This is a 60-year period full of passion and dreams; it is an era of change and reconstruction intertwined with sea water and fire. The Chinese people, under the leadership of the Chinese ****producing Party, have created a miracle of development in the history of China and the world.
Reaching for reform, they have successfully realized the historical leap from a planned economic system to a socialist market economic system.
After years of war and chaos, the new country was devastated and in need of reconstruction, but the Party and the government saved the day by unifying finance and economics, confiscating bureaucratic capital, establishing a state-run economy, and carrying out agrarian reforms, so that the national economy recovered rapidly. 1953 saw the introduction of the general line for the transitional period, which set out the goal of industrializing the country and carrying out socialist reforms of the private ownership of the means of production, and the "First Five-Year Plan", the first five-year plan, the first five-year plan, and the first five-year plan. The "First Five-Year Plan" was then launched. Since then, the four Five-Year Plans have been implemented in succession, over a period of more than 20 years, and despite setbacks, stagnation and uncertainty, many achievements have been made. By 1979, the number of industrial enterprises in China had reached 350,000, and the fixed assets of enterprises under national ownership had reached 320 billion yuan, equivalent to 25 times the industrial fixed assets accumulated over the past hundred years in old China, so that an independent and relatively complete industrial and national economic system was established, and the socialist system of public ownership and the planned economic system played an important historical role. With the progress of the times, this system gradually revealed some shortcomings, and in 1979, Deng Xiaoping, on the basis of profound summarization and reflection, made an astonishing remark: "Why can't socialism have a market economy?" In 1982, the report of the 12th Party Congress defined non-public economy for the first time as "a necessary and useful supplement to the public economy". The 14th Party Congress established the socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics, and in 1992 Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour, for the first time, put forward the "three favorable" criteria, emphasizing that development is the hard way. Taking this as an opportunity, the 14th National Congress of the People's Republic of China, held in the same year, clearly stated for the first time that the goal of China's economic system reform was to establish a socialist market economy. Since then, the public and non-public economies have completed the leap from the "opposing theory" to the "complementary theory" to the "*** with the theory of development".
Revisiting the course of China's transformation from a planned economy to a socialist market economy, the vigorous development of the non-public economy is one of the most dynamic chapters. From 1978 to 2008, the nonpublic economy grew from less than 1 percent of the country's GDP to 65 percent, absorbing 80 percent of the country's new employment, and contributing 71 percent of tax revenue and 70 percent of technological innovation. Meanwhile, the productivity of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) has risen dramatically since they were freed from the highly centralized planned economy; from 2002 to 2007, the sales revenue of SOEs nationwide grew from 8.53 trillion yuan to 18 trillion yuan, an average annual growth rate of 16.1%; realized profits grew from 378.6 billion yuan to 162.0 billion yuan, an average annual growth rate of 33.7%; and taxes paid grew from 679.4 billion yuan to 157.0 billion yuan, an average annual growth rate of 33.7%. 1570 billion yuan, an average annual growth of 18.2%.
Second, expanding opening up, and successfully realizing the great turnaround from closed and semi-closed to all-round opening up.
Before the reform and opening up, due to the blockade of the Western countries, China is basically in a semi-closed state, the scale of foreign trade is very small. 1978, the total amount of import and export is only 20.6 billion U.S. dollars, in 2008 reached 2.56 trillion U.S. dollars, second only to the United States, Germany, jumped to the world's third. Foreign exchange reserves of more than 2 trillion, ranking first in the world. Now, our country's import and export trade volume in one day is equivalent to 4.6 times that of the whole year of 1950. The structure of China's export products has also undergone a qualitative change, from the export of raw materials and basic consumer goods to high-tech products, and now electromechanical products have accounted for more than 90% of the proportion of export products. China is rapidly realizing the transformation from a trading power to a trading power, and a number of national brands such as Lenovo, Haier and Huawei have become world-class brands.
Before 1978, China's utilization of foreign investment was basically a blank, and now it has become the developing country that attracts the most foreign investment in the world. In the 30 years of reform and opening up, the actual use of foreign capital has accumulated nearly 1 trillion U.S. dollars. At present, there are 635,000 foreign-funded enterprises have settled down in China, and more than 480 of the world's top 500 enterprises have invested in China. Since the new century, China has begun to "go out" in a systematic manner; in 2003, China's non-financial outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) amounted to US$2.8 billion, and in 2008, it reached US$40.6 billion, with an average annual growth rate of more than 70% over the past five years. By the end of 2008, China's non-financial overseas investment had totaled 150 billion U.S. dollars, distributed in more than 170 countries and regions around the world. The extensive and in-depth international cooperation has accelerated China's economic development and made significant contributions to the development of the world economy.
Thirdly, scientific development has pushed economic construction and comprehensive national strength to leap forward.
After the founding of New China, China gradually built up a relatively complete industrial system and national economic system, showing the superiority of socialism. Since then, the national economy has developed like a "snowball": in the 27 years from 1949 to 1986, China's total economic output exceeded 1 trillion yuan; from 1 trillion yuan to 10 trillion yuan in 2001, it took 15 years; in 2006, it reached 20 trillion yuan, it took 5 years; in 2008, it reached 30 trillion yuan, it took only 2 years. The size of the economy accounted for 1.8% of the world in 1978 and 6% in 2008. In just 30 years, China has gone through the course of more than 200 years in western countries and is gradually embarking on the path of comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development.
China's comprehensive national strength is growing rapidly -
***At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's transportation base was weak, with less than 100,000 kilometers of all railroads, highways, and air miles combined, and an annual passenger volume of only 140 million trips. By 2008, China's land mileage alone was nearly 3.73 million kilometers, 99.2% of towns and villages have roads, highway mileage of more than 60,000 kilometers, second only to the United States, ranked second in the world; the annual passenger volume of up to 26.8 billion passengers; the country's total cargo transport reached 24.9 billion tons, an increase of 156 times over the 1949 160 million tons.
Old China's energy industry was at an extremely low level, mostly monopolized by imperialist and bureaucratic capital. After the founding of New China, it gradually formed an energy supply pattern with coal as the mainstay, electric power as the center, and comprehensive development of oil and gas and renewable energy, with a self-sufficiency rate of more than 90 percent, making it the world's second largest energy producer.
In 1950, China's iron and steel production of only 610,000 tons, while the same period the United States production is 87 million tons, the United Kingdom is 16.55 million tons. In order to "surpass the United Kingdom to catch up with the United States", we have been the country's "iron and steel". Since 1996, China's steel production has ranked first in the world for 13 consecutive years. 2008 Baosteel after 10 years, the first volume of research and development of "oriented silicon steel", climbed to the top of the steel manufacturing technology, "Everest".
In 1949, there were more than 130 different brands of automobiles traveling on the roads of China, none of which were made in China. From 1956, the first "Jiefang brand" off the line, 61 units of annual production, to the 2008 annual output of 9.345 million more than the U.S., the world's second, but only a short period of more than 50 years ......
Such a huge change is not too numerous to let the Historians are fascinated, what is the mystery? General Secretary Hu Jintao summarized at the 17th Party Congress, "The fundamental reason for all our achievements and progress boils down to this: the opening up of the road to socialism with Chinese characteristics and the formation of a theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics."
Reform and opening up has no expiration date, we are still on the road.
The second agricultural leap: from "paying imperial grain" to receiving subsidies
In 2006, Hebei farmer Wang Sanni took out 80,000 yuan, which he had originally intended to buy a car, and cast a 252-kilogram "Farewell to Field Fugue" ding-tao, with an inscription of more than 560 words recording the history of an important event. The 560-word inscription records an important event: from January 1, 2006, Chinese farmers no longer have to pay agricultural tax. Thus, the "imperial grain state tax", which had lasted for 2,600 years, became history. Since the new century, in order to bridge the gap between urban and rural areas, so that farmers can share the fruits of reform and opening up, the state abolished the agricultural tax at the same time, but also introduced a series of policies to benefit farmers, such as subsidies for good seeds and direct subsidies for grain, which have boosted the people's morale.
There are a lot of memorable events in agriculture like this. 1950-1952 land reform, the end of thousands of years of feudal exploitation of the land system, more than 300 million poor peasants for the first time to get their own land. 1956 agriculture basically completed the socialist transformation, but by the "running into the ****anism" fanaticism. In 1956, the socialist transformation of agriculture was basically completed, but under the influence of the fanaticism of "running into ****productivism," agricultural production fell into a depression. The planned economic system was conducive to centralizing efforts to achieve great things, but it also revealed the shortcomings of low efficiency and lack of incentives. The end of the 10-year Cultural Revolution gave people the courage to change, and in the winter of 1978, 18 farmers in Xiaogang Village in Fengyang, Anhui Province, quietly signed the "contract of life and death" of "contracting production to the household," unveiling the beginning of China's revolutionary revolution. From 1982 to 1986, the central government issued the "No. 1 Document" for five consecutive years, recognizing the pioneering spirit of Xiaogang farmers and promoting the "household contracting system" nationwide, which inspired hundreds of millions of peasants to work and become rich. From 2004 to 2009, the central government issued six consecutive "No.1 Documents", the core idea of which is to support the rural areas in the urban areas and feed the industry to agriculture. Rural areas have entered a new stage of implementing the scientific outlook on development and integrating urban and rural development, and "give more, take less, and let go" has become the main theme of agriculture in the new era. In the past five years, the central financial administration has spent a total of 1.6 trillion yuan on the "three rural areas". It is under the correct leadership of the Party, 60 years of agriculture all the way across the extraordinary achievements.
One, grain and other major agricultural production and per capita possession have increased dramatically. China is a large agricultural country, a large population. The old China suffered from the invasion of foreign powers, the level of agricultural production is extremely low, 80% of the population in a state of chronic hunger. 1949, the national grain production of only 113.2 billion kilograms, per capita possession of less than 210 kilograms. 2008, the total grain production reached 528.5 billion kilograms, realizing five consecutive years of increased production, per capita possession of 406 kilograms, an effective response to the global food crisis. With 10% of the world's arable land, we have solved the food problems of 22% of the world's population, and our food self-sufficiency rate has reached 95%!
Second, the level of agricultural mechanization has risen dramatically, "science and technology to increase efficiency" fruitful. New China 60 years, especially the reform and opening up in the past 30 years, wheat, rice, soybeans and other staple crops, the area of mechanical operations increased significantly. The total power of agricultural machinery nationwide increased from 117.5 million kilowatts in 1978 to 765.9 million kilowatts in 2007, an increase of 5.5 times. Agricultural science and technology have made breakthroughs in a series of major core technologies, such as hybrid rice, hybrid corn, and genetically modified insect-resistant cotton, and more than 6,000 new crop varieties and combinations have been bred and popularized. At the same time, the popularization and application of a large number of achievements, such as major cultivation techniques and integrated pest control, have raised grain yields from 68.6 kilograms per mu in 1949 to more than 310 kilograms per mu in 2008. In particular, hybrid rice breeding technology is a world leader, rice yields up to 800 kilograms.
Third, the agricultural structure has been continuously optimized, agriculture, sideline, animal husbandry, fishery and forestry go hand in hand. After 60 years of adjustment, China basically formed a regionalized production of planting. Henan, Heilongjiang and other 13 grain-producing provinces provide more than 80% of the country's commercial grain; the country has formed the northeast of the soybean, corn belt; the yellow and Huaihai region peanuts, wheat belt; Yangtze River Basin oilseed rape belt; the Yellow River Basin and the inland northwest of the cotton industry belt. Since the reform and opening up, farmers in front of and behind their houses, planting fruits and trees of the "courtyard economy" benefit is obvious, supplying large and medium-sized cities of fruits and vegetables base development is rapid. The production capacity of the animal husbandry industry has increased significantly. At present, China's total meat and egg production has ranked first in the world; the per capita consumption of meat, milk and eggs exceeds the world average. The development of fishery production is strong, with the average annual growth rate of aquatic products reaching 10.5%, which is 7.4% higher than the growth rate of the world's fishery industry during the same period, ranking among the world's top. The ten major projects of afforestation and improving the ecological environment, such as "preventing and curing sand" and "returning farmland to forests", have been effective. China's forest area increased from 82.8 million hectares in 1949, with a forest coverage rate of only 8.6%, to 174.91 million hectares, the world's largest area of planted forests, with the coverage rate increasing to 18.21%.
Fourth, the development of township industry has promoted the process of urbanization. in 1978, the added value of the country's township enterprises amounted to 20.9 billion yuan, while in 2007 it reached nearly 1 trillion yuan. Along with the process of rural industrialization, the level of urbanization in China has also increased from 17.9% in 1978 to 44.9% in 2007, becoming a strong driving force for economic growth.
Abundant agriculture leads to a strong foundation, rich farmers lead to a prosperous country, and stable rural areas lead to social security. The "three rural areas" will remain the top priority for future economic development, and the prospect of a new socialist countryside is promising!
Three: From starvation to diet tea
The people of the country are very happy with the way the world has turned out, but for a long time after the founding of the new China, due to natural and man-made disasters, there has been a serious lack of material, and there has been a shortage of food, which has made it possible for the people to have enough food to eat. The moncler jackets outlet online store is a great way to get the most out of your life, and it's a great way to get the most out of your life. When I was a kid, it was "pumpkin and squash, eat it every day, no oil, little salt, thin croak"; now, he often read: "70's eat belly full, 80's eat flavor, 90's eat quality, today we eat healthy. Many people began to worry about weight loss, drinking weight loss tea!"
The story of moncler jackets sale is a microcosm of China's improvement in people's livelihoods, and there are four main achievements in people's livelihoods in these 60 years:
One is the significant increase in the income level of urban and rural residents. In the early days of New China, China was a giant slum as measured by the United Nations' Human Development Index: 90% of the population had an annual net income of no more than 60 yuan. Since the founding of New China, the Party and the State have prioritized the improvement of people's livelihoods. Especially after the reform and opening up, China has gradually established a distribution system in which distribution according to labor is the mainstay and multiple distribution methods coexist, and income channels for urban and rural residents have been continuously broadened, with exponential growth in business and property incomes. The per capita net income of rural residents increased from 133.6 yuan in 1978 to 4,761 yuan in 2008; the per capita disposable income of urban residents increased from 343.4 yuan in 1978 to 15,781 yuan; and the total amount of residents' savings deposits increased from 21 billion yuan in 1978 to 21,788.5 billion yuan, an increase of 1,037 times.
The quality of life of the people has improved significantly. People "not bad money", consumption is naturally strong, and the quality of life improves. Food consumption has gradually shifted from subsistence to nutrition; the food service industry is booming, and people are able to enjoy the delicacies of different countries. Clothing has changed from "warm" to "beautiful"; China is now not only the world's largest consumer of clothing, but also the largest producer of clothing, with exports of 119.8 billion U.S. dollars in 2008. Family life equipment has been gradually modernized, and the "three big" durable goods have changed from bicycles, sewing machines and watches in the 1980s to color TVs, refrigerators and washing machines in the 1990s, and have been updated to mobile telephones, computers and private cars in the new century; the living space per capita in urban areas reached 22.6 square meters in 2007, and the area used for housing per capita in rural areas was 31.6 square meters in 2007. Per capita housing area was 31.6 square meters. In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the proportion of developmental and enjoyment-oriented consumption, such as education, culture, recreation and services, and leisure, fitness and tourism have become an important part of life; the Engel coefficients for urban and rural residents in 2008 were 37.9 per cent and 43.7 per cent, respectively. According to the standard classification of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), rural residents are now at the stage of moving from subsistence to well-off level, while urban residents have moved from well-off to affluent level, with 1.3 billion people realizing overall well-offness.
Three, the medical and health services have made remarkable achievements. In old China, there were 0.07 health institutions per 10,000 people, and 9.32 health technicians per 10,000 people; the mortality rate of the population was as high as 20 per thousand, and the average life expectancy of the population was only 35 years. Since the founding of New China, and especially since the reform and opening up of the country, the public *** health service system has been gradually improved, and the level of medical technology has been significantly raised. By 2008, China had 2.25 health institutions per 10,000 people, with 59.6 health technicians per 10,000 people; the population mortality rate had dropped to 7.06 per thousand, and the average life expectancy of the population had risen to 73 years, reaching the level of medium-developed countries. In order to effectively alleviate the problem of "difficult and expensive access to medical care", in April 2009, the Central Government and the State Council issued the "New Medical Reform Program", which highlights the improvement of public health services, medical service systems, medical security systems and other content, so that ordinary people can See a better future for medical treatment.
Four, social security gradually improved. Social security is an important mechanism to promote social justice. In the process of strengthening the construction of the social security system, in view of the characteristics of our country's farmers in the majority, the Government has spent a lot of effort to improve the social security system in rural areas. Since June 2003, a new type of rural cooperative medical care has been piloted, and by 2008 the population participating in the new rural cooperative medical care had reached 815 million, with a participation rate of 91.5 per cent; the goal of basically covering all rural areas was achieved two years earlier than expected. In June of this year, the State Council decided to launch a pilot program of new rural social pension insurance in 10% of the counties (cities and districts) in the country, and farmers who have reached the age of 60 and meet the conditions for participation can receive a basic pension. It seems, no child can also be old age day is not far away.
In commemoration of the 30th anniversary of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), Hu Jintao depicted the grand blueprint of the "two 100 years" - to the 100th anniversary of the founding of the CPC, the completion of the higher level of moderately affluent society benefiting more than a billion people; By the 100th anniversary of the founding of New China, we will have basically realized modernization and built a rich, strong, democratic, civilized and harmonious modern socialist country. As long as we do not waver, do not slacken off and do not toss and turn, our goals will certainly be realized.
Four science and technology to develop the country: from 80% "illiterate" to engineers in the crown
In the fall of 1949, an urgent letter sent to the village head of a village in Ning'an County, Heilongjiang Province. The mayor of the village can not read and write, to find people called "Xucai" villagers to read the letter, "Xucai" read the letter to run away. It turned out that this is a "murder" secret letter, the letter allows the village head to monitor the suspect is "Xiu Cai" himself. Behind the real story is a grim reality: the founding of New China, the national quality is very low, elementary school enrollment rate of only 20%, the illiteracy rate is as high as 80%, "Doo Da's words do not know a", scientists, engineers and other high-end talent is even more pathetic. There are no more than 50,000 scientific and technical personnel in the country, and less than 500 of them specialize in scientific research.
Education is backward, science and technology is naturally not strong. The western industrial revolution appeared 16 spindle spinning wheel, our country is still a single spindle, three spindles; Britain in 1922 there are more than 3,000 kilowatts of power generation equipment, power generation capacity of tens of billions of kilowatt hours, we until the eve of the founding of the new China can not make power generation equipment. 60 years later, our country's scientists and engineers more than 4.2 million, and the United States is equivalent to the total amount of scientific and technological human resources of more than 50 million, ranking the world's first. Lee Kuan Yew, the "Father of Singapore", said, "China has more technicians than the population of many countries, which is really enviable." China is realizing a "magnificent turnaround" from a large population country to a large human resources country, and the development of science and education is becoming a reality.
The achievements in education are obvious. First, the basic universalization of nine years of compulsory education. 1986, China promulgated the Compulsory Education Law; 2000, the basic universalization of compulsory education, the basic elimination of illiteracy in the young and middle-aged; in the spring of 2007, exempted the country's rural compulsory education tuition and miscellaneous fees; in the fall of 2008, exempted the country's urban compulsory education tuition and miscellaneous fees....... 60 Years of the New China. An unprecedented education policy has benefited the people and warmed their hearts. At present, the net enrollment rate of primary school-age children nationwide has reached 99.5 per cent, and the gross enrollment rate of junior high schools has reached 98 per cent. The scale of basic education is enormous, ranking first in the world. Secondly, the world's largest higher education system has been established, and with the resumption of the college entrance examination in 1977, which had been suspended for 11 years due to the Cultural Revolution, China has ushered in the spring of respect for knowledge and talent. During the 20 years from 1978 to 1998, the number of ordinary colleges and universities in China increased from 598 to 1,022, with an average annual growth rate of about 9% in enrollment. 1999 saw a further expansion in the scale of enrollment in higher education. 36 million people were admitted to colleges and universities nationwide in the 30 years from 1977 to the present, and the enrollment rate in colleges and universities increased from 4.7% in 1977 to 57% in 2008. In 2008, the total number of students enrolled in higher education exceeded 27 million, and the gross enrollment rate reached 23 percent, with higher education entering the threshold of massification, the largest in the world. Thirdly, secondary vocational education, adult education and continuing education are developing in an all-round way; in 2008, enrollment in secondary vocational education exceeded 8.1 million, with 20.563 million students enrolled. Adult job training has seen rapid development. Quality education and the construction of a lifelong education system have become the main theme of China's education development, and an education system with Chinese characteristics has been formed.
The achievements in science and technology are inspiring. First, the "two bombs and one star" symbolize the splendor of China's scientific and technological undertakings. In order to break the imperialist nuclear monopoly and nuclear blackmail, breakthroughs in cutting-edge technology in national defense science and technology, China's successful development of the "two bombs and one star" has become an important symbol of the new China's scientific and technological achievements, and has greatly strengthened China's national defense and scientific and technological strength. Deng Xiaoping once pointed out: "If China had not had atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs since the 1960s, and had not launched satellites, China could not have been called a great power with important influence, and would not have had such an international status as it has now." Secondly, space science and technology have entered the ranks of the world's most advanced, and at 16:41 on September 27, 2008, Chinese astronaut Zhai Zhigang entered space through the hatch of the Shenzhou VII spacecraft, leaving Chinese footprints for the first time in the vast expanse of space. Since then, China has become the third country to master the key technology of space exit after Russia and the U.S. In 1992, China's manned spaceflight project was formally launched, and over the past 17 years, from scientific research, technical tests to engineering applications, China has become one of the world's advanced countries in such fields as satellite recovery, multiple stars in one arrow, geosynchronous orbit communication satellite positioning, spacecraft development and manned spaceflight, creating another "Chinese leap". China's satellite recovery, one-rocket multi-satellite application, geosynchronous orbit communication satellite positioning, spacecraft development and manned spaceflight are among the world's advanced ranks, creating another miracle of "Chinese leap"! Third, independent innovation has become the new economic and social power. Some people commented that 2008 may be China from 'manufacturing' to 'intellectual' the first year, a strong evidence is: China engaged in the research and development of communications equipment manufacturing Huawei's international patent applications amounted to 1,737, a world record. Over the years, China's manufacturing capacity accounts for 15% of the world, second only to the United States, but only three ten thousandths of enterprises have their own technology, resulting in a serious "mouse phenomenon", that is, China's production of a mouse in the United States sells a 40 U.S. dollars, we only get 3 U.S. dollars, most of the profits were taken away by foreign countries. 2004, the central government proposed to spend 15 years to build China into an innovative country. In 2004, the central government proposed to spend 15 years to build China into an innovative country. In the past two years, investment in science and technology has been growing at an annual rate of more than 20%, which is unique in the world. The number of patents in these five years has reached 3 million, compared to 2 million in the first 55 years of New China***. China has gradually entered a new stage of relying on innovation to drive development.
Building an innovative country is a major strategic task, with education and science and technology as its wings and the scientific concept of development as its soul, which will guide our country forward at a steel-like pace!
V Democracy and the rule of law: from "do not talk about state affairs" to the President of the Internet chat
Before the liberation of the country, restaurants and tea houses are often labeled with "do not talk about state affairs" warning, the country even discuss state affairs are in danger of imprisonment and death, not to mention political participation. After the founding of New China, the people became the masters of their own bodies, and there were more and more channels for political participation; on June 20, 2008, President Hu Jintao went to the People's Daily Online to communicate with netizens online, which made Chinese netizens "the happiest thing on the Internet". Premier Wen's online political discussion with the public has become a unique landscape of the "two sessions" in recent years. Not only that, officials at all levels have "touch the net", "high in the temple, at the far end of the lake", are able to advise the country, the first time in history!
Six cultural development: from learning Lei Feng to volunteers
"Human life is limited, but, to serve the people is unlimited, I want to put the limited life, into unlimited service to the people." There, there were no roads or telephones, so he could only light oil lamps at night, and on weekends, he had to run 18 kilometers up a mountain road to send a letter. As a result, he was selected by CCTV as one of the "Moving China" People of the Year in 2004, and in 2007, Xu Benyu volunteered to teach again, this time in Africa. The gift he gave to his favorite girl was a copy of "Lei Feng's Diary".
This is just one of the millions of stories about volunteering.
The Wenchuan earthquake in May 2008 sent 200,000 volunteers to the disaster area, and more than 10 million volunteers across the country participated in disaster relief publicity, collecting donations and delivering materials; the Beijing Olympics in August saw 1.7 million volunteers dedicate their time to the cause, the highest number in the history of the Olympics....... In these 60 years, our spiritual and cultural life has come from singularity to pluralism; from rigidity to vitality, and has never been as prosperous and full of vigor as it is today.
VII National defense construction: from "universal brand" to modernization
On Oct. 1, 1949, Mao Zedong reviewed the People's Liberation Army (PLA) on the Tiananmen Square Citadel. The troops on parade included cavalry and small horse-drawn artillery. At that time, the level of mechanization of our army is not high, per capita mechanization capacity is only 0.2 horsepower, less than 2% of the world average, and weapons are mostly "universal brand" trophies.60 years later, on April 23, 2009, China's 60th birthday of the Navy, Hu Jintao in the Yellow Sea near Qingdao, the sea parade. Nuclear submarines, destroyers, frigates like a moving castle on the sea; alert aircraft, reconnaissance aircraft, fighter-bombers and other new fighter formation soaring in the air. Delegations from 29 countries and 21 ships from 14 countries came together to **** the world.
Looking back at modern China, a big country in the east that has long led human civilization, has been invaded and humiliated by almost all imperialist countries in the world. After the founding of New China, Mao Zedong solemnly declared, "Our national defense will be consolidated, and we will not allow any imperialists to invade our land again." National defense construction has since kicked off, 60 years of extraordinary achievements, mainly reflected in four aspects:
One, the construction of a modernized, formalized revolutionary army. Soon after the founding of New China, China put forward the general policy and task of "building a good, modernized revolutionary army", and rapidly realized the transformation from a single army to a multi-military and military forces, establishing a unified command system, establishment system and formal training. After the reform and opening up, the PLA re-established the general goal of building a strong, modernized and regularized revolutionary army. Especially since the Gulf War, the PLA has actively promoted military transformation with Chinese characteristics, embarking on a path of leapfrog development based on mechanization and led by informatization, both of which are mutually reinforcing, greatly accelerating the modernization of the national defense and the army.
Second, take the road of elite soldiers with Chinese characteristics. Soldiers are more precious than more precious. From 1975, Deng Xiaoping force "army rectification", has streamlined more than 2 million army posts, but the scale of 4 million is still too large. Deng Xiaoping said with concern: "The war depends on the ease of command, now what ease ah? We can't cope with the war without reducing the swelling." In the 1985 enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission, he decisively announced that the disarmament of 1 million. The whole world was shaken by the news. in 1997, our army cut another 500,000; in 2003, 200,000 were cut, and the total size of the army was reduced to 2.3 million. Through streamlining and reorganization, and reforming its system, the PLA has made solid strides toward the goal of a lean structure, flexible command, rapid response and strong combat power, and its modernization level has been substantially raised.
Third, promote the strategy of strengthening the army through science and technology and the modernization of weapons and equipment. During the period of anti-U.S. support for Korea, China imported a large number of weapons and equipment from the former Soviet Union. Since then, China gradually began to copy the Soviet weapons and equipment, built more than 100 large and medium-sized military industrial enterprises, scientific research institutions increased to more than 20, the national defense science and technology industry has taken shape, and quickly realized the weaponry of the standardization and initial localization. 1960s, China relies on its own strength to develop cutting-edge technology for national defense, "two bombs and one star" of the success shocked the world. The success of "two bombs and one star" shocked the world. After the reform and opening up, the army, the establishment of a rapid mobility, three-dimensional assault equipment system; Navy, the establishment of a sea and air integration, adapted to the coastal defense operations equipment system; Air Force, the establishment of a combination of air and land, offensive and defensive equipment system; two artillery, the establishment of a nuclear and regular, range convergence of ground and ground missiles equipment system; electronic information equipment, is moving towards the direction of comprehensive integration and integration of development.
Four, defended national sovereignty, national dignity and people's peaceful life. 1950 June, the Korean War broke out, the U.S. imperialists burned the war to the Yalu River, a serious threat to the security of our country. In October of that year, the Chinese People's Volunteer Army crossed the Yalu River, fought side by side with the Korean People's Army, and repelled the "United Nations Army" led by the U.S. to the south of the 38th parallel. 1953, the U.S. had to sign the Korean Armistice Agreement. The victory in the war greatly boosted the confidence of the Chinese people and won a relatively stable and peaceful environment for the construction of new China. In addition, our army conducted many border self-defense counterattacks and won, defending national security and territorial integrity.
Over the past 60 years, under the absolute leadership of China***s Communist Party, the national defense and military construction has made great strides toward the goals of revolutionization, modernization and regularization, with weapons and equipment changing day by day and the integration of logistical support steadily advancing; what never fades is the sons and daughters of the army who listen to the Party's command and serve the people - wars, floods, earthquakes ...... where the danger where to rush, are not in evidence of their "loyalty to the party, love of the people, serve the country, dedication to the mission, honor" of the core values of the contemporary revolutionary military.
VIII Unification: from isolation to peaceful development
A long time after the founding of New China, Chiang Kai-shek, who fled Taiwan in defeat, never forgetting to counter-attack the mainland; Hong Kong, Macao and the motherland are also cut off from each other, the unification of the great cause of a long way to go. After the reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping put forward the strategic concept of "one country, two systems" with superhuman wisdom, and successfully practiced it in Hong Kong and Macao, which washed away the century-long humiliation of the Chinese nation. The road to reunification across the Taiwan Strait has been bumpy due to the intervention of external forces such as the United States, but now the overall situation of cross-strait peaceful development has taken shape, and the future prospects are promising. 60 years of China's unprecedented road to reunification has contributed valuable experience to the world. In summary, there are two points that are particularly worth sharing:
9 Diplomatic splendor: from the "sick man of East Asia" to the giant of the East
60 years, China's diplomacy has completely reversed the "forced openness" of the old China, and the "forced closure" of the new China in the last 30 years, and the "forced closure" of the new China in the last 30 years. "Forced to close" situation, and finally embarked on the road of "active openness", become the backbone of world peace, the global economy "engine", the good news is still to come!
Ten Party Construction