A detailed summary of the knowledge points of geography in the first year of high school
Unit 1: Cosmic Environment
1. Analysis of exam content:
Human’s understanding of the universe The understanding of the universe is constantly deepening
The universe is material and moving
The existence form of matter in the universe: celestial bodies (examples: stars, etc.; and gas and dust in interstellar space )
The mutual attraction and rotation of celestial bodies form: celestial body system
The levels of celestial body system: Earth-moon system - solar system - Milky Way - total galaxy
Extragalactic Galaxy - General Galaxy
The Earth is an ordinary yet special planet in the solar system, the cosmic environment of the Earth, and the reason for the existence of life on the Earth
Solar System Map: Nine Major Classification of planets according to structural characteristics and their respective members (generality of the Earth)
Location of the asteroid belt
Comets
Central celestial body: Sun (the most massive )
The reason for the existence of life on earth (the special nature of the earth)
The reason for the cosmic environment: the nine planets go their own way without interfering with each other; the sun's illumination is stable
The reasons for the earth itself: suitable distance between the sun and the earth; suitable volume and mass
The energy source of the sun and its significant impact on the earth
Source: the center of the sun Nuclear fusion
Impact: It is the main driving force for water, atmosphere, and biological cycles in nature; energy for production and life (solar energy and fossil fuels)
The impact of sunspots and flares on the earth
Solar Atmosphere Stratification Types of Solar Activity Comparison of Solar Activity’s Impact on the Earth
The number and size of photospheric sunspots are a sign of the intensity of solar activity. On climate: the correlation between precipitation and sunspot number Interfering with the ionosphere, affecting short-wave communications, interfering with the Earth's magnetic field, and causing magnetic storms
Chromospheric flares are the most intense solar activity display; but the two often appear together, with an activity cycle of 11 years
The direction and period of the Earth's rotation
Rotation direction: from east to west; counterclockwise at the North Pole; clockwise at the South Pole
Period: 1 sidereal day
Day and night replacement The reason for local time - Phenomenon 1 and 2 caused by the rotation of the earth
Replacement of day and night
The meaning and position of the twilight line
The concept of the height of the sun : What are the heights of the sun in the day and night hemispheres? The height of the sun on the dusk line = 0
The period and significance of day and night replacement: 1 solar day (24 hours)
The time is different in different longitudes
Since Rotation from west to east: local time is earlier in the east and later in the west; local time difference is 1 hour for every 15 longitudes
The influence of geostrophic deflection force on horizontally moving objects on the surface of the earth - the third phenomenon caused by the rotation of the earth
The southern hemisphere is deflected to the left; the northern hemisphere is deflected to the right; it is not deflected at the equator
Influence: wind direction; ocean currents; erosion and sediment accumulation on both sides of the river
The direction, orbit, and period of the Earth's revolution, Yellow-red cross angle
Revolution direction: same as rotation
Revolution orbit: an ellipse approximately a perfect circle; the positions and approximate dates of perihelion and aphelion
Period : 1 sidereal year
Changes in speed: fastest at perihelion; slowest at aphelion
Yellow-red intersection angle (reflecting the relationship between rotation and revolution)
Pay attention to the three-dimensional and plan views of the yellow and red angles:
Understand the important points, lines, surfaces, angles and their relationships on the diagram, and be able to draw and describe them
The earth's axis, the morning and evening lines , Equatorial plane, ecliptic plane, Tropic of Cancer, Arctic and Southern Circles, direct sunlight (points)
The relationship between the equatorial angle and the orbital inclination of the earth's axis
The influence of the ecliptic angle: Movement of the direct sun point on the earth's surface - changes in the time distribution of surface solar radiation
Clear the movement rules and cycles of the direct sun point: - Take one tropical year as a cycle
Period, moving back and forth between the North and South Tropical Lines
(There is one direct shot on the line; there are two direct shots between the lines)
What changes in the yellow-red intersection angle will lead to changes in the five belts ?
"Divided into Two Solstice Chart"
The position of the earth and the corresponding dates and solar terms, the direction of revolution, the direction of the earth's axis, the approximate position of the near and aphelion points, and the changes in revolution speed
10. The formation of four seasons and five belts
Geographical phenomena caused by the Earth’s revolution
Annual changes in the altitude angle of the sun at noon:
Different latitudes on the same day Distribution pattern: decreasing from the latitude of the direct point to the north and south (divided into two solstices)
Changes in different seasons at the same latitude: large near and small far (around June 22? Around December 22?)
Annual changes in the length of day and night:
The day is longer than the night in the hemisphere where the direct point is located. The higher the latitude, the longer the day is.
The day is getting longer in the hemisphere toward which the direct point is moving.
Around June 22, Northern Hemisphere? ——The longest day and shortest night at each latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. There are polar days in and around the Arctic Circle.
Around December 22, in the Northern Hemisphere? ——The days are the shortest and the nights are the longest at each latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. There are polar nights in the Arctic Circle and below
Spring and Autumn Equinoxes? ——Day and night are equal around the world
The equator? ——The equinox of day and night throughout the year
The division of four seasons: (obvious in mid-latitudes)
The seasonal changes in the height of the sun at noon and the length of day and night—the time when the sun is highest and the day is the longest is astronomical Summer
The time when the sun is lowest and the day is the shortest is astronomical winter
Spring and Autumn are the transitions
Three seasons; 24 solar terms
Division of the five belts:
The latitudinal distribution of day and night length and solar height - the amount of solar radiation decreases from low latitudes to high latitudes - the formation of the five belts
The boundaries of the five belts and their respective phenomenon; the five zones are the basis for climate division and natural zone division
11. The significance and current situation of space exploration
Understand the earth’s space environment; develop space resources (space resources and characteristics, Solar resources, mineral resources)
2. Exam question analysis
The content of this unit accounts for about 10% of the 100 points in the HKCEE;
Ranked first among the comprehensive questions in the HKCEE The questions are from this unit;
1. Please refer to the examples of test questions in the "Central Examination Instructions" for practice:
Appendix 1, question type examples P10, 3, 1; Appendix 2, P29, 3. 1 in Volume II, 1 in Volume II in Appendix 3 P53
2. Basic points to master regarding the comprehensive questions in this unit:
Be able to draw the twilight line and night hemisphere , Tropic of Cancer, Arctic and Antarctic Circles, ecliptic plane, equatorial plane
Rotation and revolution direction
Date and solar terms
The position of the direct point on that day, the day The latitudinal distribution pattern of global noon solar height
The noon solar height status at each point in the figure
The length of day and night at each point in the figure and its future changes
Comparison of day length at each point in the figure, how many hours are the day length at the polar circle and the equator
Changes in revolution speed
Knowledge points that can be related:
When will Beijing raise the flag at 6 a.m.? (B, D)
Which stage does the silhouette of people in Beijing gradually grow? (from A to C)
When the earth moves to point A (or point C):
What are the climate characteristics of the Mediterranean region? (Dry and hot - summer/warm and humid - winter) because it is controlled by (subtropical high/westerly wind)
The savanna in northern Africa presents a (green and yellow) landscape, because it is controlled by (equatorial low pressure/ Trade wind) control
The climate characteristics of Beijing at this time are (high temperature and rainy/cold and dry), mainly due to the influence of (southeast monsoon/northwest monsoon)
On the Eurasian continent (Asia Low pressure/Asian high pressure) is strong
East Asia blows (southeast wind/northwest wind) because of (thermal difference between sea and land)
South Asia blows (southwest wind/northeast wind), the reason is (the southeast monsoon moves northward across the equator and deflects to the right to become the southwest monsoon or the seasonal movement of the pressure belt wind belt)/The reason why the northeast wind blows in winter is the thermal difference between sea and land )
The circulation of the North Indian Ocean is (clockwise - seawater flows eastward - because of southwesterly winds/counterclockwise - seawater flows westward - because of northeasterly winds)
When the earth rotates to ( At point A/C), the salinity of the sea near the mouth of the Yangtze River is the lowest (lowest/highest)
When the earth moves from D to A: the Pearl River and the Yangtze River are in flood season (because of the rainwater supply in the rainy season)
In the process from A to B: the Yellow River (the rainy season has arrived) and the Tarim River are in the flood season (the glacier melts the most in summer)
Unit 2 Atmospheric Environment
1. Analysis of examination content
1. The composition of the atmosphere and the role of main components such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone and solid impurities
The composition of the lower atmosphere: a stable proportion of dry Clean air (mainly oxygen and nitrogen), unstable water vapor, solid impurities
Nitrogen - the basic component of living organisms
Oxygen - a substance necessary for life activities
Carbon dioxide - raw material for photosynthesis; insulation effect
Ozone - protective umbrella for life on earth, absorbing ultraviolet rays
Water vapor and solid impurities - forming clouds and causing rain; impurities: condensation nuclei
2. The vertical stratification of the atmosphere and the impact of each layer on human activities
The relationship between atmospheric stratification, temperature changes with altitude, other characteristics of airflow conditions, and human beings
The higher the troposphere, the lower. Convection accounts for 3/4 of the atmospheric mass; water vapor and dust; inconsistent weather phenomena at various latitudes
The higher the stratosphere, the higher the advection and high-altitude flight; the existence of the ozone layer
There is an ionosphere in the upper atmosphere (radio communications; solar activity interferes with short-wave communications
3. Heating process of the atmosphere
(1) Fundamental energy source: solar radiation (wavelength range of various types of radiation And the nature of solar radiation-short wave radiation)
(2) The heating process of the atmosphere (thermal effect of the atmosphere)-the sun heats the earth, and the earth heats the atmosphere
The effect of the atmosphere on The weakening effect of solar radiation: three forms and respective phenomena (illustrated with examples)
The main reason affecting the magnitude of the weakening: Sun altitude angle (the weakening is different at each latitude)
The impact of the atmosphere on the ground The thermal insulation effect:
Understand ground radiation (infrared long-wave radiation); atmospheric radiation (infrared long-wave radiation)
The process of thermal insulation: the atmosphere strongly absorbs ground long-wave radiation; atmospheric reverse radiation will Heat is returned to the ground (illustrations and examples - such as frost appearance time; comparison of daily temperature differences)
The significance of thermal insulation: reducing the daily temperature range; ensuring the earth's suitable temperature; maintaining global heat Balance
4. Causes of vertical and horizontal movement of the atmosphere
(1) The fundamental cause of atmospheric movement: uneven cold and heat (between latitudes; between sea and land)
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(2) Atmospheric movement form:
The simplest form: thermodynamic circulation (illustration and explanation); examples: suburban wind; sea and land wind; main cause of monsoon
Thermodynamic circulation decomposition: uneven cold and heat cause vertical movement of the atmosphere
Horizontal air pressure difference
Horizontal air flows from high pressure to low pressure
Horizontal movement of the atmosphere (wind):
The fundamental cause of wind: uneven cold and heat
The direct cause of wind: horizontal pressure difference (or horizontal pressure gradient force)
Three factors that affect wind Personal forces: horizontal pressure gradient force; geostrophic deflection force; surface friction force
Determination of wind direction: 1 force wind (theoretical wind) - perpendicular to the isobars, high pressure points to low pressure. 2 force wind ( Upper-altitude wind) - parallel to the isobars, deflecting to the right in the north and to the left in the south. 3 force wind (actual surface wind) - crossing the isobars obliquely, deflecting to the right in the north and left in the south
Note How to draw the wind direction at a certain point in the actual surface pressure field in the Northern Hemisphere
5. The formation of three-circle circulation and pressure belts and wind belts
(1) No rotation, uniform surface - single-circle circulation (thermodynamic circulation)
The surface forms 7 pressures and 6 winds: the ideal pattern of zonal distribution (band shape)
The dry and wet conditions of each pressure zone (low pressure wet; high pressure dry)
Wind directions and dry and wet conditions in each wind belt (trade winds are generally drier; westerly winds are wetter)
Polar front: around 60 degrees, formed by the meeting of prevailing westerly winds and polar easterly winds
The pressure belt and wind belt move with the seasonal north-south movement of the direct sun point
(4) The influence of sea and land distribution on the pressure belt and wind belt: actual surface conditions (blocky)
Most Important influence: The thermal difference between land and sea
Performance (atmospheric activity center):
Northern Hemisphere July (summer): Eurasian continent-Asia low pressure; high pressure over the Pacific
Northern Hemisphere January (winter): Eurasian continent-Asia high pressure; Pacific low pressure
(5) Monsoon circulation (pay attention to the diagram)
Conceptual understanding: It is a global atmosphere Part of the circulation; the most typical East Asian monsoon
The cause of the monsoon:
The main reason-the thermal difference between the sea and the land (can explain the winter and summer monsoons in East Asia and the winter monsoon in South Asia)
The cause of the South Asian summer monsoon - the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere moves northward across the equator and deflects to the right to become a southwesterly wind (or in summary: the seasonal movement of the pressure belt and wind belt)
The influence of the monsoon: the * of the monsoon ** Characteristics: Rain and heat occur at the same time; seasonal changes in precipitation are large, prone to droughts and floods
The two monsoon climates in East Asia and their respective distribution areas (with the Qinhuai line as the boundary); respective climate characteristics
--Temperate monsoon climate: monsoon area north of Qinhuai; dry and cold winters; hot and humid summers
--Subtropical monsoon climate: monsoon area south of Qinhuai; mild winters and little rain; hot and humid summers
--The two monsoon climates in East Asia have the same winter and summer monsoon winds and the same causes
--Pay attention to the distribution of air polluting enterprises in the industrial layout of cities in monsoon areas. The tropical monsoon climate in South Asia:
-- High temperatures throughout the year, with alternating dry seasons (controlled by the northeast monsoon) and rainy seasons (controlled by the southwest monsoon), the monsoon area is the main distribution area of ??rice cultivation in the world
--the monsoon climate zones of East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia and the tropics of Southeast Asia Rainforest climate zone
6. The relationship between atmospheric circulation and water and heat transport - a summary of the role of atmospheric circulation
(1) Global atmospheric circulation:
Promotes the exchange of heat and water vapor between high and low latitudes, and between sea and land;
Adjusts the global distribution of water and heat;
Is an important factor in weather changes and climate formation in various places Factors
(2) Causes of several important types of climate:
Mediterranean climate:
The west coast of the continent between 30 and 40 degrees north and south latitude; controlled by westerly winds in winter, Warm and humid; summer is controlled by the subtropical high, dry and hot
Tropical grassland climate:
Between 10-20 degrees north and south latitude; high temperature all year round, the rainy season is controlled by equatorial low pressure, and the dry season Controlled by trade winds
Temperate maritime climate:
The west coast of the continent between 40 and 60 degrees north and south latitude; controlled by westerly winds throughout the year, the climate is warm and humid
Tropical rain forest Climate:
Near the equator; hot and humid all year round, controlled by equatorial low pressure all year round
Three monsoon climates: (see above analysis)
7. Front, low pressure, Characteristics of high-pressure and other weather systems
Front system
Front category icons indicate the location of weather precipitation before transit and examples of weather precipitation during transit
Cold front warm air mass control: Sunny ; low pressure, cloudy days, rain, wind, cold wave in winter after cooling front; heavy rain in northern my country in summer
Warm front and cold air mass control: clear; high pressure and continuous precipitation front
Low pressure (cyclone) and high pressure (anticyclone) system
Atmospheric pressure: high and low pressure
Airflow: cyclones and anticyclones
Graphics: able to judge; able to draw wind direction
Central air pressure Horizontal airflow direction Vertical airflow direction Center weather conditions Examples Other effects
The cyclone is low in the north, reverses to the south, and rains upward. The Asian low pressure forms a front along the trough line
Anticyclone is high in the south and flows north to the north and reverses to the sunny Asian high pressure.
Frontal cyclone (important!)
Requirements: Identification of each weather system on the map;
The control of weather systems and the occurrence of weather phenomena in different locations
8. Geographical location, The influence of atmospheric circulation, topography and other factors on climate
8-1 Analysis of climate factors
Geographic location
A Latitude position: Determining solar radiation - climate difference The most basic reason - determining heat or temperature
B location of land and sea:
For example, temperate oceanic climate and temperate continental climate; oceanic climate has small temperature difference and high humidity; continental climate On the contrary
The formation of monsoon climate on the east coast of the continent is due to the difference in thermal properties between sea and land
Atmospheric circulation (pressure zone and wind zone)
Characteristics: dual nature ——The exchange of water and heat between various latitudes and between sea and land; directly controls the climate characteristics of a certain place (water and heat conditions)
The underlying surface (surface conditions); the nearest direct heat source and water source of the ground atmosphere
Other factors that affect climate: human activities, ocean currents (cold currents cool and dehumidify; warm currents increase temperature and humidification)
8-2 Climate types
Climate characteristics (can judge temperature and precipitation Picture; will describe)
Climate elements: temperature, precipitation
The zone is determined by temperature - the monthly average temperature is above 15 degrees, which is a tropical climate
Monthly The lowest average temperature is 0-15 degrees, which is a subtropical climate.
The lowest monthly average temperature is below 0, which is a temperate climate (except temperate oceanic climate).
Typically shaped by water - tropical climate Divided into four types:
Tropical rainforest climate: rainy all year round;
Tropical desert climate: dry all year round;
Tropical monsoon climate: two seasons of dry and rain
Tropical grassland climate: two seasons of dry and rain
——Subtropical climate is divided into two types:
Subtropical monsoon climate: rain and heat in the same period
Subtropical Mediterranean climate: rainy winters and dry summers
——Temperate climates are divided into three types:
Temperate monsoon climate: rain and heat in the same period
Temperate continental climate: all Little rain throughout the year
Temperate maritime climate: humid all year round
Climate causes
Monsoon climate causes: three monsoon climates
Pressure zone and wind zone Alternately control the climate:
Mediterranean climate (subtropical high and westerly winds); savannah climate (trade winds and equatorial low pressure)
Single pressure zone and wind zone control the climate:
Tropical rainforest climate (equatorial low pressure); temperate maritime climate (westerly)
Climate distribution
Climate on the east coast of the continent: three monsoon climates
West coast of the continent Climate: Mediterranean climate, temperate oceanic climate
Internal continental climate: temperate continental climate
9. Causes and hazards of the global greenhouse effect, destruction of the ozone layer, acid rain and other phenomena
Causes of phenomena and countermeasures against pollutant hazards
Greenhouse effect, burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, especially destruction of tropical forests, carbon dioxide and rising sea levels (cause? ) poses a direct threat to coastal lowlands, causing changes in precipitation and dry and wet conditions in various regions, which in turn leads to changes in the economic structure of countries around the world (specific manifestations?) Improve energy utilization and adopt new energy; strive to strengthen national
International cooperation; afforestation
The destruction of the ozone layer. The use of ozone-depleting substances such as refrigeration equipment, chlorofluorocarbons and other solar ultraviolet radiation. Increased: direct harm to human health; damage to the ecological environment, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. Global cooperation , reduce the emission of ozone-depleting substances; actively develop new refrigeration systems
Acid rain burns fossil fuels (mainly coal); automobile exhaust emits acidic gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to acidify the water body, affecting the growth and even death of fish. ; Acidification of soil, endangering the growth of forests and crops; Corrosion of buildings and cultural relics endangering human health. The most fundamental way is to reduce the emissions of man-made sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides - study the comprehensive development and utilization of sulfur resources in coal (such as clean coal technology; clean combustion technology; exhaust gas reuse) burning low-sulfur coal or other clean energy
Unit 3 Land and Marine Environment
Main rock-forming minerals and three major types of rocks
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Chemical elements - minerals - minerals
Rock-forming minerals - rocks
Main rock-forming minerals: quartz, mica, feldspar, calcite, etc.
p>It is divided into three major categories of rocks according to their origin:
Igneous rocks:
It is divided into intrusive rocks (such as granite - composed of feldspar, quartz and mica) and volcanic rocks. Out of rock (such as basalt)
Granite is an excellent building material and decorative material
Sedimentary rock: formed by external forces; such as limestone; forming rock layers (often containing fossils)
Limestone is an important raw material for burnt lime and cement production
Metamorphic rocks: such as marble (mainly composed of calcite, which is an excellent building material and decorative material)
Plate tectonics theory The main content, and the impact of plate movement on the earth's surface
Content:
The Earth's lithosphere is divided into 6 major plates by some fracture structures (such as ridges, trenches, etc.) P97 Figure 4-11
Plates are constantly moving, and the interior of the plate is relatively stable;
The crustal movement is active at the junction of the plates (the Pacific Rim Volcano and Seismic Zone and the Mediterranean-Himalayan Zone)
Plate Movement Impact on the surface - forming the distribution of sea and land, and the pattern of landforms
Plate rift boundary (growth boundary): forming rift valleys and oceans, such as the East African Rift Valley and the Atlantic Ocean
Plate Extrusion boundary (extinction boundary): often forms mountains
Extrusion between continental plates and oceanic plates - ocean trenches; island arcs, coastal mountains
Extrusion between continental and continental plates - huge mountains , for example, the Himalayas are formed by the compression of the Eurasian and Indian plates
Oceanic plates
The composition and process of crustal material circulation and its impact on the surface
( 1) Crustal material cycle - one of the four major cycles in nature (the others are atmospheric circulation, water cycle, biological cycle)
Illustration of its composition and process:
External forces (erosion, Transport, sedimentation, consolidation and diagenesis)
Sedimentary rocks magmatic rocks (extrusive rocks and intrusive rocks)
Metamorphic rocks magma
Melting
(2) The impact of crustal material cycle on the earth's surface
Summary:
The internal and external forces constantly interact, the energy transformation and material exchange between the earth and the outside, especially the atmosphere, water The surface material cycle in which the biological world directly participates and plays an important role has a profound impact on the surface morphology. The formation of surface rocks, changes in landforms, and the development of soil layers are closely related to this.
Specific manifestations:
Geological processes: those that cause changes in the morphology of the earth's crust and its surface (in the long run, internal forces will dominate)
Main sources of classification of geological processes The main manifestations of the results are other forms
The internal force of the earth can make the surface uneven, earthquakes, volcanic crustal movement (mainly horizontal movement and vertical movement), magma activity, metamorphism
The external force of the sun Radiation makes the surface flattened by weathering, erosion, transportation, sedimentation, and consolidation into rocks (the diagrams of the effects of wind and flowing water require identification: P99-P100) Water erosion landforms (water flow widens and deepens ravines; waterfalls, canyons, and loess plateaus) Surface ravines are vertical and horizontal) aqueous landforms (alluvial fans in the foothills, alluvial plains in the middle and lower reaches of rivers and estuary deltas) wind erosion landforms (wind erosion ravines, wind erosion mushrooms, Gobi) aeolian landforms (sand dunes, loess plateau)
Among them the earth's crust The result of movement - geological structure
Basic form of geological structure, landform expression and human production relationship
Fold anticline and syncline (required to judge based on tilt shape) anticline forms a mountain; The terrain inversion and origin of the oblique valley: anticline forms a valley, and a syncline forms a mountain. Top of the anticline: oil and gas. Anticline is suitable for building underground tunnels. Synclinal groove part: water
The fault is along the rock blocks on both sides of the fault surface. Dislocation of the Great Rift Valley of East Africa and the Great Escarpment on the North Slope of Mount Huashan; ascending rock blocks: Huashan Mountain, Mount Lushan, and Mount Tai. Descending rock blocks: Weihe Plain and Fen River Valley. Ground engineering construction should be reinforced or avoided when encountering faults
Types of land water bodies and Their interrelationship
Types of land water bodies
Classification notes
Spatial distribution Surface water: river water, lake water, glacier water, etc. Groundwater: phreatic, confined water ( Figure 4.21 (You need to be able to judge) Glaciers are the main body of fresh water on the earth, distributed in the poles and high mountain areas, with little direct use; groundwater is the second main body of fresh water, but it is mainly deep groundwater, which is difficult to develop; dynamic water is the focus of people's development and utilization , among which river water is the most important
Water cycle static water: glacier water, inland lakes, deep groundwater, etc. Dynamic water: surface water, shallow groundwater
Easy to use: River water, freshwater lake water, shallow groundwater and others
Interrelationships between land water bodies (taking rivers as an example)
Among them, atmospheric precipitation is the most important supply of land water
Note: The two pictures on textbook P103 need to be able to identify what kind of supplies each is.
Distribution of factors affecting supply type and flood season time in my country
Rainy season (summer and autumn in my country) Rainfall in eastern monsoon area
Glacial melt water summer temperature (interrupted in winter) flow) Northwest China
There is a complementary relationship between rivers, lakes, and groundwater (depending on whether the water level is higher); natural water resources are constantly moving, renewing, and reciprocally transforming. Lake water and reservoirs can regulate the seasonal and seasonal flow of river runoff. Interannual changes (such as Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in my country)
Seawater temperature and salinity and their relationship with the environment
Distribution rules of seawater temperature:
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A Changes in the Northern Hemisphere ocean heat budget with latitude - P70 Figure 3-3
(In the figure, the heat budget factors, the temperature zones distributed in the surplus area and the deficit area, and the The latitude of the turning point)
Latitudinal distribution of B surface sea temperature - P71 Figure 3-5
Decreases from low latitudes to high latitudes (the reason is that the heat budget changes with latitude Change results)
C vertical sea temperature changes - P70 Figure 3-4
Decreases with increasing depth (note the trend of the curve in the figure); deep seawater below 1000 meters remains Low temperature state
Seawater salinity
A The mass fraction of salt substances in seawater; the average salinity of the world's oceans is 3.5%
B The latitude of surface salinity Distribution pattern - P71 Figure 3-5
It decreases from the subtropical sea areas of the northern and southern hemispheres to the high and low latitudes on both sides
Cause: The equator is slightly lower - it is rainy at the equator, with more precipitation than evaporation;
The highest in the subtropical zone - controlled by the subtropical high, evaporation is much more than precipitation
It decreases towards high latitudes - the temperature decreases, evaporation is weak, and precipitation is more than evaporation
C Factors affecting salinity
Comparison of precipitation and evaporation: open sea and ocean; main factors affecting salinity from low latitudes to high latitudes
Freshwater injection: nearshore (estuary )
D The Red Sea has the highest salinity - subtropical zone; little freshwater injection
The Baltic Sea has the lowest salinity - a large amount of freshwater injection; more precipitation than evaporation;
Yangtze River The salinity in the mouth of the sea is low in summer and high in winter - summer is the flood season of the Yangtze River
The main forms of seawater movement
There are mainly three types of waves, tides and ocean currents
Wave : Wind waves, tsunamis, etc.
Tides: The periodic rise and fall of seawater under the gravity of the sun and the moon
Ocean currents: The movement of relatively stable and large-scale seawater throughout the year
The causes and geographical significance of ocean currents
The causes of ocean currents
A Atmospheric movement and near-surface wind belt-the main driving force;
For example, wind and sea currents:
The north and south equatorial warm currents formed by trade winds; westerly drifts; the North Indian Ocean monsoon circulation reverses in winter and runs smoothly in summer
B Uneven density of sea water - the reason for local ocean currents
Such as density Current: Surface current between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean
C compensation effect
For example, compensatory current: upwelling in Peruvian fishing grounds
Geographic significance of ocean currents
A Self-purification and diffusion of pollutants
B Heat transport and exchange between high and low latitudes, regulating global heat distribution
Longitudinal cold currents cool and dehumidify; warm currents increase temperature Humidification (you must be able to judge the cold and warm currents based on the seawater isotherm - example P90 Figure 3-33)
(For example, the impact of the North Atlantic warm current on the maritime climate of Western Europe;
The west coast of Australia and Caused by the desert on the Pacific coast of Peru)
C formed a large fishing ground
The intersection of cold and warm currents: such as the Newfoundland fishery and Japan’s Hokkaido fishery (the intersection of the Thousand Islands cold current and the Japanese warm current)
Upwelling: Peruvian fisheries
D Navigation
Main environmental problems in the ocean and main measures to protect the marine environment
Main sources of environmental problems Protecting the marine environment The main measures <
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The main sources of marine pollution are industrial pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and petroleum. Oil pollution: the main sources are coastal industrial production and shipping ships; the current focus of pollution control is oil leaks 1. "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea": Protect the rights and interests of territorial waters and exclusive economic zones 2. Prevent and control pollution 3. Sustainable fishery production; protect marine biological resources and marine ecological environment 4. Coastal engineering construction must carry out scientific demonstration, rational planning and implementation
Marine Ecological damage 1. Marine pollution 2. Human production activities: land reclamation, indiscriminate fishing, etc. 3. Changes in the natural environment: global warming and sea level rise
The main links in the natural water cycle and its impact on the earth's surface Impact
The water cycle is one of the four major cycles in nature
(1) The light blue arrows in the figure represent the six links of the major cycle between sea and land;
Then Significance: Land water is replenished and renewed, and water resources are regenerated
(2) The gray and dark arrows in the figure represent the respective water cycles on land and ocean respectively
Among them, the land cycle The amount of water replenishing terrestrial water bodies is very small
The impact of the water cycle on the earth's surface
A constantly renews fresh water resources and maintains the dynamic balance of global water. It is one of the most active material cycles
B plays a role in absorbing, transforming, transmitting and regulating solar radiation energy on the surface, thereby enabling material migration and energy exchange between various layers of the earth's surface and between land and ocean
C affects the world Climate and ecology
D shape the surface morphology, such as water erosion landforms, water accumulation landforms, etc.
10. The role of organisms in the formation and development of the geographical environment, and the instructions of organisms to the environment Effect
The effect of living things on the geographical environment is ultimately due to the photosynthesis of green plants
Photosynthesis: inorganic matter organic matter; solar energy bioenergy (or chemical energy)
Biological cycle: Green plants synthesize organic matter and animals
Environmental microbial decomposition
(The pink arrow indicates the flow of organic matter; the black arrow indicates the flow of inorganic matter)
Biology Its role in the geographical environment:
Promote the migration and movement of natural substances and chemical elements, and the flow and transformation of energy, thereby connecting the organic and inorganic worlds in the geographical environment.
Reforming the three major spheres, the earth's appearance has undergone fundamental changes, forming a geographical environment suitable for human survival
Changes in the composition of the atmosphere;
Land and water Changes in composition; green plants participate in the water cycle, improving land moisture conditions
The emergence of organisms accelerated rock weathering and promoted soil formation; sedimentary rocks are mostly formed with the participation of organisms
Environmental benefits (varies by location):
A purifies the air, regulates the climate, conserves water sources, conserves water and soil, prevents wind and fixes sand, thereby improving ecological conditions, protecting farmland and pastures, and ensuring stable and high yields in agriculture and animal husbandry. ;
B Urban green space has the functions of smoking dust removal, filtering air, reducing noise and beautifying the environment
The indicator effect of organisms on the environment
The impact of plant growth on the environment ( Among them, the influence of light, heat, and water on the climate is prominent), and it is highly dependent on the environment and adapts to the environment, so it has an obvious indication effect on the environment
Camel thorn - arid environment; lotus - water-wet environment;
"Jujube sprouts and cotton is planted" - the plant's indication of climate;
Damaged petunia leaves - an indication of sulfur dioxide pollution
11. The formation of soil and its role in the geographical environment
The formation process:
Weathering of lower organisms and the growth of higher plants
The parent material of rock soil is primitive Mature soil
Biology plays a leading role in the soil formation process
Lower plants and microorganisms grow on the parent material, marking the beginning of soil formation
Biology The emergence of the rock mass has accelerated the weathering of the rock mass and the fertility of the parent material has continued to develop;
The transformation of the parent material by organisms: first, the accumulation process of organic matter; second, the enrichment process of nutrient elements
Selection Sexual absorption, photosynthesis
Mineral nutrients, plant organic matter
Soil fertility, humus
The role of soil in the geographical environment
Located in the lithosphere, The transition zone where the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere are in close contact with each other is the product of the comprehensive interaction of various elements of the terrestrial environment;
Soil is a very active place for surface material circulation and energy conversion, and is a link between the organic and inorganic worlds. The central link of the world;
Soil has the fertility characteristics to grow plants, providing conditions for plant growth, thus causing fundamental changes in the surface appearance of the land
12. The relationship between natural resources and human activities Interrelationship (to be investigated)
Natural resources can provide raw materials, energy and essential material conditions for human production and life;
The development and utilization of natural resources requires certain technical conditions and Capital investment
13. Characteristics and composition of land resources, climate resources, ocean resources, water resources, biological resources, and mineral resources
(1) Terrestrial natural resources
Natural resource attributes constitute unique characteristics
Land resources are renewable. Land natural resources are limited. The utilization potential of land natural resources is unlimited. Land natural resources have certain distribution rules. Natural resources in a region Forming an interconnected whole
Climate resources are renewable light, heat, precipitation, wind, etc.
Water resources are renewable
Biological resources are renewable
Mineral resources are non-renewable
(2) Marine resources
Type composition characteristics
Marine chemical resources salt, magnesium, bromine, fresh water, etc.
p>Marine biological resources fish, shrimp, shellfish, algae and other marine resources?/cagt;