International Toys and Stationery Boutique Plaza
Main products: toys and stationery gifts boutique celebratory supplies
Address: No. 390, Yidu West Road
Bus Route: Bus Station Name: Yidu West Station Bus Route: 4 8 61 82 86 243 134
Yijingyuan Boutique Plaza
Main products: toys, stationery, gifts and boutique products
Address: No. 85, Yide East Road
Bus route: Bus stop name: Yide East Station Bus route: 4 8 61 82 86 243 134
De Bao Trade Market
Main products: toys, stationery, gifts and boutique products
Main products: toys, stationery, gifts and boutique products
Major products: toys, stationery and gifts, celebratory goods
Address: No. 190, Yide Road
Bus Route: Bus Stop: Yide West Jiefang South Bus Line: 4 8 61 82 273 243 134 86 244 552
Yide Yiyuan Boutique Stationery Wholesale Market
Main Products: Toys, Boutique Jewelry
Address: No. 423, Yide Road
Main Products: Toys, Boutique Jewelry
Yide Road No. 423
Major products: toys and stationery, gifts, gifts and festive items. Bus Route: Bus Station Name: Yide West Station Bus Line Car: 4 8 61 82 86 243 134
YiYuan Stationery and Toys Boutique Market
Main Products: Toys, Stationery, Gifts and Boutiques
Address: No. 30, Huangsha Avenue
Bus Route: Bus Station: Huangsha Wharf Station Bus Line Car: 1 6 9 15 38 57 64 75 70 81 123 181 217 236 270
Elegant Calendar Gifts and Cultural Boutique City
Main products: calendar gifts and cultural boutiques
Address: No. 63, Airport Road, Guangzhou City
Taikang City Plaza
Main products: boutique products, jewelry, hats, and other products
Address: No.111 Taikang Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou City
Dejin Wholesale Market
Main products: handicrafts, fine arts
Address: No.235-243, Yide Road
Liwan Plaza
Main products: fine arts, gifts, jewelry
Address: Changshou West Road, Guangzhou City
Wanling Plaza
Main products: toys, stationery, boutique
Address: Guangzhou City, South Jiefang Road No. 39 (Yide Road and South Jiefang Road junction)
Lang Neng Stationery Boutique Wholesale Market
Main products: stationery, boutique, jewelry and so on
Address: Yide Road West No. 435
China-Hong Kong Toys and Boutique Wholesale City
Mainly Products: toys and stationery boutique industry
Address: West Yide Road, No. 399
Jiales boutique toys city
Main products: toys and stationery gift boutique
Address: West Yide Road, No. 423
Elite Toys Boutique Wholesale Center
The main products: toys and stationery gifts boutique
Address: Zhongshan No. 20, 8th Road
Jinjin Boutique Plaza
Main products: toys, stationery, gifts and boutiques
Address: Haizhu Plaza, West Qiaoguang Road
Sunrise Wholesale Market for Cultural Goods
Main products: cultural goods
Address: No. 238, Huadi Avenue, Fangcun
South China Wholesale Market for Cultural Goods
South China Wholesale Market for Cultural Goods
Main products: cultural supplies, paper industry
Address: No. 44, Nanan Road
Haiyin Ersha sports boutique gallery
Main products: sporting goods, clothing
Address: Dongshan District, next to the Ersha Island Sports Training Base
Nan'ao Wholesale Market main products: stationery stationery and sporting goods
Address: Nanan Road, Heliu Street No.1
New beat piano musical instrument convergence
Main products: Chinese and Western musical instruments, accessories, music books and music scores
Address: No.4-29 Building, Xianlie East Road
Sports Academy Sports Goods Market
Main products: sporting goods, clothing
Address: Guangzhou Road North, outside of the Sports Academy
[Guangzhou Communication Products, Photographic Equipment Wholesale Market]
Wholesale Market Directory: Guangzhou Communication Products, Photographic Equipment Wholesale Market When it comes to communication products, people will think of cell phones. In Guangzhou, the sale of cell phone stores dazzling, in the end there are which several communication products professional market? And in the rapid development of the wholesale market of photographic equipment today, there are several wholesale market of photographic equipment? Let's go to see Guangzhou in the end what communication products, photographic equipment wholesale market: Lingyuan West communication products professional street is located in the East Mountain District, Lingyuan West Road, opposite the China Plaza, next to the Martyrs' Mausoleum. Mainly engaged in communications equipment and accessories wholesale and retail.
Lingyuan West Communication City is located in Dongshan District, Lingyuan West Road. Mainly engaged in communications equipment and accessories, its second floor also operates a second-hand communications equipment trading.
Xinti Electronic Communication City is located in Dongshan District, Zhongshan Road No. 53, next to the China Plaza. It mainly deals with communication equipments and accessories.
Guangzhou Electronic City is located in Liwan District, Xidi two roads 16, next to the Culture Park. It mainly deals with communication equipments and accessories.
Zhongbai Electronic City is located in Liwan District, Xidi Erma Road. It is mainly engaged in communication equipment and accessories.
Dexing Xidi Electronic City is located in Xidi Dexing Road, next to the Cultural Park. Mainly engaged in communication equipment and accessories.
Guangzhou daily-use industrial products market is located in Liwan District, Xidi two roads. Mainly engaged in communication equipment, daily-use electrical appliances, photographic equipment.
Nantai daily-use industrial products wholesale market is located in Liwan District, Xidi two roads. It mainly deals with communication equipments and accessories, daily-use electrical appliances.
Wenyuan electrical communication equipment market is located in liwan district people's south road 45, culture park right. Mainly engaged in communication equipment and accessories, daily-use appliances and so on.
Guangdong Province, communication products trading center is located in Yuexiu District, Dongfeng Road, near the City Federation of Trade Unions. It mainly deals with communication equipments and accessories.
Guangzhou Hongyun Photographic Equipment City is located in Dongshan District, Dashatou two horse road east boat street. Mainly engaged in photographic equipment and ancillary products.
Shengxian Hongyun Photographic Equipment City is located in Dongshan District, Dashatou two roads East Ship Street. Mainly deals with photographic apparatus and second-hand photographic equipment.
[Guangzhou books, audio-visual products wholesale market]
Wholesale market directory: Guangzhou books, audio-visual products wholesale market with China's book industry, audio-visual industry scale of the rapid growth of all kinds of books, audio-visual market total flow has also been a steady growth. Professional bookstores, audio-visual stores, through professional circulation channels came into being. In Guangzhou's book and audio-visual market, there are a number of wholesale markets as follows: Guangzhou Xinhua Bookstore is located at No. 276, Beijing Road, Yuexiu District. It mainly deals with the wholesale and retail of comprehensive books.
Guangzhou Science and Technology Bookstore is located at No. 336, Beijing Road, Yuexiu District. It mainly deals with comprehensive books of science and technology.
Guangzhou ancient bookstore is located in Yuexiu District, No. 338, Beijing Road. Mainly deals with all kinds of calligraphy reading materials as well as other books.
Guangdong Foreign Language Bookstore is located at No.326, Beijing Road, Yuexiu District. It mainly deals with all kinds of books and foreign language teaching materials.
Guangzhou Children's Bookstore is located at No. 314, Beijing Road, Yuexiu District. Mainly deals in children's books and reading materials.
Guangzhou Book Buying Center is located at No.123, Tianhe Road, Tianhe District. The right side of the sports center. Mainly deals with all kinds of books, teaching materials and all kinds of audio-visual products.
Guangzhou Examination Bookstore is located in Dongshan District, No. 465, Huan Shi East Road, opposite to the north gate of Guang Gong. Mainly engaged in self-study teaching materials, examination textbooks books.
Golden Sheep Bookstore is located in Dongshan District, Dongfeng East Road, in front of Yangcheng Evening News. Mainly engaged in all kinds of books, books and magazines, reading materials.
Guangdong Audio-visual City is located in Baiyun District, Airport Road, No. 118~122, north of Guangzhou Baiyun Airport often mainly engaged in audio-visual products wholesale and retail.
Guangdong Book Wholesale Center is located in Dashatou Donghu Road, Dongshan District. Mainly engaged in all kinds of books, audio-visual products wholesale and retail.
New Dongyuan book wholesale market is located in Dongshan District, East Yanjiang Road 414, in the vicinity of Dashatou. It mainly deals in the wholesale of all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines.
Guangzhou City Book Wholesale Market is located in Haizhu District, Haiyin Bridge South Jianji Road. Mainly engaged in all kinds of books wholesale
[Shenzhen Watch and Clock Support Center Wholesale Market]
Shenzhen Watch and Clock Support Center Wholesale Market located in Huaqiang North Road, Futian District, Shenzhen City, was established in 1994, is a national wholesale market planning covers an area of 2,100 square meters, **** there are 220 stores. Now more than 90% of the stores have been rented out to 200 companies***, one-third of which are rented to Hong Kong manufacturers.
The development goal of Shenzhen Watch and Clock Supporting Center Wholesale Market is to give watch and clock manufacturers and spare parts suppliers a centralized purchasing and trading place, and it is the first professional supporting market for watches and clocks in China. At present, the wholesale market concentrates on manufacturers and distributors of various watch and clock spare parts, raw materials and production tools from China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, Switzerland, South Korea and other countries and regions. In addition to local buyers from Shenzhen and the Pearl River Delta, the wholesale market also has buyers from other provinces of China and overseas, and receives 360,000 customers annually. The total turnover of the wholesale market since its opening has reached RMB 1.25 billion. The Shenzhen Watch and Clock Supporting Center Wholesale Market has not only developed into a supporting supplying place for mainland watch and clock manufacturers, but also a window to see the new trend of watches and clocks, occupying an important position in the mainland.
In addition to operating the wholesale center, Shenzhen Watch and Clock Supporting Market Co., Ltd. launched China's first Chinese and English watch and clock website - China Watch and Clock Network (www.chinawatchnet.com) in 1999 to provide industry information, and also hosts the Shenzhen International Watch and Jewellery and Gift Fair once a year to assist enterprises in exploring the market Management Unit: Shenzhen Watch and Clock Supporting Market Co. Ltd. is a joint-stock limited company, which is mainly engaged in leasing stores to accept enterprises to enter the market and engage in import and export business.
Management unit for the tenant to provide one-stop services, including: (i) on behalf of the business license, tax registration, product certification, trademark registration (ii) import and export business and domestic trade (iii) on behalf of the opening of ordinary invoices and value-added tax invoices (iv) to provide all the postal services, freight, courier services, etc. Address: the bottom of the ground floor of the 505 building, Zhenxing West Road, Huaqiang North Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China Tel: 0755-3239797 Fax: 0755-3228663 Website: www.chinawatchnet.com
[Shenzhen Saige Electronics Market]
With the rapid development of the electronics industry in the Pearl River Delta state, Guangdong Province has become the country's largest production base for electronic products, especially consumer electronics. Statistics show that in 2000, total sales of the electronics industry in Guangdong Province amounted to RMB 141 billion, accounting for 21% of the country's total, most of which came from the Pearl River Delta. As the scale of assembly production grows, so does the demand for parts and components to support production activities in Guangdong Province, creating a thriving market for industrial supplies, and a number of electronics wholesale centers for electronic parts and components have sprung up.
Today, when electronics factories in the Pearl River Delta need to source parts and components, purchasing managers can go to the region's electronics wholesale markets to buy industrial supplies such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, integrated circuits, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), transistors, soldering rods, as well as small tools and equipment, which are essential for their production needs, and for design engineers, where they can observe the latest parts and components being introduced, and get inspired to design circuit diagrams. Inspiration for the design of circuit diagrams. And one of them is the Shenzhen Saige Electronics Market, which is one of their first choices.
Shenzhen Saige Electronics Market, Shenzhen Saige Co., Ltd. Electronics Market Branch (formerly known as: Shenzhen Saige equipment supporting companies) was founded in March 1988, is China's first open electronic production materials marketplace is located in Shenzhen, Shenzhen Shennan Middle Road and Huaqiang North Road Interchange, near the area of Shenzhen, electronic parts and components wholesale and retail concentration. The growing demand for electronic components in the Pearl River Delta has also contributed to the development of SEG Electronics Market. In fact, after many expansions, Saige Electronics Market is now the largest wholesale center for electronic products and parts in China, with an annual turnover of about 30 billion yuan.
Seger Electronics Market mainly deals with the following types of commodities: 1. electronic components - including various types of passive components, semiconductors, integrated circuits and display devices, etc. 2. computer accessories 3. computer network equipment 4. communication equipment Seger Electronics Market has a total area of about 30,000 square meters, *** 7 floors of the commercial malls are rented out in the form of counters and stores, and there are now **** about 1,500 tenants. Many of them are distributors and traders from Guangdong and other provinces and cities, and some of them are representatives of Hong Kong manufacturers or their related companies. Some of the tenants have set up sales outlets here to provide technical support to downstream customers in addition to general sales. In addition, there are also some counters set up by small suppliers and traders, which function as company representatives only. In order to solve the problems of payment and invoicing, some operators choose to use the settlement facilities and services provided by the Saige Electronics Market.
[Guangzhou main glasses and clocks wholesale market]
Wholesale Market Directory: Guangzhou Main Glasses and Clocks Wholesale Market Jiulong Clock and Watch Company Main Products: All kinds of clocks and watches and accessoriesAddress: No.3, Qunying Road, Station WestGuangzhou Xinjiang Optical Trade CenterMain Products: Modernized Optical WholesaleAddress: No.250, Renminzhong Road, GuangzhouCantonese Optical Trade Center is a large-scale optical wholesale market invested and developed by Guangzhou Xinjiang Trade Co. Ltd. invested in the development of large-scale glasses wholesale market, officially opened for business on May 9, 2003, she opened for business so that the area of Guangzhou glasses wholesale market exponentially increased by 1 times, the real formation of the three major national glasses wholesale market in Beijing, Danyang, Guangzhou, a three-pronged situation. The center is located in the prosperous People's Middle Road in Guangzhou, which is the golden zone belonging to the traditional eyeglasses trade, and stands with Guangzhou Optical City against the foot, *** with the formation of a beautiful scenery line representing the image of Guangzhou's eyeglasses wholesale industry.
Guangdong (International) Optical Trade Center
Main products: domestic and foreign brand glasses
Address: No.313 Guangfu Middle Road, Guangzhou
Southern Clock and Watch Trade Center
Main products: all kinds of clocks and watches, and accessories
Address: the back of No.145 Huanshi West Road
Zhuangxie Clock and Watch City
Southern Clock and Watch Trade Center
Main products: all kinds of clocks, watches and accessories
Main products: all kinds of watches and accessoriesAddress: No.5, Qunying Road, Zhanxi
South China Watch Wholesale Market
Main products: all kinds of watches and accessories
Address: No.57, Zhanxi Road
Oriental Watch City
Main products: all kinds of watches and accessories
Address: No.5, Qunying Road, Zhanxi
Southern Eyeglasses Specialty Market
Southern Eyeglasses Specialized Market
Main products: eyeglasses and accessories optics
Address: No. 317, Renminzhong Road
Guangzhou Eyeglasses City
Main products: eyeglasses and accessories optics
Address: No. 260, Renminzhong Road
[Guangzhou Cultural Relics, Antiques, Jade Wholesale Market]
Wholesale market directory: Guangzhou cultural relics, antiques, jade market at the same time as people live in surplus, more and more people prefer to collect cultural relics, antiques, as well as jade. Guangzhou has always been the abode of Lingnan culture, long history, the city's cultural flavor is extremely strong. Liwan District, Xiguan area as the origin of Guangzhou's traditional commercial culture, since the cultural relics, antiques, jade market resident.
Xiguan antique market has formed a certain scale for a long time, since a variety of varieties, a wide range. Which is located in Longjin West Road, next to the Panshi restaurant Guangzhou Xiguan antique city, due to the cultural origins and resident in some of the strength, active in the domestic and Hong Kong and Macao antiques, auction industry antiques dealer, and therefore thriving. Here can often see some rare level of good things appear.
In addition, there are several other more famous antique market: Yuan Sheng ceramics and jade craft Street is located in Liwan District with River Road, Yuan Sheng Street. Mainly engaged in ceramics and jade, antique coins, antique furniture, rare and exotic stones.
New Yuansheng Jade Street is located in Liwan District, Changshou West New Yuansheng Street. It mainly deals with jade, handicrafts, crystals and jewelry packaging tools.
Hualin Jade Specialized Street, Hualin Jade Building, Hualin Jade Shopping Mall is located in Hualin New Street, near Hualin Temple. Mainly deals with jade, handicrafts, jewelry, crystal and so on.
Hua Han Antique Jade Shopping Center is located at 185 Belt River Road, Liwan District. It mainly deals in antique ceramics, stationery, paintings and miscellaneous items.
Guangzhou cultural relics general store is located in dongshan district wende north road 172. Mainly engaged in antique ceramics, four treasures, antique furniture, rare and exotic stones.
Qingping antiques and coins market is located in liwan district Qingping road. It mainly deals with antiques and miscellaneous items, antique coins, rare and exotic stones and so on.
[Guangzhou Cosmetics Wholesale Market]
Guangzhou City is currently an important base for the national beauty salon and cosmetic trade, with the annual beauty salon and cosmetic trade accounting for more than 40% of the country's total, Guangzhou has become China's beauty hub. At present, the overall scale of the Guangzhou Beauty Expo City, which tops the list of the Asia-Pacific region, can be said to be the most important highlight of China's beautiful territory, led by the Guangzhou Beauty Expo City, Guangzhou beauty salon, cosmetics wholesale market is also unprecedentedly prosperous. In the end, what other cosmetics, beauty salon, washing supplies wholesale market in Guangzhou? The following will count for you one by one.
Guangzhou Beauty Expo City is located in Baiyun District, No. 121, West Guangyuan Road, the railway station and Baiyun Airport, the interface, smooth transportation, strong radiation. Is a large-scale, beautiful modeling, hard and soft facilities first-class cosmetics, beauty salon, detergents market has been more than 400 domestic and foreign well-known cosmetic brand factory stationed, all kinds of products, a wide range of charm.
Xingfa Plaza is located in Baiyun District, Airport Road 138, near Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. It is mainly engaged in the wholesale and retail of cosmetics, detergents, beauty salon supplies.
Yi Fa Plaza is located at 96~98 Airport Road, Baiyun District, near Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. It is mainly engaged in the wholesale and retail of cosmetics, detergents, beauty salon equipment.
Chinese Cosmetic City is located on the second floor of Xingfa Plaza Phase II, South Airport Road. It is mainly engaged in the retail and wholesale of cosmetics, detergents and beauty salon equipment.
The professional street of washing, cosmetics and beauty salon supplies is located in the vicinity of Changshou East Road and Shangxiajiu Pedestrian Street in Liwan District. It is mainly engaged in the wholesale and retail of detergents, cosmetics, beauty salon supplies and equipment.
1. Guangzhou Beauty Expo City
Take bus No. 189, 274, 83, 241, 198, 101, 175, 179, 807, 268, 522, 46, 538, 291, and get off at Yaotai Station.
2. Professional Street of Washing and Cosmetics, Beauty and Hairdressing Supplies
Take No. 2, 3, 6, 61, 82, 128, 134, 181, 186, 202, 204, 239, 251, 288, 521, 538, 823 buses and get off at Changshou East Station and Shangjiu East Station.
3. Xingfa Plaza Yifa Plaza
Take No. 24, 38, 46, 87, 101, 103, 105, 108, 185, 186, 189, 251, 254, 257, 284, 510, 511, 509, 523, 539, 540, 805 buses, and get off at the Airport Road Station and the Chinese Medicine College Station.
4. Zhongren Cosmetic City
Take bus 58, 87, 101, 103, 105, 108, 185, 268, 274, 278, 280, 291, 509, 510, 511, 519, 528, 538, 555, 556, 803, 807, and get off at the Airport Road Station and the Airport Living Quarter Station. .
[Guangzhou Tea and Tea Ware Wholesale Market]
Wholesale Market Directory: Guangzhou Tea and Tea Ware Wholesale MarketAt present, Guangzhou's Tea and Tea Ware Market gathers hundreds of tea merchants from Fujian, Chaoyang, Zhejiang, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Taiwan and other regions into rows and markets. Formed the country's largest tea wholesale and retail marketing network.
The following introduction to a few of Guangzhou's more sizeable tea tea wholesale market Southern Tea Hub is located in Fangcun hole Qi Shi Road 8 ~ 10. It is one of the largest tea wholesale and retail markets in the country, mainly engaged in the wholesale and retail of tea, tea sets, tea crafts.
Fangcun Dongqishi Road Tea Street is located in Fangcun Dongqishi Road. It is mainly engaged in the wholesale and retail of tea, tea utensils and tea crafts.
Guangdong Haiyin tea market is located in haizhu district, dongxiao road 35, that is, haiyin bridge south road section. Mainly engaged in the wholesale and retail of tea, tea utensils, tea crafts.
Guangdong yao sheng sugar, tobacco, wine and tea market is located in guangqing highway shifeng intersection. Mainly engaged in grain, tobacco, alcohol, tea wholesale and retail.
1. fangcun hole qishi road tea professional street, the south of the Tea General Store by 19, 52, 55, 65, 75, 81, 193, 206, 207, 281, 823 bus, in the mountain village station can get off.
2. Guangdong Yaoshan Sugar, Tobacco, Liquor and Tea Market
Take bus No. 17, 228, 280, 521 and get off at Shifeng Junction.
3. Guangdong Haiyin Tea Market
Take 35, 44, 45, 192, 184, 188, 208, 543, 546, 551, 864 buses, get off at Haiyin Qiao South Station
[Guangzhou wholesale market of decorative materials, lighting]
In the people's standard of living continues to improve the people today are increasingly The pursuit of high taste of home life. Home layout, layout, and the choice of decorative materials, are the embodiment of high taste home, especially the purchase of decorative materials is one of the important links.
In Guangzhou, there are more than a dozen large decorative materials market. Mainly concentrated in the South Bank Road, Danan Road and Taikang Road.
Nanan decorative materials professional street is mainly engaged in decorative materials lighting steel doors. Located in Nanan Road, it is north of Guangzhou Railway Station, the provincial bus station, south of Youth Park, Liwan Lake. In addition, the South Bank Road, No. 30 of the Guangzhou decorative materials market; No. 33 of the South Bank decorative materials market; No. 44 of the Starlight decorative materials market; No. 20 of the Guangdong decorative materials market; are mainly engaged in decorative materials, ceramics and hardware, lighting professional wholesale market in the Yuexiu District, South Road, there are South Road, South Road, decorative materials, professional street, as well as South Road, South Road, No. 117 of the Wagam decorative materials shopping malls, are mainly engaged in decorative materials, hardware and lighting advertising materials. While in the South Road, No. 2 of Taikoo Lighting City is mainly engaged in wholesale lighting, No. 59 of the Guangzhou Textile Decoration Arts and Crafts Mall, mainly engaged in the wholesale of curtains and fabrics. Danan Road east of Beijing Road, north of Qiyi Road, the south near the Haizhu Canton in the vicinity of Haizhu Plaza Taikang Road, there are Taikang decorative materials professional street, mainly engaged in decorative materials, sanitary ware, anti-theft supplies steel doors. There are also main decorative materials hardware Taikang decorative materials market in addition, there is Huifu East Decorative Materials Professional Street in Huifu East Road, mainly engaged in decorative materials lighting, anti-theft supplies and advertising materials.
Shahe neighborhood, there are Shahe decorative materials market at the intersection of Shatai Road River Water, mainly engaged in decorative materials hardware; Shatai Road, opposite the Baiyun Wholesale Market of Tianjian Plaza, mainly engaged in plywood decorative materials; and Shahe Road, Shadong decorative materials market, mainly engaged in decorative materials, hardware and advertising materials. There is also the old Guangcong Highway No. 108 of Shahe Tianping frame decorative materials city, also operating decorative materials hardware industry.
Near Dongpu, there is Chebei Road, Guangzhou Chebei decorative materials city, mainly engaged in decorative materials and hardware industry. As well as Chepi Stone City, which mainly deals with the processing and sale of decorative stone.
On Huangshi East Road, there is Anhua Decorative Materials City, which mainly deals with decorative materials ceramics and hardware. There is also Anhua Lighting City, which mainly deals with lighting.
At 581 Industrial Avenue South, there is a Golden Horse Decoration Material City, which also mainly deals with wholesale of decoration materials and ceramics.
In addition, there is located in Huangpu Avenue, the top of the hill in the village of Xilong building materials and decorative materials commercial plaza, and Huangpu Avenue West, Nanxing decorative materials city, Yibo decorative materials market, are mainly engaged in the construction of decorative materials, hardware industry, a relatively large wholesale market for decorative materials.