The welfare and relief systems and practices of ancient China, generally speaking, should include two aspects. On the one hand, it was to provide relief to the people at special times after natural and man-made disasters, that is to say, the system and administration of disaster relief and mitigation; on the other hand, it was to provide welfare assistance to widows, widowers, orphans, the elderly, the sick and the handicapped and other members of the people in the normal period, including the opening of a hospital for adopting the old people, adopting and rescuing the orphans, the opening of a pharmacy to help the people with their illnesses, the establishment of a wide range of special welfare stores such as granaries and other special welfare, the dispatching of relief goods and condolences to the poor, the weak, the orphaned and the widowed. The government also sent envoys to distribute relief goods and comfort the poor, the weak and the orphans, and so on. In this paper, I would like to discuss only the latter aspect of institutional practices and administrative activities. On the former side of the system and administration of "disaster preparedness and relief" will be discussed in a separate article later.
I. Welfare and Relief System in the Pre-Qin Period
The policy of "guaranteeing interest" in the "Zhou Li - Di Guan Situ" is probably the earliest social welfare policy in China." To protect the interest of the six people: one said that the young, two said that the old age, three said that the poor, four said that the poor, five said that the wide disease, six said that the rich." These six policies, the first two are about the state to help people old age, the third is about the state relief widows, widowers and orphans (these four are called "poor"), the fourth is about the state to help the poor and needy, the fifth is about the state to favor the disabled (exemption from reduction of servitude), the sixth is about the state to the rich people do not take harshly (do not exclusively take their strength and their wealth). These six articles, with the exception of the last one, are all regular social welfare and relief affairs in normal times, and they are the main aspects of the state welfare and relief administration, as they still are today. In addition, the Zhou Li also has the system of "the accumulation of the village's commissions, in order to relieve the people of their perfume, and the accumulation of the gate's commissions, in order to provide for the elderly and the orphans", and it is said that at that time, there was an official in charge of the safekeeping and distribution of this kind of social welfare savings.
The record in the Book of Rites may also indirectly reflect the system or practice of welfare administration in the Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou dynasty seems to have been very thorough in its system of social welfare retirement. In terms of living, "fifty different grains, sixty different meat, seventy two meals, eighty constant treasures, ninety food and drink from the bed, food and drink from the tour"; "sixty non-meat is not full, seventy non-palm is not warm, eighty non-people are not warm". In terms of labor and service, "Fifty is not from the force of government (levy), sixty is not with the service of the military. If ...... eighty, a son is not from the government; if ninety, his family is not from the government." In other words, the government gave food, meat, cloth and silk to help people in their old age, and exempted their children and grandchildren from military service in order to serve the elderly. On the orphans, widows, orphans and the sick, the Zhou Dynasty also has provisions, "the Book of Rites" that "the sick and the sick are not people do not support, a person is not from the levy", "young and no father is called orphans, the old and no children is called a single, the old and no wife is called a reserve (widowers), the old and no husband is called a widow, these four, the people of the sky of the poor and the unsupported also, are always ration (economic relief). Those who are mute, deaf, lame, angry, broken, and midgets are each fed with their own organs." That is, the government helped the disabled to earn a living with what was left of their organs. The Han Book - Food and Goods Zhi" says that the Zhou Dynasty had a system of "seventy years old or more, the upper is raised, ten years old or less, the upper is grown", which may be summarized from the above records in the Book of Rites. Some of these records may have been the actual system of the Zhou Dynasty, and some may have been merely Han ideals, but all of them had a real impact on the social welfare system of subsequent generations.
There are very few historical records of welfare administration in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. The record of "Guan Zi" (管子-入国) may reflect the social welfare administration system practiced by Guan Zhong when he was in charge of Qi. Guan Zhong practiced the so-called "Nine Welfare Teachings": "First, the old old, second, compassionate young, third, compassionate orphans, fourth, foster the sick, fifth, and alone, sixth, ask the sick, seventh, through the poor, eight, vibration of the poor, nine, to receive the end." Where the country are equipped with a "palm old", "palm young", "palm orphans", "palm raising disease", "palm medium", "palm disease", "through the poor" and other specialized officials, specifically responsible for relief matters. Its specific practices are: for the elderly, "seventy years old or more, a son without a levy; March have to feed meat. Above eighty, two sons without levy, monthly meat feed. Above ninety, all the family without levy, wine and meat on the day of death, on the **** (with) the coffin." The officials in charge of the elderly should always "advise their sons and daughters to eat well, ask what they want, and seek what they like." For the young ones, help the people to raise them, so that the people will not be tired of raising their children." For the third child, there was no woman's levy; for the fourth child, there was no levy for the whole family; for the fifth child, (the official) gave him a program (babysitter), received food for two, and was able to work and then stop." For the orphans and children without parents." The official said, "I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do this, but I'm sure I'm going to be able to do this. For those who raised one orphan, there was no levy for one son; for those who raised two orphans, there was no levy for two sons; and for those who raised three orphans, there was no levy for the whole family. If you are in charge of an orphan, you must ask him or her several times, and you must know what he or she is eating and drinking, and what his or her body is like (?). And they must have mercy on them." For the sick, including the deaf, blind, dumb, and lame, "the upper collection and feed the (in) the sick official, and food and clothing, and after the body and stop." For widows and widowers, the official in charge of matchmaking "would take the widows and widowers and make peace with them, give them a house and a family, and then serve them for three years." This was to help widows and widowers get married and start a family through matchmaking by the government. For the sick, "When a person is sick, the order above the person in charge of the sickness (by order of the ruler) asks for the person. Above ninety (every) day, above eighty (every) day, above eighty (every) day, above seventy (every) day, above seventy (every) day." This was probably only for the scholars. The general population was treated a little less favorably, "The common people (who were sick) were asked once every five days." In the case of particularly serious illnesses, "those who are very sick will report it (to the sovereign)." The duty of the official in charge of the sick was to often "travel through the country to inquire about the sick." In addition, for "poor couples with no place to live" and "poor guests with no food", they ordered their townspeople to report to the government and "rewarded those who heard about it, and penalized those who did not". These practices, if they really became a system, can be said to be the world's earliest complete welfare relief system. But even if they were not, its impact on later generations cannot be underestimated.
Second, the welfare relief administration of the Han Dynasty
The welfare administration system of the Han Dynasty was relatively complete. First of all, it is through the nourishing nature of honoring the elderly, rewarding corn, silk, money and wine and so on. This kind of activity was both educational and demonstrative in nature, and also had the nature of welfare relief for the elderly. I have discussed this point in a previous article. Secondly, it is about the exemption of the elderly from tax and service and the assistance in service." Wendi's rites for the aged, one son of the ninety does not work, and two counts of the eighty do not work." In the first year of Emperor Wu's reign, 140 years ago, "the people were told that if they were eighty years old, they should be given two counts, and if they were ninety years old, they should be given one count." By "restoring the two counts" or "not doing anything on the two counts", Emperor Wen and Emperor Wu meant to exempt two persons from the counting tax (poll tax) for the families of elderly people over 80 years old; and restoring the A-pawns probably meant to exempt the families of elderly people over 90 years old from the service of the garrison. Emperor Wu Jianyuan four years (137 years ago), and the edict: "people over ninety years of age, has been subject to the law of selling. (Now) for the restoration of the son if the grandson, so that the body marshal wives and concubines in order to provide for their affairs." This may be in addition to the exemption from military service to exempt their children and grandchildren from all chores, in order to serve. Third, on the relief of widows, widowers and orphans, the two Han emperors almost every two or three years will be held a national reward food and clothing activities, several customary, only the Han Book records from Emperor Wen to Emperor Cheng **** more than 30 times general relief activities, all national. Such as the thirteenth year of Emperor Wen Di (167 years ago), give the world widows and orphans cloth and silk flocculation, and "out of silk 100,000 pi to relieve the poor." In the first year of Emperor Wudi's reign (122 BC), an imperial edict said, "I am very sympathetic to the elderly, widows, orphans and widowers who are suffering from a lack of food and clothing. I will send an official to tour the world and ask for help." This time, he gave the widows and widowers two pieces of silk and three catties of wadding, and ordered "counties and townships to give them, not to gather them together," meaning that he wanted to send relief to their doorsteps, and not to bother the people to collect it centrally. Emperor Xuandi section of three years (67 years ago), and the edict of the world's "widows, orphans and elderly poor people"; the first year of Emperor Cheng Jianshi (32 years ago)." Widows, orphans and widowers were given different amounts of money and silk." Fourth, the Han Dynasty, the first standing warehouse system, which is China's welfare and relief undertakings in the history of a major initiative, the influence on later generations is very large. This I will specialize in the discussion, this paper is temporarily shelved.
Three, the North and South Dynasties period of welfare relief system
The North Dynasty period of supporting the poor and the weak system, Northern Wei and Northern Zhou can be represented. Northern Wei Emperor Wencheng peace four years (463 years), "the edict of the people of the capital, more than seventy years old too official kitchen food to end their lives." This probably meant that people over seventy years of age were entitled to the meat of the "Imperial Official's Kitchen" for the rest of their lives. The fact that the palace kitchens cooked for all the old people over seventy in the capital shows that there were very few old people after the Great Rebellion at that time. In the 10th year of Emperor Xiaowen's reign (486), Emperor Xiaowen ordered the establishment of the "Three Chiefs System" (Neighborhood Chiefs, Lane Chiefs, and Party Chiefs), which, in addition to managing the order of grassroots units such as neighborhoods, lanes, and parties, was also responsible for welfare: "For those who are lonely and infirm, and who are too sick and poor to survive on their own, they will be raised and fed repeatedly within the three chiefs." This probably means that the three chiefs took turns in providing food and clothing, or that they took turns in bringing the elderly to their homes to support them. In order to make it easier for their children and grandchildren to serve the elderly, "When a citizen is over eighty years old, he will listen to his son who is not in the service." The Northern Zhou Dynasty, modeled after the Zhou Rites, also stipulated, "If a person is eighty years old, a son will not serve; if a person is a hundred years old, a family will not serve; if a person is sick or ill and not supported by others, a person will not serve." The Northern Zhou Dynasty also often sent ambassadors around the country, relief or condolences to orphans, widows, old and sick. Emperor Xiaomin first year (557 years), sent ambassadors to investigate the customs; the emperor personally set one of the contents of its investigation visits is "widows, widowers and orphans, not for the Secretary of the Department of compassion and the people's food and clothing, the burden of the province, the emergence of calamities, drought and floods," and should be informed. And make the messenger at any time relief, "if there are people aged eighty years or more, the place on the additional gift ration." Emperor Wu Jiande five years (576 years), and then sent an envoy to "ask the people compassionate hidden" and welfare relief, "its widows, widowers, orphans and orphans, really can be grieved, it is also appropriate to give relief, and make sure that the weekly support." Southern Dynasty period, relief for elderly widows and widowers, young orphans, six diseases can not survive, become a regular practice. Whenever the throne, change the yuan, the establishment of reserves, disasters, have this move. In the first year of Yongchu of Emperor Wu of Song Dynasty (420), "the widowers, widows, orphans and those who could not survive on their own were given five drachms of grain by imperial decree. Wendi Yuanjia four years (427 years), the capital city disease, sent envoys to ask, to give medicine; the dead if no family, to give the coffin." Xiaowu Emperor Daming first year (457 years), changed the amnesty, "give the senior orphan disease corn and silk each difference." In the first year of Da Ming (457), Emperor Xiaowu granted a general amnesty, "giving poor people firewood and rice for the elderly and sick. He also gave medicine to the poor people because of the epidemics in the capital. Qi Wudi Yongming ten years (492 years), the edict "lonely old six diseases, people five dendrobits of grain"; and Emperor Zhongxing first year (501 years), to give widows and widowers who can not survive on their own five dendrobits of grain, people. At the time of Liang, in addition to this kind of general relief, Emperor Wu of Liang also created a "lonely garden" in the capital. Ordinary two years (521 years), Liang Wu Di edict "where the people have single old orphans and children can not survive (the), the master of the county Xianjia adoption, support to the food and clothing, every week to make the foot, to end their lives. And in the capital city in a lonely garden, orphans and children have returned, Chinese hair is not scarce, if you add life, thicker care." This is the earliest government-run orphanage in Chinese history, its adopters may only be single old childless people and orphans. Of course, Liang Wu's move was due to his strong belief in Buddhism and his attempt to establish good deeds.
Fourth, the Tang Dynasty welfare relief system
The Tang Dynasty's welfare services are more developed, but its welfare administration system of specific historical data is not much. Welfare administration in the Tang Dynasty, in addition to following the previous generation has been a variety of specific practices, there are still four points worth noting. These four points are quite creative.
One is the widow and old man's regular support. Tang order states: "the widows and widowers of the poor, poor, old and sick can not survive, so that close relatives to adopt. If there is no close relatives, pay the township pension."
The second is on the way out of the traveler's disease relief. Tang order provides: "If the road has a disease can not save themselves, when the boundary officials paid the village Square Anxian, still add medical care, and investigate the reason, note through the belonging, the day of the loss of the disease, the transfer of the former." This provision is not found in previous generations. The place where the traveler is sick or injured, the local official has the responsibility to rescue and treat the traveler and to transfer the sick traveler to the next lot of official after inquiring about the identity of the cause of the illness or injury.
Thirdly, the old age pension system was further improved in the Tang Dynasty." Men seventy-five or more, women seventy or more, the middle man a man for the service. Above eighty, the order type engaged in (according to the relevant decrees)," "the age of eighty and serious illnesses, to give the service of a person; ninety, two people; 100 years old, five people." If the number of children and grandchildren was insufficient, "close relatives were heard," and "if there were no close relatives, the white men were taken from outside." The white men, who were not relatives, were exempted from service to support the orphans and the elderly, who were no longer "servants" in the general sense, but old-age attendants hired by the state. They thought that the state was taking care of the elderly as a form of corvée service.
Fourthly, the establishment of the Wisdom Field for the Sick and the Welfare of the Sick. Buddhism for the relief of the poor and sick, always set up in the temple, said the sick workshop. Since Wu Zetian Chang'an years later, "set up to specialize in", about the state set up officials to manage. Kaiyuan five years (717 years), chancellor Song Jing that sad field to raise the sick is Buddhism within the affairs of the state should not set up officials to intervene, played the special envoys, Xuanzong did not allow. Kaiyuan twenty-two years (734 years), Xuanzong more orders "the capital beggar child, all to the sick workshop adoption, the official to the principal of the interest to the", so the sick workshop has become the main government-run orphanages, although still operated by the temple monks, but the funds by the state government lending interest to provide. During the Huichang years, after Emperor Wuzong ordered the elimination of Buddhism, because the monks and nuns "have all returned to secularism", which led to "no one in charge of the sad Tianfang" (management), so that the poor and sick people's relief became a big problem. Therefore, the chancellor Li Deyu in the end of the fifth year of the Hoi Chang requested, in the two capitals and the states, "each in the record of the senior (senior), choose a person who has a name, behavior and integrity for the townships known, dedicated to the hook (presided over)". He also requested to change its name to "Sickness House", removing the original name of the Buddhist "Sorrowful Field House". In order to let the sick workshop have a stable source of funds for food, Li Deyu also asked each workshop to give five to ten hectares of land, are commissioned to observe the amount of (local) poor and sick depending on the number. The fields were to be used as a source of food for the sick and needy. Wu Zong from his proposal, issued edicts to implement. At this time, the sick workshop, has nothing to do with the Buddhist temple, completely become a government-run welfare institutions or homes for the elderly. In addition, the Tang dynasty in order to popularize health knowledge to the public, improve the public health status, has often promulgated to the public to save the medical prescription. Xuanzong Tianbao early, had personally compiled "Guang Ji Fang" promulgated the world, and ordered the county governor "on the Guang Ji Fang in the important one, in the big board on the piece of record, when the village to show the road list." Dezong Zhenyuan years, and made the compilation of "Zhenyuan Jiyao Guangli Fang" five volumes, issued by the state government, and ordered "Yanlu within the village, salty to make known". In the Tang Dynasty, there were doctors of medicine and medical students in each county and state, and they often treated the poor free of charge, which was probably the earliest medical welfare system in China.
Fifth, the Song Dynasty welfare relief system
China's traditional welfare administration system developed to the Song Dynasty, basically complete. As a regular system of social welfare relief in the Song Dynasty, there are mainly the following aspects.
First, the Guanghui Cang system. In the Song Dynasty, in addition to the regular warehouse, the warehouse (social warehouse), set up a special Guanghui warehouse, as the basic reserve of social welfare relief food. Renzong Jiayou two years (1057 years), adopted the Privy Councilor Han Qi proposal, the original precedent by the government to sell the extinct family (no descendants) property into the collection of cultivation, the collection of rent and grain storage, to relief state and county of Kuo (city) within the old, young, poor and sick can not be self-supporting, said Guanghuicang. By the point of punishment and prison officials in charge of the. Specific provisions: where the field of extinct households, state and county households less than 10,000, stay in the field of rent of thousands of stone for the Guanghui warehouse field; 10,000 households above the times, households 20,000 to stay in 3,000 stone field, 30,000 to stay in 4,000 stone field, every 10,000 households to stay in an additional 1,000 stone field to 100,000 households to stay in the field of 10,000 stone field. The rest of the fields were still sold by the government. In the fourth year of Jiayou (1059), Guanghuicang was transferred to the Sinanong Temple, and "two state officials were selected to be the main cashier, and an official was sent to inspect the situation in October of each year". On the distribution of relief, the provisions of the "should receive the name of the rice in the book, since November, three days a give, (each) a liter of rice, the young half of it, the following year in February stop". This shows that the wide warehouse gratuitous relief food distribution only in winter, spring, summer and fall seasons do not relief. Emperor Xining two years (1069), Changping warehouse food distribution system has changed, in addition to a small number of still gratuitously awarded to the old sick and poor, the rest of the grain storage are the same with the Changping warehouse flat sell, that is, "in the case of the expensive amount of the market price of the sale of grain (sell), in the case of the low amount of the market price of the increase in buy up (buy up)". To this end, each road to set up the Changping Guanghui matters specializing in officials, and management of the two warehouse cashier matters. Before long, wang anshi and force will be often Ping Guanghui two kinds of warehousing and as "green seedling" principal loan to the people, collect the interest rate of Sh2, "and often Ping Guanghui warehouse of the law was changed and for the green seedling (law carry on)." Soon, the world to sell Guanghui Cang field. Zhezong once restored Guanghui warehouse, but also to Zhang Dun with the matter, the restoration of the sale of the field as the old law. At this point, Guanghui warehouse end.
Second, the setup of the Fukuda House and the House. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the capital that is set east and west of the two Fukuda Yuan, to relief "old, sick, orphaned, poor and beggars", the beginning of only a few dozen people to help. To the Yingzong, the addition of the north and south of the two Fukuda Yuan, the east and west of the two hospitals also expand the area of the house, so that there are four Fukuda Yuan, the daily can be at the same time to receive three hundred people. The funding for the hospital, at first, is the internal collection of money five million to give, and later with "Surabaya Shi Li money" (probably refers to the Surabaya merchant port terminal official inns that the rent of taxing or storage transit fee) to give, increased to eight million. Or from all over the country, "tax money" that is, the government set up a commercial house inn income to allocate a part of the funds for the Fuda Yuan. Therefore, Emperor Yingzong once ordered that "in case of heavy rain or snow, the county officials should remit the taxing money for three days, and the year should not be more than nine days, and this was probably due to the fact that when the Futian Yuan had sufficient funds, it would appropriately reduce the levies as a preference for the merchants and the traders. Emperor Xining two years (1069 years), the capital snow cold, the edict: "the old and young, poor and sick, no dependence (and) beggars, listening to the four Fukuda Yuan amount of money to adopt, to the spring a little warmer than the end. This shows that the various Fukuda Yuan relief objects have quota restrictions, or roster, not issued with people.
Third, on the setup of the residence, Anji Square. Huizong Chongning early, Cai Jing was in power, began to make the country's counties and counties to set up residential homes, Anji Square. After the order, "the city, the walled city, town, city households and more than a thousand know the supervisor", according to the state and county regulations to set up a residential care home Anji Square. Residential care homes for the disabled homeless and orphans, "the road meets the cold and stiff servant and no clothes beggars, allowed to send close to the residential care homes, to money and rice relief. Orphaned children can be taught, so that the elementary school." Free tuition, the government for the production of clothing (with the interest money of the warehouse). Where abandoned babies, hired breastfeeding. Listening to temples and monasteries to adopt orphans as children's lineage (foster children who were prepared to become monks.) Anjifang was a hospital and sanatorium set up around the temple, and "monks were recruited to treat the poor and sick who could not afford to seek medical treatment, and they were admitted to the hospital for treatment. In order to encourage monk doctors, it was stipulated that "if a thousand people were cured in three years, they would be given a purple robe and an ultimatum from the ancestral temple." In order to assess the performance of the monk doctors, "(on) the doctors were given a hand calendar to the book of the healing loss, the end of the year, the number of tests for the temple most." This was the earliest medical record system in China. The money and food for the Jiuyuyuan and Anzhifang came from the interest money and rice from the Changpingkang, which was "several times as thick as the amount of relief food from the former Futianyuan." They also "sent officials and soldiers to serve as ambassadors, set up fire-heads (for drinking) with meals, and gave them cassock clothes and quilts. The states and counties were inappropriate, or had curtains and tents, hired nursing mothers and women, and spent money without art, not exempting the rate of convergence, and the poor were happy while the rich were disturbed." Such a high standard of nursing homes or orphanages, there are cooks, nannies, nursemaids, male handymen, and set up canteens, issued clothing, set up bed nets, no wonder the lack of funds to rate convergence in the people. The Song book - food and goods Zhi" on this kind of preferential treatment both surprised, it shows that from the former capital Fuda Yuan only supply rice and beans or only vat gruel and so on, and no canteen, premises, is only for the relief of the temporary winter shelter, there is no bed net of the establishment, there is no service personnel. Emperor Huizong Xuanhe two years (1120 years), the edict "live in foster (hospital), Anji (workshop), leakage of Ze (garden) can refer to the old law of Yuanfeng, cut the establishment of the system, should live in the foster person to give the day round-grained rice or corn a liter of rice, money ten provinces, November to the first month of the addition of firewood and charcoal, (per person per day) five provinces, the children half the reduction. Anji Fang money and rice in accordance with the law of residence support (hospital), medicine, such as the old system." This is probably in view of all over the office to live in the hospital, Anji Fang standard is too high cost is too much and ordered to reduce the standard of relief money and rice." Referring to Yuanfeng's old law, cutting down the middle system," suggests that a new middle standard (lower than the current standard) was set in accordance with the lower relief standard set during the Yuanfeng years. Does this mean that during the Yuanfeng period, there was the establishment of the Jiushenyuan and Anji Fang? Southern Song Dynasty, still practicing the system of JiuYuan, AnJi, "if the beggars are educated in the JiuYuan, its disease, treatment of AnJi Square; its death, buried in the leakage of Zeyuan. Years as a rule."
Fourth, the general official alms system in the Song Dynasty. Regardless of whether Guanghui Cang existed or abolished, the general relief system of the Song Dynasty has always existed." Where widows, orphans, infirmity, old age, disease, waste and poverty can not survive should be living in support of the people, in order to the House of the absolute house; no (House of the absolute house), then live in the official room, in order to the House of the absolute property to fill the fee, not limited to the month, according to the beggar law to the rice and beans. Insufficient, it is given to the interest rate money." This is generally practiced throughout the country to help the poor and weak approach. The so-called "beggar law" is probably the old, poor and orphaned beggars send relief of the special laws and regulations. At this time, whether it is a household or official house to the poor beggars set to live together relief, a fixed supply of official fees, and not limited to a few months a year to live relief (may be perennial relief), this is a typical government-run welfare institutions. Perhaps this is the various places of residence, Anji Square? As for the alms beggar law ("beggar law"), about "the old disease from November 1 (from), the state to give rice and beans, to the end of the following March (stop)." (In the ninth year of Xining, from Han Jiang's suggestion, changed to the end of February of the following year.) The aforementioned Guanghui Cang alms that is to adopt this method. After the withdrawal of Guanghui warehouse alms beggars may still be in accordance with this law.
Fifth, the leakage of Zeyuan and funeral relief. True Father Tianxi years (1017-1021), that is, "in the suburbs of the capital of the Buddhist temple to buy land, in order to bury (bury) the dead of the unattended." The government allocated money for coffins, "- coffins were given 600 yuan, half of which was given to the younger ones." Later, no more money was given, and "the dead were exposed on the road." Renzong jiayou end (around 1062), the re-order to give the allocation of this money. Emperor Shenzong, and the edict: "the Kaifeng province boundary monks and temples traveling to send coffins and coffins, poor can not be buried, so that the gui county of each degree of the government (there) is not gross (of) three or five hectares of land, listen to the people to settle down, and monks were ordered to master of the. Burials and more than 3,000 people, (allowed to master the monastery) to a monk, (even do) three years with the purple coat (the official issued purple clothes to the monastery as a reward); there are purple clothes (the person), and the teacher number (the official order monks Venerable Masters and so on honorary number as a reward), and more so that the consul (funeral?), three years, and those who wish to reclaim it, listen to the funeral. Three years, and those who wish to reclaim listen." Huizong Chongning three years (1104), Cai Jing proposed to promote this system in the country, said the leakage of Ze Yuan, the state and county are set up, and then ordered the city, walled city, town, city full of more than 1,000 households and have a know the supervisor (the chief official) are set up in accordance with the state and county regulations Leakage of Ze Yuan, each "set up the book" that is, set up a register. And make "Dizi and three feet deep without exposure, supervisors patrol inspection", may have been set up specifically to manage the residence, Anji, leakage of Ze affairs of the special officials. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the burial of the dead without a master is still practiced in the Leakage Garden, "the year as a rule".
Sixth, health care relief system. In addition to the "Anji Square" this form of medical welfare relief, there are other forms of medical relief in the Song Dynasty. Emperor Renzong, because of the Yun'an army Wang Duan asked by the government to allocate money to buy medicine to relieve the poor and sick people who have no money to cure, Emperor Renzong then ordered the Qingli good rescue formula in the world, and its content is about the rescue of the medical prescription and the government to pay for the medication method. Beijing pandemic, renzong had ordered the imperial physician out of the palace medicine and medicine to save people. He also ordered the medical officer to go to the counties to diagnose and treat the sick people, and authorized them to receive medicines.
Sixth, the Yuan dynasty welfare relief system
Yuan dynasty welfare system, first of all, it is worth noting is the JiZhongYuan and YangJiYuan and other welfare institutions set up. Shizuizu to Yuan eight years (1271), began to make the road to set up "Jizhongyuan" in order to live in the poor and orphans who are sick and unaccounted for, to give medicine, food, salary. To Yuan ten years (1273), in order to prevent officials from embezzling relief food and money, the Shizu special order "all food and salary and edict public hall to give scattered," so that all eyes to monitor. In the nineteenth year of the reign of Emperor Zhiyuan (1282), Shizu also ordered that "every year, a relief center should be established. If there is an official house, use the official house, if not, the official for the building. They were to be dedicated to adopting the poor people mentioned in the previous section (the above section refers to widows, widowers, orphans, the elderly, the infirm, and the disabled who could not support themselves). The official in charge of this place was still appointed to be one of the officials. Should be adopted but not adopted, should not be adopted but adopted,仰御史台按察司計点查治." The Yuan law stipulates that anyone who does not have relatives in the service to listen to the foster care home. If there is a service within the relatives and do not adopt the old orphans, listen to its into the hospital, then the relatives of the penalty, "reconsideration of their crimes". However, "those whose relatives are also poor and unable to provide for themselves are allowed to be admitted to the foster homes." Secondly, it is worth noting that the rural village community to help the weak system. Yuan dynasty custom fifty households in a village, "the community in case of illness, murder and mourning home can not plant bankers, the community to make each (self) prepared food and rice utensils, and farming to help cure the mowing, in time to do the set, not to waste. The same applies to sericulturists." This is a very special system of welfare for the weak, that is, to force the members of the community to work together to **** help the poor and needy.
Thirdly, the Yuan Dynasty opened the "Huimin Medicine Bureau". Taizong nine years (1237), that is, in Yanjing and other ten road to set up Huimin medicine bureau to the doctor in charge, to the government silver for the capital." Where the bureau are to each road official to transfer, set up a good doctor, the upper road two, the lower road state capitals each one." Its banknote "checking the number of households (in each road) as the difference between the two". Medicine Bureau probably to the government lending, "monthly camp money (interest), to prepare drugs, ...... to treat the poor." Fourth, the Yuan dynasty other welfare administration. Yuan Dynasty emperors often have "widows and widowers, orphans, the elderly, weak and disabled who can not survive," so that the official department "in the official warehouse in the excellent relief," "support food," "to give in the system of money," "time to add the savings between not to cause loss," "the sick to the medicine," and so on the imperial decree. To the first twenty years (1283), Shizu also "to give the capital city of the southern city of orphaned old people clothes and food premises. Twenty-eight years (1291), "to the widow winter and summer clothes"; 29 years (1292), "to the poor son of firewood, five pounds a day". Chengzong Dade three years (1299), the edict in the case of the emperor's birthday, widows and orphans "people to the Chinese Tuan banknotes two Guan, forever as a rule." Dade six years (1302) and ordered to give widows and orphans and the dead coffin money to help collect burial.
Seven, the Ming and Qing welfare relief system
The early Ming Dynasty, modeled on the Song Dynasty system, set up a hospital to collect the orphans and the unsupported, monthly rations. The Ming Law - Household Law - Household Service " provides: all widows, widowers, orphans and the Duchenwu people, poor, no relatives rely on, can not survive, where the official should be adopted but not adopted, the staff sixty. This is the first time in the main law to include social relief and security provisions. Later, there was also the move to "build government houses to deal with displaced persons, and give food to collect abandoned babies." The poor people in the Yanshi Yuan were each registered, and "those who were not registered were adopted in Buddhist temples. And set up a leakage of Zeyuan burial of the poor, the world's prefectures and counties have also set up a voluntary burial mound. The specific implementation of its approach, Ming Zhi did not record, it is estimated that the system with the Song and Yuan roughly the same. Ming Dynasty emperors also often edict universal charity widowers and widows, orphans, the elderly, sick and disabled people, there are also practices.
The welfare system of the Qing Dynasty, mainly in the "Household Rules" and "Qing Law". In addition to disaster relief, the eight banners green camp old and weak soldiers relief, it is worth noting that there are four points. First, the elderly support, the Qing system provides, "senior citizens to more than ninety years, local officials from time to time to ask. Its or widows and widowers without children and children and grandchildren poor can not support the support, governors to the state and county public with trying to raise. Or report to the (Emperor) to use money and grain, so that the benefits." The second is to set up perched stream, adopt the wandering poor." The capital five cities in each city set up by the adoption of the poor, where the foreigners without dependence and the poor lying in the neighborhood, the workshop of the General A reported official income, the Department of the workshop officer by name registration cycle book. Each name day to millet a canglong, coal oil and vegetables system money one hundred and five. Winter without cotton clothes, give a coarse cotton jacket. Each of the city's honest people recruited by a month to give work and food money five money, ordered to look after the house, care where the stragglers. If a displaced person fell ill, the official would report to the government for medical treatment. If any of them died of illness and lay dead along the way, they were ordered to report to the government for burial, and the government gave them coffins at a price of eight coins per mouth." "Qing law" on the local officials "to adopt orphans and the elderly" responsibility of the Inspector of the law and the "Ming law" is exactly the same, but increased the provisions of a more detailed "example" of several articles. Third, the filial son of a poor woman relief, the Qing system provides: "direct provincial local filial son of a poor woman has a real system, can not survive, the local officials to verify, take the neighboring Ganjie, plus the seal knot, reported in detail to the boss, in the deposit of the public monthly discretionary food rations under the silver two, reported to the Ministry of write-offs by year." Fourth, the poor reader's relief, the Qing system provides: "direct province in the student members of the cold and bitter can not support themselves, the instructor was instructed to check the book, the book is divided into extremely poor, poor, in the school government according to the pro day delivery. The school government according to the book to verify, move the school rent silver, within three days of each name face relief, do not make the missing (leakage) indiscriminate (hair)." The latter two relief system is extremely characteristic of the Qing dynasty: the imperial examination system into the absurd situation, the white head of the children abound, poor and sick people are very much; Award filial piety and brotherly love and martyrdom of the system is also going to extinction, although there is a gleam of the poor and the poor and unsupported people also abound. The two paths that the imperial court had exceptionally encouraged the people to follow often left the people in a desperate situation. Therefore, the court had to specialize in relief measures for these two kinds of "refugees".
Conclusion: the characteristics and spirit of the traditional Chinese welfare relief system of the traditional Chinese welfare relief system and its practices, put it into the context of Chinese cultural traditions to be examined, and compared with the modern social welfare system, there are three major features. These three major features and *** with the embodiment of the three major spirits of our national culture.