Abstract: Focusing on the issue of environmental protection and sustainable urban development in Tibet, the present situation of ecological environmental protection and the negative impacts of urban development in Tibet are elaborated, the necessity of sustainable urban development in Tibet and the evaluation criteria are discussed, and from the four dimensions of the policy and system, urban planning, urban development mode, and the discovery of the national culture, relevant countermeasures to realize the coordinated development of the natural ecological environment and urban economy in Tibet are put forward. It also puts forward relevant countermeasures to realize the coordinated development of natural ecological environment and urban economy in Tibet.
Keywords: Tibet ecological protection, urban construction, sustainable development
I. Overview of ecological protection and urban development in Tibet
1. The current situation of geographic environment and the problems of ecological protection in the region
The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) is situated in the Tibetan Plateau in the southwestern frontier of China, and has a vast geographical area of 1,228,400km2 , which is one-eighth of China's total area, and second only to the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR). (with an area of 1,228,400km2, accounting for about 1/8 of China's land area, second only to Xinjiang and ranking second in the country). It has a population of 2.427 million, mainly Tibetan (more than 95%). The region has 73 counties (cities and districts) under the jurisdiction of seven prefectures (cities). [3] The Tibetan Plateau has beautiful scenery, where there are blue sky, clear water, fresh air, long and splendid Tibetan ethnic culture, rich ethnic customs and mysterious Tibetan Buddhism, and unique natural and humanistic landscapes. This mysterious land is rich in biodiversity resources, grassland resources, mineral resources, water resources and solar energy resources. The content of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and other pollutants in the ambient air of Tibet's major towns and cities is very low, and the water quality of the major rivers meets the standards, and so far there has not been any acid rain or radioactive contamination. These unique humanistic and geographic environments have provided good technology and conditions for the implementation of the Great Western Development in Tibet and the acceleration of the economic development and social progress in a comprehensive way, and Tibet has become the holy land to which people aspire. However, it is precisely because of Tibet's unique geographic environment that 86.1% of the land in the region is located at an altitude of more than 4,000 meters above sea level, and affected by the harsh natural conditions of high altitude, the ecological environment is very fragile, and will be very difficult to recover once it is destroyed.
The fragility of the ecological environment in the Tibet Autonomous Region makes it the key to the realization of sustainable economic and social development. After the liberation of Tibet, the ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been maintained in a relatively good condition due to the small population, low level of urbanization and industrialization as well as various protection measures of the state. However, in recent years, with the rapid development of Tibet's economy and the increasing level of urbanization, the quality of Tibet's ecological environment protection in general is not high, and there is a trend of degradation. After our research and analysis, the main problems facing the ecological environment protection in Tibet are: the increasing contradiction between the rough economic growth mode and the limited carrying capacity of the ecological environment; the increasingly intensified contradiction between the total and partial, immediate and long-term interests arising from the ecological environment degradation, the serious shortage of investment and the weak environmental awareness; the increasing requirements of the government for the protection of the ecological environment and the increasing requirements of the supervision and control level and the contradiction of the actual supervision and control capacity of Tibet. The contradiction between the government's increasing demand for the protection and supervision of the ecological environment and Tibet's actual lagging behind in supervisory capacity is becoming more and more obvious. Therefore, only by effectively solving these contradictions and problems, protecting and building the ecological environment, can we ensure the sustainable development of Tibetan cities, so that the strategy of western development can be successfully implemented.
2. The current situation of urban development in Tibet and its negative impact on the environment
Cities are the products of social generation and development to a certain stage. Tibet's towns have a long history, Lhasa, Shigatse, Chamdo, Gyantse and other towns are historical cities, but also once prominent. However, for a long time the feudal serf system in Tibet has seriously hindered the development of social productive forces. In the past, the towns could be said to have no basic urban facilities, coupled with low productivity, small population and less impact on the environment. In Tibet, towns in the modern sense developed only after the peaceful liberation. Especially since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the CPC, the CPC Central Committee has convened the Tibet Work Symposium on four occasions to study and formulate a series of special policies and powerful measures, and Tibet's various undertakings have entered a period of faster development.In the 1980s, the central government and the TAR People's Government invested several hundred million yuan, mostly in urban housing renovation, urban expansion, municipal construction, and public ****service facilities and other In 1984, the central government decided that Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Sichuan, Fujian, Guangdong and other 9 provinces and cities would assist Tibet in the construction of 43 projects, with a total investment of RMB 480 million yuan and a total construction area of 236,000 m2, and a number of hotels, guesthouses as well as modernized buildings for culture, education, health, communication, transportation and life rose up to give a new look to the towns and cities of the plateau. In 1994, the central government convened the third symposium on Tibet work, and decided that the central government and the relevant provinces and municipalities would assist in the construction of 62 projects for Tibet, with a total investment of 2.38 billion yuan.[1] At present, the central government is supporting the construction of 62 projects for Tibet, with a total investment of 2.38 billion yuan. [1] At present, the project has been mostly completed and also put into use. the fourth Tibet work symposium convened in 2003, drew a magnificent blueprint for the future development of Tibet's economy, and the development of Tibet's towns and cities is bound to enter into a kind of period of the best development in history.
With the development of Tibet's economy, the level of modernization of towns and cities will increase, and in 2007, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will be completed and opened to traffic, and the total population of Tibet will reach 2.5 million to 2.8 million (including the migrant population from outside), and despite the vastness of Tibet and the abundance of its resources, the natural conditions of the Tibetan Plateau are harsh, and the space for the survival of mankind is limited, and the available arable land only accounts for 0.2-0.3% of the total area of the whole area, and is faced with the challenge of the future. -The available arable land accounts for only 0.2% of the total area of the region, and the per capita arable land area is constantly decreasing. An increase in the population will inevitably lead to the plundering and destruction of the fragile ecological environment of Tibet by human beings. For example, Lhasa, the capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region, as the political, economic and cultural center of the region, has increased from less than 200,000 people to 474,500 people, with an urban population of 223,900 people (47.19%), which has reached a certain level of urbanization. [2] Since Lhasa does not yet have a modern waste disposal site or sewage treatment center, the increase in population has led to an increase in "white" pollutants and the flow of sewage. In order to survive, human beings illegally destroy natural resources, such as irrational deforestation, illegal poaching of wild animals, and indiscriminate mining and digging of natural mineral deposits. How to realize the rapid, stable and sustainable development of urban economy in the limited living space, protect the natural ecological environment, and take the road of sustainable development is a serious problem we are facing now.
Second, Tibet to realize the connotation of sustainable urban development
1. The concept of sustainable urban development and its necessity
"Sustainable development" since the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987, has become a human *** with the pursuit of development concepts and development models. Sustainable urban development is an advanced concept of urban development, which emphasizes that cities pay more attention to the improvement of urban quality at the same time of growth, including the quality of the ecological structure of the city, the quality of the environment, the quality of architectural aesthetics and the quality of the spiritual and cultural atmosphere, etc., and ultimately realize the balanced development of the city's socio-economics and ecological environment. Tibet's sustainable urban development should stand at the height of the overall development of the regional economy, based on the current status of urban development, focusing on the future of urban development, and should not be the cost of today's economic development on the basis of tomorrow's lower environmental quality and lower standards of living for future generations.
Modern cities and towns are the center of economic and social development in a certain region. Tibet is facing the historical task of further improving people's living standards, developing the social economy, narrowing the gap with the mainland, and welcoming a new round of development in the western part of the country, so it is especially important to pay special attention to the development of central cities and towns, so that they can have the status of economic and cultural radiation centers, and thus effectively drive the social development and progress of the whole region. The central position of this city determines that the sustainable development of Tibetan cities must be realized.
Secondly, the realization of the sustainable development of Tibetan cities is the need of ecological environment protection in the region. Sustainable development emphasizes the protection of ecological environment, urban construction through urban planning and design, its ultimate goal is to make nature, urban economy, human society harmonious development. Sustainable development requires the protection of the ecological environment, the protection of the ecological environment at the same time will promote the sustainable and healthy operation of urban society.
Once again, realizing the sustainable development of Tibetan cities is the objective requirement of the diversified development of Tibetan industry. Strictly speaking, Tibet's economy is relatively typical of a single structure, is the main economic development of agriculture and animal husbandry, lack of a real sense of diversified industries and specialization, intensive social and economic operation. Thus, it restricts the level and speed of economic development of the whole region. And the development of cities in the region will produce a complex division of labor and exchange relations, the driving force of the economy
The role of industry and social services development and development, need to pull the city. According to the reality Tibet to take the road of developing new industrialization and service industry must pay attention to the development of central towns and take the road of sustainable development.
Finally, realizing the sustainable development of Tibet's cities is the need for Tibet to further open up to the outside world. Tibet's early development experience tells us that Tibet must objectively break the geographical boundaries in order to develop, so that all kinds of factors of production in the allocation of resources in a free and reasonable flow, and actively accept the beneficial economic radiation of neighboring regions. According to the current development status, only by further expanding the opening up of Tibet to the outside world can it promote the effective development and utilization of its own resources within the region. And only under the condition of opening up can Tibet cities promote the flow and reasonable allocation of capital, technology, personnel and other means of production, and urban enterprises can establish complex and diversified division of labor and collaboration. With the deepening of Tibet's reform and opening up and the further improvement of urban development, the degree of openness of Tibet's cities has been greatly improved, but there is still a certain distance compared with the cities in developed areas of China.
2. Measurement indicators of sustainable urban development
City ecological and economic efficiency is an important indicator of sustainable urban development. It is the requirement of the law of social and economic coordination, and is the result of the synchronization and balanced development of population, resources and environment. Urban ecological and economic efficiency means the unity of the city's economic efficiency and urban ecological efficiency. People in the process of social labor will produce both beneficial economic results, and at the same time will also bring some kind of negative impact on people's living and production environment, producing ecological effects. These two kinds of benefits are produced at the same time in the labor process, is dialectical unity. Only by placing economic and ecological benefits at the same height of understanding, re-optimizing the combination of all kinds of resources, to achieve optimal allocation of resources, and improve the effective use of production resources, can we achieve the sustainable development of the city.
Population, resources, environment is the manifestation of the city's ecological and economic benefits, the sustainable development of the city requires moderate population growth, rational use of resources, and active protection of the environment, any of these three are not handled well or the three can not coordinate the development of the city can not be sustained and coordinated development.
Three, the realization of Tibet ecological protection and sustainable urban development countermeasures
1. Strengthen the ecological protection of publicity, improve the awareness of sustainable development in the region
Tibet is China's west of a "pure land", due to the special highland climate, its ecological environment is very fragile. Ecological protection is a public welfare undertaking that requires the leadership and support of national and local governments at all levels. In order to further strengthen ecological protection, governments at all levels should incorporate environmental protection into national economic and social development plans, clarify the responsibilities and obligations of the relevant departments with regard to ecological environmental protection, and formulate effective preferential policies for environmental protection. For historical reasons and due to the level of development, the cultural level of the rural cadres and masses in most areas of Tibet is relatively low, coupled with the fact that cultural exchanges are few, information is relatively closed, and the acceptance of science and technology and new things is poor, coupled with insufficient publicity for the purpose and significance of ecological environmental protection, which leads to misunderstandings about ecological environmental protection, and even pits environmental protection and resource development against each other. Therefore, the government should take measures to raise the awareness of the entire population of ecological environmental protection, arouse more cadres and the masses of ecological environmental protection work, so that the masses fully understand the protection of the environment is to protect their own beautiful home, the ecological environment is directly related to the people's production efficiency and improve living standards, and at the same time to mobilize all the favorable conditions of the community, the ability of the departments, social groups, enterprises and institutions *** with the participation of ecological environmental protection work. and individuals *** with the cause of ecological protection, in order to maintain the benign development of the ecological environment in Tibet, the realization of economic and social and environmental coordination, and take the road of sustainable development to make positive contributions.
2. Improve the quality of urban planning and decision-making, and establish a scientific concept of urban development
Under the favorable situation of the central government's concern for Tibet and the support of Tibet from all over the country, the development of Tibet's urban areas has begun to take shape, and the construction of urban infrastructure has been gradually improved, and a new city with a modern atmosphere has risen from the ground, giving the city a new outlook. However, we should also see the development of towns and cities, at the same time, the emergence of local urban "plateau reaction" phenomenon, resulting in a series of urban problems. Is the development model of eastern cities suitable for Tibet? How to solve these unprecedented urban problems? The eastern part of China is facing increasingly serious environmental, resource and development challenges. High-speed economic development has brought fruitful results, but also environmental deterioration, ecological damage and resource scarcity, and many large and medium-sized cities and towns are facing problems of air, water, garbage and noise pollution, as well as the decline of land quality and the degradation of natural resources. With the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in 2007, a new round of urban economic development in Tibet will certainly be set off. Facing the reality, we must improve the quality of urban planning in Tibet and establish a scientific view of urban development as early as possible. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of unsustainable development of Tibetan cities, we must control pollution and reduce environmental damage from the source of "decision-making", the key lies in whether or not the institutional arrangement and decision-making related to urban development is sustainable, due to the decision-making mistakes caused by major environmental pollution and ecological destruction of the many lessons, such as The large-scale destruction of wetlands caused by the agricultural development of the Sanjiang Plain; the one-sided implementation of the "grain-oriented" policy, which led to deforestation and the resulting soil erosion and flooding; and the policy of supporting township and village enterprises formulated in the 1980s, including the "Fifteen Small Enterprises" policy. The policy of supporting township and village enterprises was formulated in the 1980s. This policy has caused serious pollution of the environment in some areas, including the "fifteen small" enterprises. [6] Lessons from the development of eastern cities show that the impact of policies, plans and programs have macro, cumulative, long-term potential and other characteristics. If you do not pay attention to the science and quality of decision-making in the early stages of decision-making, the consequences are often difficult to make up for, only in the policy or plan level of environmental impact assessment, in order to lay the foundation for the realization of sustainable development. Therefore, in the process of urban development, the principle of sustainability should be the core and main body of the policy.
3. Adapt to local conditions and take the road of sustainable development of eco-city
Modernized cities not only need to have perfect urban functions, but also need to have a better living space and a broader space for development. However, with the accelerating process of urbanization in the eastern part of China's ecological environment and natural resources of increasing pressure, the formation of urban development in the unlimited expansion of the urban population and the city's limited land, urban economic development and urban environmental degradation of the contradiction between the increasingly prominent problems and issues affecting the sustainable development of the city. In recent years, a new urban development model - eco-city - has been proposed at home and abroad. Eco-city is a highly harmonious urban development model of man and nature, is the inevitable choice for the implementation of sustainable development strategy.
Eco-city planning focuses on "ecological orientation" of the overall planning, in essence, from the ecological thinking, man and nature as a whole systematic planning, so that the city to a more orderly, more stable direction of development. [4] Tibet has unique ecological and natural conditions, the development of cities in the region is in the beginning or accelerated stage, you can make full use of the existing towns and cities with less pollution, low management and operating costs and environmental plasticity of the favorable factors, in accordance with the concept of "green towns and cities" to promote the unity of urban construction and ecological construction. We should fully learn the lessons from the urban development at home and abroad, and should not take the old urban development mode of "polluting first and treating later" to avoid the "big city disease" and "anti-urbanization phenomenon" that appeared in some developed regions. To avoid the "big city disease" and "anti-urbanization phenomenon" in some developed areas, we should, from the perspective of long-term development and according to local conditions, firstly, set up a reasonable target system for ecological city construction, and the planning process of the city should reasonably coordinate the requirements of nature, society and economy, so as to realize the efficient operation of urban regulation and management. Secondly, it combines the planning of Tibetan cities, western regions and different levels of the country, so as to combine urban development with regional economic development. Thirdly, it strives to combine the urban space system and ecological system, and to combine spatial planning, ecological planning and economic planning, and seeks for the best planning program to adapt to the long-term development requirements of Tibetan cities.
4.Fully exploring national culture, providing guarantee for the development of Tibetan cities
The history of Tibet is an important part of Chinese history and culture, and the Tibetan people are an important member of the unified family of fifty-six nationalities in China. For thousands of years, the Tibetan people, with their diligence, bravery and wisdom, have developed the Snowy Plateau and created a unique and profound traditional national culture on this magical piece of land, which has made it take its place in the history of mankind and the world's culture. [5] Since the peaceful liberation of Tibet, the results of national culture construction have been gratifying, and the long history and culture have been inherited and developed. In today's strategy of western development
, the profound Tibetan national culture will provide a strong spiritual guarantee for the economic development of Tibetan cities, and will directly affect the formation and development of Tibetan urban culture.
Urban culture includes not only art and culture, but also the lifestyles, basic rights, value systems, traditions, and beliefs of its members. Urban culture has a great impact on the behavior of all its members, thus influencing all aspects of the city. In the development of Tibetan cities, further attention should be paid to the guiding, cohesive, inspiring, restraining and radiating roles of Tibetan national culture in the development of cities, so as to make it the basis for the survival and development of Tibetan cities, and a model for the construction of cities with strong local national characteristics.
Fourth, conclusion
The development of urban economy in Tibet can not be at the expense of the ecological environment, but must be carefully planned, with the scientific concept of development, from the perspective of sustainable development, to improve the quality of the whole nation, in order to seek for the coordinated development of human beings, nature, and socio-economics. Let Tibet always become a "pure land" in people's mind.
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