Sequoia a tree with medicinal value, what medicinal value

Basic information Chinese name: red bean cedar scientific name: Taxaceae alias: yew, red cypress pine genus: red bean cedar genus history: quaternary glacial legacy of the ancient tree species, on the earth has a history of 2.5 million years. Development value: evergreen conifers, knot cherry large peculiar red bean fruit, is the world's rare and endangered plants left behind after the glaciers in the fourth century, the world's natural distribution is very little, as the national level of key protection plants, its wood is fine, color red bright, tough and durable, for the precious timber species. It is a precious timber species, especially because it contains paclitaxel, which is the best anticancer drug in the world after adriamycin and cisplatin. It is the best-selling and hottest new anticancer drug in the international market so far, and it is also the last line of defense for patients with late-stage cancers, and it has a very high value of development and utilization.　Ecological habits of the red bean cedar north and south are suitable for planting all over the world, with shade, drought-resistant, cold-resistant characteristics, the requirements of the soil PH value of 5.5 ~ 7.0, can be planted with other species or orchard set, easy to manage, which the Northeast Red Bean Cedar, which is the Quaternary glaciers left behind by the ancient species of trees in the harsh climatic conditions, the tenacity of the vitality so that it has been living on the earth for more than 2.5 million years. It not only has well-developed lateral roots, luxuriant branches and leaves, strong sprouting force, but also adapts to a wide range of climate and wide soil requirements, and is also resistant to pruning, cold, pests and diseases. And can grow into a tall tree, some of the single plant can even grow thousands of years, that can be used as medicinal varieties, but also can be used as green varieties, the Northeast red bean tree in folklore, known as "feng shui tree".　Morphological characteristics of the red bean tree is an evergreen tree, chest diameter of 1 meter, up to 20 meters. It is for the growth of the small environmental requirements are very special, at an altitude of 2500 ~ 3000 meters in the deep forests, you can see its shadow, the timber needs 50 ~ 250 years. The name comes from the fact that in recent years, the red bean tree has become a popular star in the plant world. Because it can extract paclitaxel, it is an internationally recognized cancer prevention and anti-cancer agent, and at the same time, it is a national class of protected species. The red beans of the sequoia are like the acacia beans in the south, red outside and colorful inside, which can send people's love. The name of the sequoia is also because it grows the same fruit as the red bean, so it is named sequoia. Classification of Sequoia The distribution and species of Sequoia: Except for Austrotaxus Spicata in Australia, which is produced in the southern hemisphere, the rest of the Sequoia are produced in the northern hemisphere. In China, there are 4 species and 1 variant of the sequoia, which are distributed in most parts of the country. The red douglas fir is mainly distributed in the Changbai Mountains of Jilin Province and the Heilongjiang area, and a small number of species are also distributed in the eastern mountains of Liaoning. In Yunnan, Picea abies is mainly found in western Yunnan, with a total area of about 90,000 square kilometers in 16 counties in the prefectures of Yunnan, and is characterized by its wide distribution, scattered growth, and the absence of pure forests, mostly scattered trees in forests. In the south, Picea abies is mainly found in eastern and southwestern Yunnan, and in eastern Yunnan, it grows in pure forests, mostly as scattered trees in forests. In Tibet, Picea abies is mainly found in northwestern Yunnan and southern and southeastern Tibet.　Effects: Diuresis, diuresis, swelling, treatment of kidney disease, diabetes, nephritis, swelling, dysuria, gonorrhea. Warm kidney and menstruation, treatment of menstrual disorders, postpartum blood stasis, dysmenorrhea and other effective effects.　Sequoia classification of the world according to the growth of geographic and biological characteristics of the sequoia can be divided into 11 species, in addition to Australia's AUSTROTAXUS SPICATA produced in the southern hemisphere outside of its distribution in the northern hemisphere of the temperate zone to the subtropical regions. There are 4 species and one variant in China.　1, the northeastern red bean cedar (T. CUSPIDATA STEB.ET IUCC) is mainly distributed in the Jilin Changbai Mountains and the Heilongjiang area, the eastern mountainous areas of Liaoning also have a small distribution. Northeastern Red Bean Pine LATIN NAME: Taxus cuspidata PLANT NAME: Northeastern Red Bean Pine SCIENTIFIC NAME: taxus cuspidate sieb eb zucc ALIAS: yew, red cypress pine, purple cypress pine, broadleaf yew, rice tree, etc. FAMILY NAME: Taxaceae LATINOXIAO GENERAL NAME: Taxaceae genus: Red Bean Pine Northeastern Red Bean Pine is one of China's four species 1 varieties of red bean pines, the other three species 1 varieties of Yunnan red bean pines. The other three species and varieties are the Yunnan red bean tree, the Tibetan red bean tree, the Chinese red bean tree, and the southern red bean tree. [Distribution area] It is mainly distributed in northeast Asia in northeast China, Japan, Korea, and Russia (Amur Prefecture, Kuril Islands, etc.). For example: eastern Liaoning, Jilin temperate mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest areas (major cities: Harbin, Mudanjiang, Hegang, Jixi, Shuangyashan, Yichun, Jiamusi, Changchun, Siping, Yanji, Fushun, Tieling, Benxi) [Biological Characteristics] Habitat tolerance of the shade, dense forests can also be grown under the perennial, not forest. It is found in mixed coniferous and broad forests dominated by red pines. It grows on stony or infertile soil on mountain tops and is mostly shrubby. The average annual temperature in its native range is from 2 degrees Celsius to 7 degrees Celsius, and the average annual precipitation is 750-1000 millimeters. Scattered on shady slopes or semi-shady slopes under moist, fertile mixed coniferous and broad forests. Sex like cool and humid climate, can withstand -30 degrees Celsius below the low temperature, cold resistance, the optimal temperature of 20 degrees Celsius to 25 degrees Celsius, avoid heat, cold and dry air, belongs to the yin species. Like moist but afraid of flooding, suitable for planting in loose moist well-drained sandy loam. [Growing area] The Northeast Red Bean Pine is a northeastern tree species, adapted to grow in the northeastern region, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai and other areas north of the Yangtze River. [Annual growth] The plant height of Northeastern douglas fir grows slowly in the first three years, and the plant height generally grows about 10-15CM per year; the growth speeds up after transplanting for one year, and the height of more than 3 years' seedlings can increase up to 20-30CM per year.[Appearance Characteristics] Northeastern douglas fir is characterized by the tree's twigs turning into yellowish-green or light reddish-brown in the fall. Its leaves are bilinear and slightly curved in a sickle shape, which looks like a ball from close up and a flower from afar, making it extremely beautiful. [Growth habit] Yin, like cool and humid climate, shallow rooted, afraid of waterlogging, avoid saline and alkaline [Medicinal value] Stem, branches, leaves and roots are used as medicine. The main components contain paclitaxel, paclitaxel alkaloids and diterpenoids. It has anti-cancer function, and has the effect of inhibiting diabetes and treating heart disease. As identified by the authorities and reported, the red bean trees in China have a certain amount of paclitaxel, especially in the northeast of China, where the growth environment is special, the content is the highest, and the content can be up to three ten thousandths of one percent (according to the report of A.G.F. Neto). The unique climatic conditions are favorable for the deposition of substances in plants. If the northeastern red douglas fir appropriate southward migration can increase the growth period, improve the growth environment, is conducive to the synthesis of the body's active ingredients, improve the content and quality. [Greening and Ornamental] The Northeast Red Bean Pine is not only a rare medicinal plant, but also a good product for gardening, courtyard greening and beautification, and it is the most precious and rare high-grade greening tree species. The unique bonsai ornamental value is another major feature of the Northeast red bean tree, the application of dwarfing technology to deal with the Northeast red bean tree bonsai modeling simplicity and elegance, branch and leaf compact but not dense, stretching but not loose, red stems, red branches, green leaves, red beans so that it has a view of the stems, view of the branches, view of the leaves, view of the fruit of the multiple ornamental value. Smooth red stems represent frankness and nobility, evergreen needles and leaves express perseverance and eternity, and the red beans, which resemble "lovesick peas", show love and longing. The whole plant has a strong flavor of life and cultural connotation. Because of its scarce resources, the Northeast Red Bean Pine has been listed as one of the rare species in China to protect. 2、Yunnan Red Bean Pine (T.YUENNAN ENSIS CHENG ET L.K.FU) is mainly distributed in 16 counties in western Yunnan and Dizhou, with a total area of about 90,000 square meters. Characterized by its wide distribution, growth dispersion, no pure wood forests, mostly scattered wood in the forest.　3、Tibetan red bean tree (T.WALL ICHIANA IUCC) is mainly distributed in northwestern Yunnan, southern Tibet, and southwestern.　4、China red bean counters (.CHINENSIS (PILGER) ROHD) 5、Southern red bean counters (T.CHINENSIS VAR MAIREI (LEMEE ET L'EVL) CHENG ET L.K.FU) are mainly distributed in the pure forests of eastern Yunnan, southwestern Yunnan, and eastern Yunnan, while the others are mostly scattered trees in the forests.　6, Mandevilla red bean cedar, is the end of the twentieth century introduced to China's hybrid varieties. Its mother is the northeastern red bean tree (T. CUSPIDATA). The father is the European red bean cedar (.T.BACCDFA). It has been in the United States and Canada for only 80 years. The Mandevilla redbud is mostly of the shrubby type, and since it can only grow into a shrub, not a tree, it is a good species for greening.　Globally, although the sequoia is distributed in the United States, Canada, France, India, Myanmar and China, Asia has the largest sequoia reserves. Among them, China has more than half of the world's sequoia reserves, and there are 5 species in China out of the 11 species in the world.　New Source of Medicinal Value Cancer Drug: Taxol is an effective and commonly used cancer drug, but it can currently only be harvested from the needle-like leaves of an endangered plant, and demand for the drug is likely to exceed the tree's production capacity. Researchers recently announced at a meeting of the American Chemical Society that they had isolated the compound from hazel trees and fungi. This discovery may provide a plentiful new source of the drug and may also lead to a significant reduction in its cost. Paclitaxel, which goes by the genus name paclitaxel, is one of the largest selling cancer drugs in the world. It is used to treat uterine and breast cancer, and many people cured of breast cancer still take the drug to prevent the cancer from returning. While there is still a good supply of this drug, demand may soon increase: investigators are testing the drug's effectiveness against Alzheimer's disease, diversity sclerosis, and other cancers. If the drug is indeed effective against the aforementioned diseases, then the drug will become in short supply. This is because the drug is produced by first extracting the lead compound from the needle-like leaves of the Pacific redwood and then processing them. The Pacific redwood is an endangered plant that grows along the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. Angela Hoffman, a chemist at the University of Portland in Oregon, USA, has been looking for ways to increase the yield of yew phenol from the redbud. Surprisingly, she discovered a new source of the compound in another, completely unrelated research topic. She and her colleagues were studying hazelnut trees, trying to figure out why some of them were more susceptible to blight. The blight destroys patches of hazelnut trees in Oregon's Willamette Valley. The researchers obtained extracts from several types of hazelnut trees and purified and analyzed these samples, in which Hoffman found the chemical signature of paclitaxel. Hoffman and her colleagues found that hazel leaves, twigs, and fruits contained paclitaxel, although at only 10 percent of the levels found in redbud. They also found that fungi growing on hazel trees also produce paclitaxel. ultimately, says David Hawk, the fungal findings in question may be the most valuable. David Hawk is a natural products specialist for a drug company in Worcester County, Massachusetts. He said that redbuds also contain yew phenol-producing fungi. Hawk emphasized that if the fungus could be used to produce this drug in a vat, "it would certainly be valuable."　The medicinal value of the redbud is mainly in its extract, the secondary metabolic derivative, paclitaxel. According to the research results of Dr. Fang Weishuo (graduated from the Peking Union Medical College of China in 1997 with a PhD in medicinal chemistry under the supervision of Prof. Liang Xiaotian), paclitaxel was firstly isolated from the bark of short-leafed sequoia as an anti-tumor active ingredient. Paclitaxel is one of the best drugs for the treatment of metastatic ovarian cancer and breast cancer, and also has remarkable efficacy in lung cancer and esophageal cancer, and has significant inhibition of nephritis and inflammation of microvirus. The anti-cancer mechanism of paclitaxel is that paclitaxel can bind with trace protein and promote its polymerization, inhibit the mitosis of cancer cells and effectively stop the proliferation of cancer cells.　In order to reduce the damage to the wild red bean tree resources, people began to use the branches, stems and leaves of the red bean tree to extract the precursor compound 10---- deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ, and then use a semi-synthetic method to prepare medicinal paclitaxel. Paclitaxel is currently recognized as a broad-spectrum, highly active anticancer drug with a unique anticancer mechanism.　It was firstly reported in 1971 that paclitaxel was extracted from Sequoia in the U.S.A., and was approved by the U.S.A. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be used in clinic in 1992, which proved to be efficacious for many kinds of cancers, and was successful in the treatment of ovarian and breast cancers, with a cure rate of 33% and an effective rate of 75%. In the words of BRODER, the director of the National Cancer Institute (NEI), paclitaxel is the drug with the best efficacy and the smallest side-effects in the fifteen years after adriamycin and cisplatin when human beings fight with various kinds of cancers.　On the other hand, globally, the world is gradually accepting the cures and treatment principles of traditional medicine (traditional medicine refers to the medical treatment to protect and restore health before the emergence of modern medicine). China has a long history of traditional medicine, such as herbal anesthesia, acupuncture, and Chinese herbal medicine.　As identified by authorities and relevant reports, the red bean trees in China all have a certain content in extracting paclitaxel. The content is higher in the Northeastern Red Bean Pine (Picea abies) and the Southern Red Bean Pine (Picea abies), and the content is highest in the Northeastern Red Bean Pine (Picea abies), which has a special growing environment (the content can be up to two parts per million). The unique climate conditions are favorable to the deposition of dry matter in plants. If the Northeastern red bean counters are moved southward appropriately, the growth period can be increased, and the growth environment can be improved, which is conducive to the synthesis of the active ingredients in the plant, and the content and quality can be improved. Currently, the methods for human beings to obtain paclitaxel are as follows: 1. Natural extraction. 2. 2. Synthetic. 3. Semi-synthetic. 4. Biological fermentation. The latter three methods mostly remain in the laboratory stage.　(1) Paclitaxel biosynthesis: Paclitaxel molecular formula: C47H51NO14 is a terpene ring structure of natural secondary metabolites. It mainly consists of a paclitaxel ring and side chains. The study of its biosynthesis is of great significance for artificially directed improvement of synthesis efficiency and clonal combinations to form genes for key enzymes to increase the yield of paclitaxel. The key now is whether we can find one or two key enzymes discovered and make their gene purification and gene cloning. It remains to be seen whether the cloning of the red bean paste gene can be a breakthrough, but the hypothetical pathways that people have found, these technologies are still in the laboratory stage.　(2). Chemical Synthesis of Paclitaxel According to studies and reports: 10--deacetyl berry gibberellin III (bacitracin III), isolated from the redbud plant, is apparently less active than paclitaxel, but can be extracted from redbud needles. This substance can be synthesized into paclitaxel by a four-step chemical process. Significant progress has been made in solving the problem of a new source pathway for paclitaxel. An American research group headed by Dr. NICOLAOU reported the results of the total synthesis of paclitaxel by chemical methods in 1994. However, chemical synthesis has not made a complete breakthrough in a substantive sense, and does not have application value at present.　(2) Microbial synthesis of paclitaxel STTERLE et al. isolated a parasitic fungus (taxo myces an dreanae) from the phloem of Picea abies. Paclitaxel and related hydrocarbons can be produced in a specific medium, but due to the extremely low yield, it cannot be used in production yet. Recombinant DNA technology is expected to increase the yield of paclitaxel.　It has also been found through research that roots are the organ with the highest paclitaxel content besides bark. Rooting has been induced by using Agrobacterium terium rhizogenes (agrobacterium rhizogenes) to imbibe the plant explants of Picea abies. This method is valued for its rapid root growth without external hormones and its stable genetic traits. If we can combine the search for the synthesis of paclitaxel or its similar derivatives, from the microbial synthesis pathway, directed to get the key enzyme and cloning of sequoia-related genes, we can make a breakthrough in this method. The Fifth Beijing Biomedicine Development Forum introduces that the development process of the extraction of paclitaxel from plants is as follows: From the 1960s onwards, the discovery of new anticancer drugs is mainly from the metabolite products of primitive plants. Several anti-cancer chemotherapeutic reagents currently in use are not compounds extracted from higher plants.　For example, "periwinkle alkaloids" were isolated from periwinkle, and "epigallocatechin" derivatives were isolated from Pelargonium dactylifolium.　The "comedone alkaloids" were isolated from the tree "Pterocarpus indicus", and the "yew diterpenoids" isolated from the red bean tree "Picea abies", and so on.　Technology and equipment required for the extraction of paclitaxel: 1. The key technology and related information for the extraction of paclitaxel from Picea abies. 2.　2. the method of precision determination of paclitaxel content and quality standard and related information. 3. ultra-cleaning equipment for removing impurities.　3. ultra-cleaning equipment for removing impurities　4. High-pressure liquid chromatograph and liquid chromatography analysis crutches.　Several kinds of antitumor drugs made of paclitaxel: 1. Dakin Dakin produced by Hei Long Jiang Red Bean Pool Science and Technology Co., Ltd. is a broad-spectrum anticancer drug used for the treatment of breast cancer, ovarian cancer and other small viral inflammation. 2.　2. Paclitaxel capsule, produced by Chongqing Sainuo Company, is a pure Chinese medicine developed by adsorption extraction and dispersed preparation technology, which is used for the treatment of middle and late stage cancer. 3.　3. Pramlint Broad-spectrum anticancer drug which promotes the polymerization of microtubule proteins and makes them less prone to depolymerization. Thus inhibiting the division of cancer cells. It has obvious effect on cervical cancer, breast cancer, and small cell lung cancer, melanoma.　4. American Squibb Company's: Paclitaxel intravenous injection or infusion.　5. The new compound paclitaxel preparation produced by Schweppes and Roche in Europe is used for the treatment of difficult advanced breast cancer and semi-systemic (cancer cell) spreading disease, which has brought good news to many advanced breast cancers. Landscaping value[edit paragraph] Each mu can be planted seedlings 2000, three years later, the annual output of branches and leaves more than 1 ton, in front of the house, barren slopes, open space, both sides of the road is also suitable for planting, a planting, long-term benefit, the benefits are significant. Sequoia tree shape is beautiful, fruit maturity red and green color matching is intoxicating, can be widely used in soil and water protection and forest, horticulture ornamental forest, is the new century to improve the ecological environment, the construction of beautiful mountains and rivers of the excellent tree species.　In the gardening, indoor bonsai also has very broad prospects for development, such as the use of rare red bean tree made of high-grade bonsai, in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and other places to sell to 300,000 yuan / pots, become a new city greening and home beautification, was figuratively referred to as the precious "money tree". Useful scourge Since the glacial era, the red bean cedar this ancient species has survived in western Yunnan, it is hard wood, slow growth, from the seeds to the ground to grow into a large tree, it takes 100 ~ 250 years of time. Over the years, no one has ever disturbed their quiet life, because the tree is useless to the local people, at most, it can only be an anvil.　In 1971, two chemists in the United States successfully isolated a substance from the trunk of Picea abies, named it paclitaxel, and released its chemical structure. 1982, paclitaxel was verified in clinical trials to be effective against ovarian cancer, testicular embryonic cancer, breast cancer and other cancers, and the toxic side effects were far less than those of the other anti-cancer substances discovered at that time. The results of the study were a sensation when they were disclosed and were hailed as the most important discovery in this field in decades.　Paclitaxel in nature mainly exists in the whole body of the red bean tree, and the bark of the tree has the highest content, amounting to about one part in ten thousand. However, the red bean tree is a slow-growing species, which is very rare all over the world and has long been listed as a protected species in the United States. In Asia, China, Myanmar, Indonesia and other countries have more wild red bean trees.　In 1992, Paclitaxel officially passed the U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA certification and was approved for marketing.　In the summer of 1992, the first wave of the battle for the bark of Picea abies was fought in the northwestern region of Yunnan Province, and a large number of businessmen flocked to the forest area to acquire the bark of Picea abies, a situation that had never happened before. A few months later, the acquisitions suddenly stopped again, and the local forestry department documented the wave of acquisitions. According to informed sources, the United States approved the news of paclitaxel on the market to China, some speculators think it is profitable, to the distribution of the red bean counters concentrated in northwestern Yunnan Province to purchase, due to the bark of the tree sold to the United States is very inconvenient, the tide naturally stopped. However, for China, this is the beginning of paclitaxel fever.　In the United States, since 1992, paclitaxel is known as one of the three most preferred anti-cancer drugs in clinical use, and its value has risen year after year. The U.S. producers who hold the patent will speculate the price of paclitaxel higher and higher, reaching three to four million U.S. dollars per kilogram, while the supply does not exceed 100 kilograms. In this case, many U.S. hospitals tend to buy paclitaxel in foreign countries, and paclitaxel has become the most promising drug for investment, which has led to a paclitaxel investment fever all over the world.　So far, the United States is still the largest consumer of paclitaxel. China produces paclitaxel in powder form and almost all of it is exported to the United States. It should be noted that the United States also has a large number of wild red bean trees, but the U.S. law permits the import of paclitaxel from abroad, but never allows the utilization of red bean trees in its own country.　Due to the lag in developing countries in recognizing the value of Picea abies and in legislation, since 1992, reports on the destruction of wild Picea abies by human beings have been appearing on environmental websites and in the media, with the exception of a few countries such as the U.S.A. and Canada.　Paclitaxel (TAXOL PACLI TAXEL), the extract of Picea abies, has a unique anti-cancer mechanism. Dr. BRODER, the director of the National Cancer Institute of the U.S.A., said that Paclitaxel is a new type of anticancer drug which is considered to have good efficacy for many kinds of cancers with few side-effects for the past fifteen years, following Adriamycin and Cisplatin. Since the 1980s, the United States, Britain, Russia, South Korea and China have carried out in-depth research. The United States took the lead in applying the research results to the medical clinic and achieved remarkable clinical results in the treatment of various cancers. Since then, human beings have made new breakthroughs in the field of anti-cancer. So far, and even in the future for a long time, the most favorable weapon for human beings to fight with cancer can only be paclitaxel.　Paclitaxel is mainly extracted from the roots, bark, stems and leaves of Picea abies. Due to the extraction process is more complex, because it is in the removal of chlorophyll in the original liquid is more difficult, in addition to the equipment investment is larger, because of the lack of raw material sources, the regular extraction of paclitaxel in China's late development, the 1990s just started.　At present, the global annual death of cancer patients in about 6.3 million. Only the United States, Europe, Japan is about 4 million people every year. The treatment of these patients consume about 1500~2500 kilograms of paclitaxel every year. And the world can only produce about 350~500 kilograms of paclitaxel every year. Among them, the United States can produce 25~50 kilograms, and China can only produce about 50 kilograms.... Therefore, paclitaxel has great potential for market development and application. At the same time, the large-scale cultivation of sequoia raw material timber forest base, also contains a huge market business opportunities. Therefore, the value of sequoia has multiplied.　In foreign countries, Canada's Plant Source Drug Company, the United States Titan Chemical Company, the United States of America's Schweppes (BNS) is the application of the red bean curd development of paclitaxel the earliest, the strongest technological strength, the greatest economic strength of the company. The U.S. company, Schweppes, has dominated the world paclitaxel market for 20 years. A considerable amount of the raw materials used by the company to refine paclitaxel are imported from China or obtained through other ways, and then its products, paclitaxel injections, are counter-sold in China to reap huge profits from them.　China's production of paclitaxel (TAXOL) content of more than 98%, the export price is generally 800 yuan / grams of yuan, in foreign countries per gram of paclitaxel was made into 33 grams of injections, each containing paclitaxel about 30 ml, counter-sale of our country of about 2,500 yuan per piece / piece of yuan. That is to say, China's cancer patients, each use of a gram of imported paclitaxel is equivalent to pay 80,000 yuan, more than 600 times the price of gold.　Because of this, China's wild red beansprouts, in just a dozen years has been unprecedented deforestation and destruction, wild stock has been sharply reduced. Some areas are even on the verge of extinction. Therefore, the protection of existing resources and the artificial expansion of the total amount of red bean counters are in front of the knowledgeable people. Cultivation technology mode The State Forestry Administration has made a clear instruction on the current "red bean tree project": "The red bean tree is the first grade of protection for our country, both good ecological benefits and high economic value, the state supports the creation of red bean tree forests in the appropriate range of vigorously, and all sectors of the community to contract, lease, auction, joint-stock cooperation and other forms of contracting, leasing, auction, and other forms of cooperation. The State supports the vigorous creation of sequoia forests in appropriate areas, and all sectors of the society should be promoted and encouraged to participate in afforestation and greening undertakings through contracting, leasing, auctioning, joint-stock cooperation and other forms. The current development goal of the sequoia industry of the Reed River Forestry Bureau is to be the first in the world in terms of resource reserves and the first in the world in terms of seedling production. Therefore, "the red bean counters project" is not only an urgent life-saving project, but also a great sunshine project for the benefit of mankind.　Although the resources of China's Picea abies and other countries in the world account for more than half of the world's demand for Paclitaxel, it is still far from enough. Since 1992, when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FAD) approved the use of paclitaxel as a treatment for late-stage cancer, China's wild sequoia resources have been increasingly overcut, and the wild sequoia resources have been seriously damaged. Moreover, many biological characteristics of wild Picea abies limit the development of natural communities. According to statistics, the annual number of cancer cases in the world is more than 10 million, and if paclitaxel is extracted at 0.006%~0.06%, the annual consumption of the bark of Picea abies is 700~1000 tons. Even if all the bark of the global red bean tree is harvested, it can only maintain the short-term needs. Moreover, the method of artificial synthesis or chemical synthesis of paclitaxel is still in the laboratory stage. Therefore, the artificial expansion and propagation of the development of Picea abies resources, the establishment of Picea abies medical raw material timber forest base is imminent.　Currently, there are several methods of propagation of sequoia seedlings, including the method of first breeding and planting. The preservation of sequoia resources and the rapid breeding of seedlings are the basis for solving the construction of timber forests for paclitaxel, and the large-area creation of sequoia plantation forests is the key to solving the problem of raw materials for paclitaxel.　When breeding seedlings with sequoia seeds, it is necessary to pay attention to the way of seed storage, to sand seed mixed storage or temperature control treatment, which has a very good effect on sprouting and breaking dormant habit after wintering. Before sowing, the seed coat should be rubbed, soaked in warm water, and treated with pharmaceutical hormones. Shade after seedling emergence is the key to nursery. It can prevent the seedlings from burning at high temperature to keep them moist and the light transmission is appropriate at 40%. The seedling emergence rate of both northeastern and southern red bean spruces can reach 70~80%, requiring the emergence temperature to be higher than 15 degrees.　The dynamic growth of live seedling is: the plant height and stem thickness of live seedling grow slowly in the first two years of seedling emergence, the plant height generally grows about 10CM per year, and the growth speeds up after one year of transplanting, and the annual increase can reach 20~30CM in 3~5 years. 2. Tissue culture breeding of Picea abies Tissue culture is to make use of the totipotency of the plant cells, and clonability. The young stems, needles and leaves, barks, formative layers, arils and embryos of Picea abies plants are utilized as vegetative bodies for culture research.　(1). Selection of excellent varieties of Picea abies, such as the high-quality organs of Northeastern Picea abies (with high paclitaxel content) as explants, inoculation medium, after the steps of healing tissue formation, rooting, and seedling shoot clump formation, a large number of histocultured seedlings can be obtained in the laboratory. After the substrate transplantation, seedling training, inspection and epidemic prevention, they become seedlings for production.　(2). The ratio of late to early healing tissue formation in Picea abies varies among different species and different plants of the same species. It was also related to the type of explants, sampling site and collection season, light conditions, and type of culture medium. On the induction medium, healing tissues could be formed in northeastern Picea abies, southern Picea abies and Yunnan Picea abies. However, the formation situation also varied depending on the species of Picea abies and the plant.　It was shown that a certain degree of hydrolyzed complexin (CA) could promote the growth of healing tissues in Picea abies and Picea abies, but the concentration greater than 0.5% was not conducive to the formation and accumulation of paclitaxel.　However, when the concentration was greater than 1%, it could promote the healing of wounded tissues and the formation of new growth points without affecting the accumulation of paclitaxel.　In comparison, 2 and 4D also favored the formation of healing tissues and increased the induction rate. The color of the healing tissues in 2 and 4D medium was fresh and the blocks were large and fluffy, which made it easier to induce the healing tissues of Picea abies. However, other medium additions such as cell suspension culture, B5 medium, and charcoal-derived sucrose can also increase the content of paclitaxel. However, glucose in high aglycone sucrose inhibits paclitaxel synthesis. Meanwhile galactose was significant in promoting cell growth.　GIBSON's study showed that both cell suspension culture and induction of cell growth in healing tissues as well as formation of paclitaxel content was better under dark than under light conditions.　Regardless of the species and site used in the way of histoculture it is important to choose a composition of cells with a high proliferative capacity in the middle layer (surface cells with a large number of starch granules, central cells without nuclei, easily differentiated tubular molecules). This facilitates the formation of intercellular cell chain filaments, which leads to the formation of large cell clusters and facilitates the signaling of small intercellular substances. Thus, the cells of the red bean tree exist in the form of cell clusters, which produce functional cellular mycelium, and promote the regionalization of cell clusters, and the functional differentiation of cells, which is a prerequisite to enable the production of metabolites in the red bean tree.　3. Artificial cuttings propagation of Picea abies With the diminishing of the resources of Picea abies and the increasing demand for it, the rational use of Picea abies and the development of Picea abies can not be delayed. In the spirit of "guarantee medicinal use, prohibit material use" policy, more effective utilization of branches and leaves. Under the background of the provincial government's "Red Bean Pine Project", we actively advocate national afforestation and tree planting. At the same time of protecting the existing wild red bean trees resources, artificial cuttings breeding and planting red bean trees is still the most effective and practical means.　The Reed River Forestry Bureau has been actively exploring this area for many years, and has accumulated a considerable wealth of practical experience. In 1984, it was the first in the country to succeed in artificial asexual cuttings breeding of the red bean counters. It also created the world's first artificial sequoia forest. At present, the Reed River has the world's largest sequoia seedling base, and the number of sequoia seedlings is 1/5 of the total number of sequoias in the world.　The cuttings of the red bean trees are bred with tender branches in spring and hard branches in fall. Generally cuttings should be treated with low shed shade. The survival rate of general cuttings can reach more than 70%. And conventional cuttings are only about 3%~20%. Shade not less than 60% . The base of the cuttings should be done cautiously for rooting. Humidity should be kept intermittently around 75~85% at the beginning. Avoid water loss due to strong winds through.　Factors affecting the survival rate of cuttings generally include: age, temperature, concentration of chemical treatment, substrate, season, humidity, species, and other human factors. Data show that the survival rate of cuttings of several species of Picea abies is generally the highest: 95% for Northeastern Picea abies, 95% for Southern Picea abies, 90% for Yunnan Picea abies, and 86% for Chinese Picea abies.　During the rooting process of cuttings in the first year, the above-ground part grows slowly, but the rooting is rapid and the lateral roots are developed. After transplanting in the second year, further shading treatment and seedbed management are required. Ensure the appropriate environmental conditions, growth accelerated. The fastest growth rate is in summer, and slow in winter and spring. At this time, attention should be paid to changes in temperature, and prolonged drying can cause growth inhibition or sudden death. However, after the seedlings are supported and strengthened in the seedbed, the afforestation survival rate of redbud is very high. Very few die and grow rapidly.　The application of cuttings is the most effective way to solve the shortage of sequoia resources and accelerate the construction of sequoia medicinal forest.