Biotechnology is in its infancy, and international cooperation within this field is very active and fairly well developed, so that there is currently little difference in the level of research between the world's major countries. The United States has the strongest comprehensive research strength and the largest industrialization scale, but Britain, Japan, Germany, China and Sweden also have their own characteristics and breakthroughs. In the future, scientists from all countries will do their best to seize the high ground of this productivity leap, but biotechnology will also face some ethical dilemmas.
Therapeutic cloning research has been a hot topic of debate in the United States between the Democrats and the *** and party, with votes at stake. Donald Kennedy, editor-in-chief of the U.S. magazine Science, has said that some scientists have found ways to "get around" the restrictions of U.S. law. Some analysts believe that the U.S. domestic opposition to cloning is mainly conservative religious groups, anti-abortion groups, these organizations are Bush's loyal voters, so it is difficult for the Bush administration to change its position against therapeutic cloning.
Meanwhile, therapeutic cloning research offers strategic opportunities for those countries that support it, such as Britain and Sweden. The British biotechnology industry is the second largest in the world after the United States, and the sectors that benefit from biotechnology employ more than 1.75 million workers and account for about 10 percent of gross domestic product. The British government has been taking an active supportive attitude towards biotechnology, believing that it is a typical knowledge-based economy, which is where Britain's strength lies and the future of British industry. The British government issued the world's first legal license to clone human embryos as early as August 11, 2004.
(Jonghe)
■Status quo
Genetically modified crops plague EU
Facing pressure from U.S., Canada, Afghanistan and others, EU to open door to GM crops
Europe is the only continent in the world where genetically modified crops have yet to be produced and sold. However, in the face of pressure from the United States, Canada and Argentina in the World Trade Organization, the European Union says all EU countries must open their doors to GM crops and are prepared to put in place workable regulations to ensure the safety of human health and the environment.
"Growing GM crops is suicide"
Eight different bans are in place in five European countries, and many European countries want to prevent such foods from entering Europe. The "fight" has created divisions in the transatlantic relationship between the European Union, which refuses to produce and sell GM crops, and the United States and Canada, which produce large quantities of GM crops. European consumers and farmers generally do not want GM crops. The problem with Europe's food culture, which has evolved over centuries, is that Europeans are reluctant to plant crops that utilize biotechnology in the ground or put them in their mouths. Many consumers in the European Union say they don't believe GM crops are safe, especially for the environment.
Many mainstream supermarkets in Europe will not sell these foods. There is a general reluctance among the Greek public to grow, sell and eat GM crops. Former Greek Environment Minister Theodore Koripanos said, "All political parties are against it. We don't agree on other matters, but this is a special case. "
Nikos Lapas, president of Greece's largest farmers' federation, said, "The environment ministers who have authorized GM crops to enter their country will never be ministers again. We don't need them in our markets and it would be economic suicide for farmers to grow GM crops."
"U.S. ambassador to visit new Greek minister"
Barbara Heifenreich, a spokeswoman for the EU's Environment Council, said, "We have good policies, but we have found that consumers and many EU member states are very resistant to GM crops, and thus have blocked the adoption of the resolution over and over again. time and time again, blocking the resolution from being passed."
Those countries that produce GM crops, however, are exerting pressure within the WTO and on individual countries. "The U.S. ambassador who talks about 'you need GM crops' visits every new Greek minister," Says Koripanos, "The pressure is unimaginable." Biotech companies like Monsanto, on the other hand, insist that GM crops do not cause significant side effects and that such crops should hit the European market immediately.
4, the representative of the UK's top education - life sciences professional introduction
Date: November 07, 2006
Source: Internet
Author:
Editor: Xu Hong
Zhejiang Online-Education Channel edu.zjol.com.cn
Some people predicted that the 21st century would be a time of great change.
It has been predicted that the 21st century is the century of biological sciences, and whoever masters the life sciences will dominate everything. From a general point of view, contemporary biological science is mainly toward the development of micro and macro two aspects: in the micro aspect, biology has entered from the cellular level to the molecular level to explore the nature of life; in the macro aspect, the development of ecology is playing an important role in solving the global problem of resources and the environment and so on.
Biology is one of the earlier majors, people on the basis of biology, through the continuous intersection with other disciplines and the birth of many new majors, such as biological sciences, biotechnology, bioengineering, biochemistry, bioinformatics, biomedicine, food science and engineering, marine biological sciences, marine bioengineering, animal husbandry, and so on. Biology major, etc.
In order to facilitate the distinction between these majors, they are roughly divided into the following six categories:
The first category, biological science majors in biological sciences from the molecular, cellular, organisms and even ecosystems, and other levels of research on the nature of the phenomenon of life, the origin of living things, evolution, genetics, growth, development and other laws of life activities in science. The Biological Sciences major aims to cultivate biological specialists with a solid theoretical foundation in biological sciences, mastery of the basic theories and basic skills of the discipline, and a certain degree of scientific research ability and innovative spirit. Main specialized courses: zoology, botany, biochemistry, cell biology, microbiology, genetics, bioengineering, molecular biology, ecology, plant physiology, biostatistics, environmental protection, genetic engineering, protein and enzyme engineering, fermentation engineering, cellular engineering, modern biology experimental technology.
The second category, biological engineering majors? Similar majors: biotechnology majors, biotechnology process majors bioengineering, also known as bioprocess, biotechnology, is the organic combination of biological sciences and engineering technology and the emergence of a comprehensive science and technology. That is to say, it is based on biological science, the use of advanced scientific principles and engineering technology means to process or transform biological materials. For example, the birth and development of genetic recombination technology, DNA and protein sequence analysis technology, protein engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering, chromosome engineering and other engineering have been widely used in industry, agriculture and health care, and many breakthroughs have been made. Main specialized courses: organic chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, biochemical engineering, bioengineering and so on.
The third category, bioinformatics majors (similar majors: genetic informatics majors) Bioinformatics is a popular interdisciplinary discipline that has been developed and perfected in recent years, and was initially often referred to as genome informatics. Biology is the core and soul of bioinformatics, and mathematics and computer technology are its basic tools. Broadly speaking, bioinformatics is a discipline that uses the viewpoints, theories and methods of mathematical and information sciences to study the phenomena of life, and to organize and analyze biological data that show exponential growth. It is expected that bioinformatics professionals, as an emerging interdisciplinary discipline, will become one of the most scarce types of talents in the 21st century, both internationally and domestically. Main professional courses: biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, biostatistics, database, computer software foundation, bioinformatics, gene chip technology, life system modeling and so on.
The fourth category, bio-food major (similar majors: food science and engineering majors) bio-food major is to cultivate with chemistry, biology, food engineering and food technology knowledge, can be engaged in the food field of food production and technology management, quality control, product development, scientific research, engineering design and other aspects of senior scientific and technological personnel disciplines. Main specialized courses: biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, biostatistics, database, basic computer software, bioinformatics, proteomics, gene chip technology, life system modeling.
The fifth category, biomedical engineering majors (similar majors: medical biotechnology majors) biomedical engineering is a comprehensive biology, medicine and engineering and technology interdisciplinary. It is also the use of natural science and engineering principles and methods, research and reveal the phenomenon of human life, and from the engineering point of view to solve the human medical problems of a comprehensive high-tech disciplines. Biomedical engineering is a cross-discipline and fringe discipline with extremely rapid development in the international arena, aiming at solving the problems of biomedical detection, diagnosis, treatment and management by means of modern engineering technology, as well as further exploring the various forms of movement of the living system and its regularity, which is an important pillar of life science in the 21st century. *** There are 21 universities and colleges that offer biomedical engineering majors. Main specialized courses: analog and digital electronics, microcomputer principles, digital signals and processing, engineering physiology, medical imaging and image processing, biosensing technology, cell biology, biochemistry, genetic molecular biology and so on.
The sixth category, marine biotechnology (similar majors: marine fisheries science and technology, aquaculture, etc.) This program is designed to cultivate a solid foundation of modern marine biological science and modern biotechnology basic knowledge and basic skills, by the marine scientific research and engineering technology application of training, can be engaged in scientific research, production, and teaching departments in the basic theory of marine biology research, high-tech research and bioproducts development and related management. They are capable of engaging in basic theoretical research on marine biology, high-tech research, development of biological products and related management in scientific research, production and teaching departments. Major Courses: Analog and Digital Electronic Technology, Principles of Microcomputer, Digital Signal and Processing, Engineering Physiology, Quantitative Physiology, Medical Imaging and Image Processing, Biological Sensing Technology, Modern Medical Instrumentation, General Biology, Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Genetic and Molecular Biology, and so on. Major specialized courses: cell engineering, genetic engineering, microbial engineering, protein engineering, bioengineering downstream technology, biotechnology grand experiment, bioinformatics, developmental biology, fermentation engineering equipment. Other specialties that intersect with biology include: Bioenvironmental Science, Animal Husbandry Biology, and others. As new advances in the biological sciences themselves continue to cross and integrate with other disciplines, new cross-specialties will continue to be born.
The UK is ideally placed to nurture biotechnology researchers. The UK has a world-class reputation for bioscience. The UK has won more than 20 Nobel Prizes in the life sciences, and from the discovery of the structure of DNA in the past to the recent development of cell culture technology, British scientists have made many significant breakthroughs in this field. The UK has around 500 biotechnology companies with industrial applications, more than any other country in Europe. British universities lead the world in the quality of bioscience research. In the future, there will be more and more cooperation between British and Chinese universities in the biosciences.
The Department of Biological Sciences in the United Kingdom offers courses in the same way as other majors in two ways: 1) lecture-based learning 2) research-based learning. The duration of study is one year. Tuition fees are generally around ￡9,000 for a taught course, and the following are postgraduate courses offered by the biological sciences departments of some of the UK's top universities.
Manchester University is located in the third largest city in the UK, in the northwest of England. With over 1,000 researchers and postgraduate students, the Manchester University School of Biological Sciences is one of the largest and most successful scientific research centers in Europe. The center offers the Master of Philosophy in Biological Sciences (M.Phil.). This MSc program provides a complete training in advanced research methods. Students can specialize in a wide range of subjects including: biochemistry, biotechnology, cell biology, genetics, immunology, and microbiology. Sixty percent of the time is spent on research topics, while the remaining 40% is spent on instruction in research techniques. Successful completion of this program allows students to continue on to the second year of the PhD program. During this period, research opportunities are available in biochemistry, cytology, immunology, pharmacology and other related fields. The full-time PhD program typically takes four years to complete (including the first year of the M.Phil. program). Strathclyde University is located in Glasgow, Scotland's commercial capital, and the Department of Bioscience and Technology has 14 full-time academic staff and state-of-the-art biological research facilities. Frequent research exchanges with overseas countries show that staff are often invited to visit and teach abroad. The Department regularly receives distinguished visitors from around the world. We offer two full-time master's degree programs: Master of Science in Food Biology and Master of Science in Food Science and Microbiology. Research opportunities in biomedical sciences, microbiology, and environmental studies are available.
Kent University is located in the historic city of Canterbury in the South East of England, known as the 'Garden of England'. The Research School of Biological Sciences at Kent University now has over 150 academic research and technical staff. Kent University offers a research master's degree: the one-year Master of Biotechnology Research program. This can also be considered the first year of a four-year PhD program. The program includes basic instruction in bioscience research techniques, molecular biology, analytical biology, biotechnology statistics, and biotechnology and public affairs, and Kent offers master's and research programs in biochemistry and microbiology.
Other top universities in the UK for bioscience include: Newcastle University - The Centre for Microscience and Technology is a leader in this field. It offers a Master of Science in Biomedical Trace Technology - a one-year supervised Masters program. It gives students the knowledge and technical foundation to pursue careers in pharmacy, biotechnology, bioscience, and the microsystems technology industry. A program in Microscience and Technology Studies is also available. In addition, the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences offers a Master of Science degree in Industrial Biotechnology. This one-year MSc program gives students the knowledge base and skills needed to work in industrial biotechnology companies, including the pharmaceutical industry. Sheffield University - The Department of Animal and Plant Sciences is one of the largest in the UK and offers research opportunities in plant metabolism, plant developmental physiology, and animal regulatory physiology. The Department of Biomedical Sciences explores how biology can be applied to medical problems. It offers research opportunities in cell differentiation, genomics, neuroscience, and molecular physiology.
Essex University - The Department of Biological Sciences offers supervised Masters programs as well as research-only programs. The one-year supervised program MSc Biotechnology is designed to provide a theoretical foundation and transferable experience in modern biotechnology. The Department also offers Master of Philosophy and PhD programs in biochemistry, microbiology, and immunology. Westminster - The School of Biological Sciences in London has 43 staff and over 1200 students. One-year supervised Masters programs include the MSc in Medical Biotechnology and the MSc in Microbiology. The school also offers Master of Philosophy and PhD programs in biotechnology. The University of Warwick: Advanced Biomedical Engineering University of Aberdeen: Bioengineering University of Leeds : Medical Engineering and Biomechanics Biomechanics Aston University: Biomedical Engineering, etc.
Good universities in the UK consider applicants from three main sources; the school, the student's grade point average, and English language scores, so I would suggest that some of the students who are in the program must study hard because the school evaluates your grade point average in school and in all your courses. school and your grade point average in all your courses to determine if they can admit you.
Also it is well known that you need to apply a year in advance for the UK. In terms of the speed of application this year, the university is very fast in accepting applications. At present (September 2006), I have a student from a 211 major university who has already received a master's degree offer from UCL.
5,Beijing Anatomical Society Learning Environment, Health and Modern Biological Science and Technology Field Seminar Notice
2006-10-11 Reads:213
Human Anatomy is one of the most important basic courses in medical education, and an important content of biological sciences. In the observational study of life form science, the collection, preservation and observational research methods of biological specimens have a critical impact on the development of the discipline.
For a long time, by the current biological specimen preservation technology limitations and impacts, anatomical scientists working environment is often subject to formalin (formaldehyde) and other toxic, harmful chemical substances, serious pollution, the vast number of teachers and students of the physical and mental health of the serious threat, and even affect the cultivation of anatomical disciplines of talent and the normal development of discipline construction. Therefore, innovative technology, eliminate pollution, the construction of formaldehyde-free anatomy laboratory and showroom has been the long-cherished wish of the majority of anatomical workers.
In recent years, with the improvement of national economic strength, biological specimens plasticization preservation technology and ventilation cooling technology in the life morphology laboratory, showroom application is increasingly widespread. This provides a bright future for the construction of "formaldehyde-free life morphology laboratories and showrooms". In order to exchange my units of anatomists to produce non-toxic biomorphological specimens and the construction of low-pollution, non-pollution anatomy laboratories, showrooms of new experience and new ideas, the Beijing Anatomical Society initiated the organization of "the environment, health and modern biotechnology" as the theme of the academic, experience-sharing seminars.
I. Theme: Environment, Health and Modern Biological Science and Technology
II. Contents:
1. Topic: Development of Plasticization and Preservation of Biological Specimens and its Application and Influence at Home and Abroad
Reporting Person: Prof. Yu Enhua, Dept. of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Peking University
2. Topic: New Ideas for the Construction of Low-pollution and Non-toxic Anatomy Laboratories and Showrooms
3. New Concepts, Equipment, Products and Experiences in Building Low-Pollution and Non-Toxic Anatomy Laboratories and Showrooms
Reporters:
(1) Prof. Xu Gang, Department of Anatomy and Histomorphology, Beijing Sport University
(2) Prof. Guo Shungen, Department of Anatomy, Histomorphology, and Pathology, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
(3) Prof. Gao Xiulai, Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University
(4) Prof. Zhou Changman, Department of Anatomy and Histomorphology, Peking University
3. Discussion: Ethical, legal, and intellectual property issues that may be involved in the collection, production, and use of bioanatomical specimens, especially human anatomical specimens, (to be studied and discussed in conjunction with the relevant regulations of the relevant ministries and commissions)
4. Presentation of new technologies and products: Representatives of the attending enterprises will present new technologies and products.
5. Visiting: Visiting the Anatomy Teaching Laboratory and Anatomy Exhibition Hall of Peking University School of Medicine
3. Time: 9:00 a.m., October 20, 2006 (Friday)
4. Venue: Meeting Room, Middle Hall, 3F, Biochemistry Building (School of Basic Medical Sciences), School of Medicine, Peking University
5. Credits: 5 credits
Full list of credits
Full list of credits
Six, Phone number and contact person:
67235034 (Liu Hongjie), 82802877 (Yu Enhua), 82801629 (Tang Junmin)
We hope that our colleagues, students and the general public will actively participate in the meeting.
Please ask the director of each unit to assist in counting the number of participants and report it to the director of the Society's office, Liu Hongjie or Prof. Tang Junmin, before October 17th.
6,Problems and Countermeasures in Legal Protection and Management of Biogenetic Resources in China
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Author. Du Lili Source: China Environmental Law Website Publisher: Yiyun Category: Topic 9-Scientific Data and Networks Date: 2006-10-08 Today/Total Views: 1/463
Abstract: With the rapid development of biotechnology, bio-genetic resources, as a country's important strategic materials, not only play an important role in solving food, health and environmental problems, but also its commercial will Biogenetic resources, as an important strategic material of a country, not only play an important role in solving food, health and environmental problems, but also have a huge economic value commercially. This has given rise to a number of legal issues related to biological genetic resources, which have been extensively studied by the international community and China. This paper introduces the basic knowledge of genetic resources and the analysis of the current situation of genetic resources in China, analyzes the problems existing in China's current legal provisions on biological genetic resources, and puts forward suggestions and countermeasures to improve the legal system of biological genetic resources in China.
Keywords: Biological Genetic Resources Benefit Sharing Intellectual Property Rights
I. Overview of Biological Genetic Resources
(I) Concept and Scope of Biological Genetic Resources
According to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), "Genetic Resources" refers to materials of actual or potential value with genetic function (genetic material), including any material from plants, animals (which shall include human beings), microorganisms or other sources containing functional units of heredity. Among them, animal and plant genetic resources refer to the animals and plants themselves and all somatic and germ cell lines; human genetic resources refer to genetic materials containing human genome, genes and their products, such as organs, tissues, cells, blood, preparations, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) constructs, and other related information materials.1
Biogenetic resources are divided into a broader and a narrower sense. In the broad sense, "biological genetic resources" refers to all animal, plant and microbial species and sub-species taxonomic units (subspecies, varieties, metamorphoses, varietal strains, types) and their genetic materials (including organs, tissues, cells, chromosomes, genes and DNA fragments, etc.) that are of practical economic value (including other values, such as those in social, cultural and environmental aspects, etc.). All functional units of biological heredity, including organs, tissues, cells, chromosomes, genes and DNA fragments. Traditionally, "biogenetic resources" in a narrow sense refers to the "germplasm resources" of cultivated crop varieties and domesticated livestock, poultry and fish breeds, which are mainly taxonomic units below the species level,2 including plant germplasm resources and animal germplasm resources. This paper deals with the concept of biogenetic resources in a broad sense.
(2) Characteristics of biogenetic resources
1. Regionality. Biological genetic resources are diverse, but the geographical distribution is not uniform, in the natural world has its own specific distribution area, and even some genetic resources are unique to a country or region, thus forming a special resource preservation, access and **** enjoy the national and regional monopoly and strategic reserves.
2. Non-renewable. Nature's plants and animals are greatly affected by the environment, many in the people have not been fully recognized before the demise, coupled with the modern human excessive logging, indiscriminate hunting and industrial pollution, directly leading to the loss of biodiversity and the disappearance of a number of species, and the majority of these damages are irreversible, restore and regenerate.
3. Genetic resources are both tangible and intangible. Tangible refers to the concrete genetic material - the carrier of genetic information, while intangible is the abstraction of genetic information in these concrete genetic material. At the same time, genetic resources are characterized by materiality and availability, which gives them considerable economic value. The intangibility and availability of genetic resources make their protection difficult.
4. Both ecological and scientific and technological. Biological genetic resources are an indispensable part of the ecosystem, and play an important role in maintaining the stability and balance of the ecosystem. At the same time, the development and utilization of biogenetic resources need developed bioscience and technology as the basis, so bioscience and technology have decisive significance for the acquisition, development, utilization and *** enjoyment of genetic resources. It is due to the imbalance in the level of bioscience and technology among countries that has led to the unfairness in the trading of biogenetic resources and resource allocation.
5. Commodity. As the basic materials for scientific and technological innovation and economic development, biological genetic resources not only have use value, but also have value due to the incorporation of a certain amount of human labor in the process of handling and processing. Therefore, under the conditions of market economy, biological genetic resources have commodity.
6. Social. In accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of China, biological genetic resources are natural resources and should be owned by the state or the collective. Therefore, in accessing, utilizing and *** enjoying biological genetic resources, the attributes of its social public *** goods should be given full play to create a legal environment for fair use.
(III) Status of Biogenetic Resources in China
China is one of the countries with the richest biodiversity in the world. The unique geographic landscape provides rich genetic resources for China and the whole world. China is one of the centers of origin of seed plant systems on earth, inheriting the zonal components of the northern Tertiary and ancient Mediterranean Palaeo-southern continents; and animals have converged on most of the species of the PalaeoNorthern and Eastern Oceanic boundaries.3 According to statistics, China has more than 30,000 species of higher plants, the third in the world after Brazil and Colombia. It has 6,347 species of vertebrates, all of which are among the highest in the world. Meanwhile, China is one of the world's eight crop origin centers, and in the long process of agricultural and animal husbandry development, it has bred and domesticated a large number of species and tens of thousands of breeds of crops, fruit trees, poultry, and livestock with excellent economic traits. China's biogenetic resources have made great contributions to the development of the world's agriculture, animal husbandry and medicine.
However, China's biogenetic resources are currently facing incalculable damage and loss. First, environmental pollution and damage caused by over-exploitation have severely damaged the habitats of biological genetic resources, and genetic resources have been seriously lost. Secondly, the survival of local species is seriously threatened by the blind introduction of foreign species due to improper management. At the same time, the over-utilization of biological resources, illegal trade and smuggling have led to a serious decline in the number of precious and endangered organisms, and even to their extinction. In addition, the low level of biological science and technology in China has led to a low level of conservation and utilization of existing biological genetic resources, which is unable to meet the needs of breeding and production development. In addition, due to China's current poor management of biogenetic resources as well as relevant regulations and institutions are not sound, resulting in the loss of a large number of genetic resources, according to China's fulfillment of the Convention on Biological Diversity Coordination Group Office of the relevant person in charge of the loss of biogenetic resources in China's exact number of difficult to count, the ratio of the introduction and export of the introduction of the proportion of about 1:10.
The second, China's biogenetic resources The Realistic Necessity of Relevant Legislation
Based on the characteristics of genetic resources as well as the current situation of biological genetic resources in China, with the rapid development of biotechnology, especially bio-genetic engineering technology, the use of genetic resources to purposefully improve the traits and qualities of animals and plants provides an attractive prospect for mankind to solve the major problems of the twenty-first century, such as food, health and the environment. At present, biogenetic resources have become an important foundation for bioscience research and a strategic resource for human survival and sustainable socio-economic development. Internationally, the possession of biogenetic resources has been recognized as one of the most important indicators of a country's national strength. It is precisely because of the important social value and huge economic value of biological genetic resources that some developed countries, which are not rich in biological genetic resources but advanced in biotechnology, have been stealing our biological genetic resources through illegal means, developing new medicines or crop varieties after biotechnological processing, applying for patent protection, and selling the results to developing countries in the form of patented technology and patented products at high prices to obtain high profits. developing countries to reap high profits.
In recent years, in the economic and scientific and technological activities of opening up to the outside world, in fact, there have been a lot of genetic resources in various forms of loss, many of which contain traditional knowledge of the use of biological germplasm materials with real and potential value, but also many of them have not been intellectual property rights, the scientific and technological achievements of genetic germplasm. For example, the kiwifruit, which originated in China 100 years ago, has now become a famous fruit exported by New Zealand to generate foreign exchange; in the past few decades, there has been a serious loss of China's soybean varieties, and the U.S. has already collected all the soybean germplasm resources in most of the northern regions of China, which has ultimately turned China from the world's largest exporter of soybeans to the largest importer of soybeans; and there has also been a very serious loss of China's precious floriculture and botanical resources. Serious, 1979-1980 the national level of protection of the Guangxi Golden Flower Tea outflow Japan, the United States, Australia and three countries; another example of the Beijing market 90% of the Peking Duck for the British varieties of "Cherry Valley", and "Cherry Valley" is China's traditional "Peking Duck" in the foreign hybrid offspring 4 ...... many of China's best varieties of resources are stolen by foreign countries, the breeding and biotechnology processing. After its breeding and biotechnology processing, into new varieties, China had to be introduced back at a high price, a heavy loss.
It can be seen that genetic resources, as a country's most valuable natural resources, are strategic resources for human survival and sustainable socio-economic development, and are also a concrete manifestation of biological diversity. However, with the decreasing resources of animal and plant species and the rapid development of biotechnology, people's demand for genetic resources continues to increase, and genetic resources have been gradually transformed from public **** goods to scarce goods. Meanwhile, due to the differences in economic level, biotechnology and the amount of genetic resources possessed, the dispute over the interests of genetic resources between developed and developing countries has become more and more intense. Therefore, our country must formulate an appropriate genetic resources protection system as soon as possible, so that our rich genetic resources can be adequately protected and reasonably exploited to realize the national interests, the interests of the citizens and the interests of the society **** win.
Three, China's biological genetic resources legal protection and management of the current situation and problems
Currently, China has formulated a series of laws, regulations, rules and regulations related to the protection and management of biological genetic resources. Articles 9 and 26 of China's Constitution stipulate, respectively, that the state guarantees the rational use of natural resources and protects precious animals and plants; prohibits any organization or individual from appropriating or destroying natural resources by any means; and also adds the crime of destroying environmental resources to the criminal law. In addition, China has enacted a number of major laws relating to the protection of biological genetic resources, including the Environmental Protection Law, the Marine Environmental Protection Law, the Forestry Law, the Grassland Law, the Fisheries Law, the Wildlife Protection Law, the Soil and Water Conservation Law and the Seed Law. In order to effectively implement these laws, more than 20 administrative regulations have also been formulated, including the Regulations on Nature Reserves, the Regulations on the Protection of Wild Plants, and the Regulations on the Management of Breeding Livestock and Poultry. Various local departments have also formulated relevant departmental rules and local regulations, such as the List of Rare and Endangered Protected Plants, the List of Good Forest Tree Species, and the Implementing Regulations on the Protection of Terrestrial Wildlife. The promulgation and implementation of the above regulations have played an important role in promoting the collection, preservation, exchange and utilization of genetic resources in China.
But, at the same time, China's legislation and management system related to biological genetic resources are still imperfect, and there are many problems:
Firstly, China currently lacks a sound system of laws and regulations for the protection and management of biological genetic resources.
As mentioned earlier, although China has promulgated and implemented a series of laws and regulations related to the protection and management of biological genetic resources, these regulations, both in terms of legislation and law enforcement, are still far from perfect.
1. Lack of specialized laws and regulations on the protection and management of genetic resources.
Existing provisions on genetic resources management are incidental to other laws and regulations, the contents of which are very imperfect and unspecific, especially in the access to genetic resources, benefit-sharing and patent system is basically a blank, so that many foreign companies wishing to obtain biogenetic resources through legal means are at a loss, while some foreign companies have stolen China's genetic resources without compensation through collaborative research or the establishment of databases, etc.
2. Some foreign companies are stealing our genetic resources without compensation through cooperative research or *** with the establishment of databases.
Even the existing legal provisions for the protection and management of biological genetic resources also have more loopholes: in the protection and management of the object, mostly in favor of the management of crop resources, but for the fisheries, microorganisms, domesticated plants and animals and economic plants and animals are rarely involved, or even almost blank; in the management of the content, the focus is on the animal and plant resources of the market management, and for the control of biological genetic resources, entry and exit management, management of biological genetic resources, and the control of the biological genetic resources, and the control of the biological genetic resources. In terms of management content, the focus is on the management of the market of animal and plant resources, but not on the control of the entry and exit management of biological genetic resources, the procedures for access to genetic resources and the benefit-sharing mechanism among international and national organizations.