Scientific name Ananas comosus
Alias pineapple
Family Bromeliaceae (Bromeliaceae) Bromeliaceae
Characteristics and features of perennial monocotyledonous evergreen herbaceous fruit trees. Dwarf, 0.5 ~ 1m high, no main root, with fibrous fibrous root system; fleshy stems for the spiral bearing leaves wrapped, leaf sword-shaped; inflorescences terminal, bearing many small flowers; fleshy compound fruit by many ovaries aggregated in the flower axis and become. Prefer warm, with an average annual temperature of 24 ~ 27 ℃ growth optimal. 15 ℃ below the slow growth, 5 ℃ is the critical temperature of freezing, 43 ℃ high temperature that stops growing. Drought-resistant, but still need a certain amount of water, to 1000 ~ 1500mm of annual rainfall and the distribution of uniformity is appropriate. More shade-tolerant, but enough sunlight to grow well, high sugar content, good quality. Wide adaptability to the soil, like loose, well-drained, rich in organic matter, pH 5 ~ 5.5 sandy loam or mountain red soil is better.
Distribution of pineapple is widely distributed between the Tropic of Cancer, is one of the world's important fruits, the world has more than 80 countries and regions as economic cultivation. Native to Central and South America, the 17th century was introduced to China, the 18th century has been planted. Now there are more than 80 countries and regions in the world as economic cultivation. The main producing areas are concentrated in Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Brazil, South Africa and the United States and other countries. China is one of the top ten pineapple producing countries, mainly in Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan and other hot provinces.
Role of pineapple is rich in nutrients, containing a variety of vitamins, including vitamin C content can be as high as 42 mg. In addition, calcium, iron, phosphorus and other rich content. Pineapple can be eaten fresh, can also be processed into canned pineapple in sugar water, pineapple juice, pineapple sauce and so on. In addition, pineapple processing by-products, sugar, alcohol, monosodium glutamate, citric acid and so on.
Pineapple as fresh food, golden flesh, rich flavor, sweet and sour taste, crisp and juicy. Processed products canned pineapple is known as "international canned fruit", can also be made into a variety of processed products, widely welcomed by consumers. Pineapple has an enzyme - bromelain, which can dissolve blood clots, prevent the formation of blood clots, reduce cerebrovascular disease and heart disease mortality.
Propagation of pineapple plant adaptability, barren, drought-resistant, less pests and diseases, is an important pioneer crop of the newly reclaimed mountainous areas, easy to cultivate, high yield, but also intercropping, is the development of the southern hilly mountainous areas, the development of the rural economy and make the farmers rich in the good tree species.
Pineapple mu planted 3,800 ~ 4,000 plants, the need for seedlings, commonly used plasticin germination propagation, nutrient propagation and tissue culture 3 methods. Sprouting time and method: May to November selected with 40 cm long green leaves, usually Cayenne class 40 leaves, Philippine varieties of 35 leaves of the plant. Each plant with 250 mg / l vinyl plus 1% urea and 0.5% potassium chloride mixture of 25 ml of heart to promote germination, after treatment on the 5th day and the 12th day, respectively, and then 1200 ~ 1500 times and 600 times ~ 750 times the plasticizer solution 25 ml of heart. Nutrient propagation, commonly used in seedling cultivation, that is, the use of small top buds in the field, small bracket buds, small sucker buds and fruit tumor buds classified pseudo-planting in the nursery cultivation after the country. Seedlings are grown and cultivated by using the growth of small buttress buds left on the fruit stalks after fruit picking, and old stems are propagated by using old stem cuttings and old stems from renewed land. Tissue culture seedlings, using Ms medium, at room temperature 30 ℃, 12 hours of light or natural light culture room culture.
Pineapple high-quality and productive technical points: First, choose a good garden, choose to sit in the north to the south, sunny, rich in water, easy access to the land as a commercial production base. The second is scientific planting, before planting, the barren soil improvement, full base fertilizer; choose the strong seedling planting. Density, Caine class mu planted 3000 ~ 4000, queen class 4000 ~ 5000. Third, after planting to strengthen fertilizer management, fertilization, Guangxi per mu of nitrogen 42.2 kg, 26.8 kg of phosphorus, 38.5 kg of potassium, N: P2O5: K2O = 1: 0.62: 0.9; fertilization period, usually in December ~ the following year in February before the buds before the application of bud fertilizer, fruit picking in July to August after the application of the strong shoots of fertilizer; in the promotion of the bud fertilizer, shoots of fertilizer, fertilizer, between the fruit between the strong shoots of fertilizer fertilizer; every year, April, June, July, September Foliar fertilizer is applied once each year in April, June, July and September, and 2 times each in May and August, with 1% urea plus 0.5% potassium sulfate solution; base fertilizer is applied after fruit picking. Water management should be timely drainage and irrigation to prevent flooding and drought. Fourth, do a good job of other management, such as not affecting fruit growth and development, should be appropriate in addition to buds and buds; in order to promote the flower to promote flowering; in order to improve the fruit weight and quality to spray fruit, in the florets after all the flowers, with 50 mg / l erythromycin plus 0.5% urea solution to spray the fruit, over the 20 days of spraying the second time, spraying 70 mg / l erythromycin plus 0.3% urea solution. In order to make the fruit ripening consistent, fruit development to seven mature, with ethylene glycol 300 mg / liter spray fruit ripening.
The more serious invasive diseases that harm pineapple are heart rot, black rot, small fruit brown rot; non-invasive diseases are sunburn, deficiency disease. Pests include pineapple mealybugs, Chinese crickets and grubs.
Types and varieties Usually pineapple cultivars are divided into four categories, namely, Caine, Queen, Spanish and hybrid species.
Caine class, also known as Sarawak, the French expedition in South America Guyana Caine region found and named. Cultivation is extremely wide, accounting for about 80% of the world's pineapple cultivation area. Plants tall and robust, leaf margins without thorns or leaf tip with a few thorns. Fruit large, the average single fruit weighs more than 1100 grams, cylindrical, small flat fruit, shallow eye, bracts short and wide; yellowish flesh, juicy, sweet and sour moderate, soluble solids 14% to 16%, high up to 20% or more, acid content of 0.5% to 0.6%. The main varieties for canning.
Queen's lineage of the oldest cultivars, more than 400 years of cultivation history, for South Africa, Vietnam and China, one of the main varieties. The plant is medium large, the leaves are shorter than Cayenne class, the leaf margin has spines; the fruit is cylindrical or conical, the single fruit weighs 400 to 1500 grams, the small fruit cone protruding, the fruit eye is deep, the tip of the bracts more than the small fruits; the fruit flesh is yellow to dark yellow, the flesh is crisp and tender, the sugar content is high, the juicy taste is sweet, the aroma is strong, mainly eaten fresh.
Spanish plants larger, softer leaves, yellow-green, leaf margins have red thorns, but there are also thornless varieties; fruit medium-large, single fruit weighing 500 to 1,000 grams, small fruits are large and flattened, the central bulge or depression; eye deep, orange-yellow flesh, strong flavor, fiber, for canning and fruit juice.
HybridsHybrids are good seeds bred through sexual hybridization and other means. The plant is tall and erect, with spiny leaf margins, lavender flowers, less than upright fruit shape, and a single fruit weighing 1200-1500 grams. Flesh yellow, crisp, less fiber, sweet and tasty, soluble solids 11% to 15%, acid content of 0.3% to 0.6%, can be eaten fresh, can also be processed.
Economic use when harvesting is appropriate and fresh or processing, near or far sales related. Generally close to the sale of 1/2 small fruits turn yellow harvest is appropriate, far sales or as raw materials for processing of fruit to small fruits grass green or 1/4 small fruits turn yellow for the harvesting of the appropriate period. Pineapple production usually has four harvest season: spring fruit, April to May maturity; is making fruit (summer fruit) June to July maturity; autumn fruit, October to November maturity; winter fruit, December to the following year in January maturity.
Pineapple can be eaten fresh, but also can be processed, can be processed into canned pineapple in sugar water, pineapple juice, etc., pineapple fresh fruit can also be quick-frozen: washed, peeled, through the core, cut blocks, by -35 ℃ freezing treatment, preserved in the -20 ℃ low-temperature, which can be used to make nutritional and fresh pineapple as well. In addition, pineapple processing by-products, can be sugar, alcohol, monosodium glutamate, citric acid and so on.
Note: Eat pineapple to soak in salt water
Pineapple pulp in addition to rich in vitamin C and sugar also contains a lot of organic acids, such as malic acid, citric acid, etc., in addition to containing a "pineapple enzyme" that can break down the enzyme protein. If you eat it without soaking it in salt water first, this enzyme has a stimulating effect on our oral mucosa and the tender epidermis of our lips, which will make us feel a kind of numbness and pain.
Salt can inhibit the enzyme activity of pineapple. Therefore, when we eat fresh pineapple, it is best to first soak in salt water for a period of time, you can inhibit the pineapple enzyme on our oral mucosa and lip stimulation, but also feel the pineapple more sweet.
Pineapple enzyme is a kind of protease, which has the effect of decomposing protein. Therefore, a small amount of eating has the effect of increasing appetite, but excessive eating is harmful to the human body will cause gastrointestinal diseases. Therefore, eat in moderation.
Pineapple taste sweet and sour, sex flat, on nephritis edema, hypertension, bronchitis has therapeutic effect. But clinically found that some people eat pineapple will cause allergies, commonly known as "pineapple disease" or "pineapple poisoning", in the consumption of 15 minutes to 1 hour or so that abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, at the same time, allergy symptoms, headache, dizziness, skin flushing, The headache, dizziness, skin flushing, purple, numbness of the limbs and tongue; severe fainting, and even shock and other symptoms, so people with a history of pineapple allergy should not eat.
Pineapple medicinal
Pineapple
Originally from the rind of the pineapple plant Pineapple family.
Functions clearing heat and removing toxins.
Subjects for dysentery, abdominal pain.
These properties are bitter, astringent, cold. The large intestine meridian.
Use and dosage for internal use: decoction, 3 a 10 grams; or powdered fine powder with water.
Examination: First appeared in Xinhua Materia Medica Compendium.
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