Accessories may include:
◆Ceramic Capacitors: Chip Capacitors, Medium and High Voltage, Safety Capacitors, Adjustable Capacitors, Row Capacitors, High Energy Capacitors;
◆Positive and Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistors, High Precision Adjustable Potentiometers, High Voltage Resistors
◆Chip Inductors: High Frequency Inductors, Power Inductors, Antenna Coils;
◆Squelch Components / EMI squelch filters (EMIFIL), chip beads, bead rows, DC/AC *** mode choke coils, military composite squelch filters;
◆Ceramic Oscillators (Resonators): pin, chip resonators (KHz, MHz), automotive resonators, sound meter oscillators;
◆Communication equipment filters, sound meter filters, radio frequency filters, high voltage resistors;
◆Communication equipment filters, sound meter filters, high frequency filters, high voltage resistors;
◆Radio frequency filters, radio frequency filters, high frequency filters, high voltage resistors Filters for Communication Equipment, Sound Meter Filters, RF Filters, IF Filters, Discriminators, Dielectric/Antenna/Transceiver*** Users, Dielectric Bandpass Filters;
◆ High Frequency Components: Miniature Chip Capacitors for High Frequency, Chip Dielectric Antennas, Dielectric Resonators, RF Switches, Coaxial Connecting Cables;
◆ High Frequency Components (Microwave Modules) PLL Components; RF Switches Microwave Modules; Microwave Oscillator VCO, Bluetooth Bluetooth Module;
◆ Power Supplies (Power Supplies) Switching Power Supplies, High Voltage Power Supplies, Ultra-thin Power Supplies, C&D Power Supply Modules;
◆ Sensor Components (Sensors): Gyroscopes, Ultrasonic, Impact, Rotation, Magnetic Recognition, Thermoelectric Infrared, Temperature, and more! Sensors
◆Piezoelectric Sound Components (Piezoelectric Sound Components) Buzzer, Buzzer Vibration Board etc.
Development History
Editorial
Electronics is an emerging technology that began to develop in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Europe, the United States and other Western countries, starting with the invention of the telegraph by the American Morse in 1837, the invention of the telephone by the American Alexander Bell in 1875, and the invention of the electron tube by the British physicist Fleming in 1902. Electronics in the twentieth century, the most rapid development, the most widely used, and become an important symbol of the development of modern science and technology.
The first generation of electronic products centered on the electron tube. The end of the forties the world gave birth to the first semiconductor transistor, it is small, lightweight, power saving, long life and other characteristics, and was quickly applied by the countries, in a wide range of replacement of the electronic tube. The late fifties, the world's first integrated circuits, it is many transistors and other electronic components integrated in a silicon chip, so that the development of electronic products to a more miniaturized. Integrated circuits from small-scale integrated circuits rapidly developed to large-scale integrated circuits and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, so that the electronic products toward the direction of high energy and low consumption, high precision, high stability, intelligent development.
Since, the four stages of the development of electronic computers through the four stages can fully explain the characteristics of the four stages of the development of electronic technology, so the following four eras from the development of electronic computers to illustrate the characteristics of the four stages of the development of electronic technology.
UL Certification (U.S.A.):
The Insurance Laboratory Certification Mark. The UL mark is required for many goods entering the United States.
UL is the English Underwriter Laboratories (Underwriter Laboratories Inc.) abbreviation, UL safety testing laboratory is the most authoritative in the United States, but also engaged in the world of safety testing and identification of the larger private institutions. It is an independent, non-profit, for the public **** safety test professional organizations. It uses scientific testing methods to study and determine a variety of materials, devices, products, equipment, buildings, etc. on life, property and the degree of harm; to determine, write, issue the corresponding standards and help reduce and prevent the loss of life and property caused by the information, while carrying out factual research business. In short, it is mainly engaged in product safety certification and business safety certification business, its ultimate goal is to get for the market with a considerable level of security of the goods, to ensure the safety of personal health and property to contribute. At present, UL has five laboratories in the U.S. mainland, headquartered in the town of Northbrook, north of Chicago, and at the same time in Taiwan and Hong Kong respectively set up the corresponding laboratory.
CE certification (European Union):
The "CE" mark is a safety certification mark, which is regarded as a passport for manufacturers to open and enter the European market. Where the "CE" marking of the product can be affixed to the EU members of the domestic sales, without having to comply with the requirements of each member state, thus realizing the free flow of goods within the scope of the EU member states.
In the EU market, the "CE" mark is a mandatory certification mark, whether it is a product produced by enterprises within the EU, or products produced in other countries, in order to circulate freely in the EU market, must be affixed with the "CE" mark to indicate that The products comply with the basic requirements of the EU Directive on Technical Harmonization and New Approaches to Standardization.
CE two words, from the French "Communate Europpene" abbreviation, is the meaning of the European **** the same. The European *** same body later evolved into the European Union (referred to as the European Union). CE marking affixed to the goods to indicate that it meets the safety, health, environmental protection and consumer protection and a series of European directives to express the requirements.
Relating to the CE marking of the product: in line with the European Union's health, hygiene, safety, environmental protection and consumer protection and a series of regulations. It is the product in the European Union in the territory of the sale of market access certificate, there are more than 20 European Union directives CE covers the scope of products and related safety requirements.
CE marking has a huge impact on trade and industry, and products that comply with European standards and directives can be labeled with the CE mark. In general, the requirements of the European Directives apply to the sale of final products and other components. For the vast majority of electronic and electrical products, the application for CE marking must comply with the Low Voltage Directive (LVD) and the Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC).
The relevant directives require the affixing of the CE marking of industrial products, there is no CE marking, may not be marketed, has been affixed to the CE marking of the products into the market, found to be inconsistent with the safety requirements, to be ordered to retrieve from the market, sustained violations of the directives related to the CE marking provisions, will be restricted or prohibited from entering the EU market or forced to withdraw from the market.
The main directives implemented today are as follows:
Low Voltage Directive Electromagnetic Compatibility Machinery Toys Simple Pressure Vessels Personal Protective Equipment
Scales Activated Transplantation Medical Devices Gas Equipment Telecommunications Terminal Equipment Explosion-Proof Equipment
VDE Certification (Germany):
VDE is the German national product marking.
VDE is known as Prufstelle Testing and Certification. Prufstelle Testing and Certification Institute, meaning the German Institute of Electrical Engineers. It was founded in 1920, is an internationally recognized electrical and electronic appliances and their components safety testing and certification bodies, is one of Europe's most experienced testing and certification and inspection agencies, but also authorized by the European Union CE notification bodies and members of the International CB Organization. In Europe and internationally, it is recognized by the CENELEC European Certification System for electrical products, the CECC European Coordination System for Quality Assessment of Electronic Components, and the worldwide IEC certification system for electrical products and electronic components. The products evaluated are very wide-ranging including electrical appliances for household and commercial use, IT equipment, industrial and medical technology equipment, assembly materials and electronic components, wires and cables, and so on.
The VDE mark is mainly applied to all kinds of electrical products and electronic components.
VDE is a famous testing organization in Germany, and is the most authoritative certification in Europe in terms of certification of electrical components.
According to the application in accordance with the VDE specification or other recognized technical standards for testing and certification of electrical products. Thus it provides a protective service to the public to avoid electrical appliances in use to cause harm and produce radio interference.
The testing and certification of VDE I-P applies in particular to household appliances, lighting appliances, hand-held tools, entertainment electronics, medical electrical equipment, information technology equipment, installation materials. Wires, cables and electronic components.VDE-P also measures radio interference generated by electrical appliances and, where required, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
GS Certification (Germany):
GS means German Geprufte Sicherheit (safety certified), also means Germany Safety" (German Safety). GS certification is based on the German Product Safety Act (SGS), in accordance with the European Union harmonized standards EN or the German industry standard DIN for testing. A voluntary certification, is recognized in the European market of German safety certification mark.
The GS mark indicates that the safety of the product has been tested by a credible independent organization.
The GS mark, though not legally mandatory, does enable manufacturers to be bound by strict German (European) product safety laws when
products malfunction and cause accidents. Therefore, the GS mark is a powerful marketing tool that enhances customer confidence and desire to buy. Although GS is a German standard, it is recognized in most European countries. Moreover, when GS certification is met, the product will also meet the requirements of CE marking for European ****bodies.
In Germany and Europe, the GS mark is the most common third-party product quality and safety certification of the mark, the GS mark applies to a wide range of products, including home appliances, information products, power and hand tools, video and audio products, lighting products, electronic inspection instruments, fitness equipment, toys, office furniture and so on.
3C certification (China):
It is China's compulsory product certification mark - China Compulsory Product Certification System. (China compulsory certification) of the English acronym. Is the state of 19 categories of 132 kinds of health and safety, public **** safety of electrical products required by the certification mark. Has replaced the Great Wall, CCIB (Commodity Inspection) mark, CCIB (Commodity Inspection) mark and EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility Certification).
The catalog includes 12 types of IT products such as microcomputers, portable computers, display devices connected to computers, printing devices connected to computers, multi-purpose printers and copiers, computer game consoles, learning machines, photocopiers, financial and trade settlement electronic equipment, servers, as well as scanners, built-in power supplies for computers and power adapter chargers.
China's mandatory certification based on product categories by different certification bodies, agencies are: China Quality Certification Center (on behalf of China to participate in the IECEE International Electrotechnical Commission of Electrical Products Conformity Assessment Organization), China Carry Product Certification Center.
The safety performance of the product, electromagnetic compatibility, anti-electromagnetic radiation and other aspects of the detailed provisions of the purchase of computers, should recognize the exact 3C logo, in order to prove the safety and health of the use of products.
FCC certification (U.S.):
FCC (Federal Communications Commission, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission) was established in 1934 by the COMMUNICATIONACT is an independent agency of the U.S. government, directly responsible to Congress.
The FCC coordinates domestic and international communications by controlling radio broadcasting, television, telecommunications, satellites, and cable.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ---- regulates the importation and use of radio-frequency devices, including computers, facsimile machines, electronic devices, radio receiving and transmitting equipment, radio-controlled toys, telephones, personal computers, and other products that may harm personal safety. These products, if they are to be exported to the U.S., must be tested and approved by a government-authorized laboratory according to FCC technical standards. Importers and customs agents are required to declare that each radio frequency device complies with the FCC standards, i.e., the FCC license. All electronic products entering the U.S. are required to be certified for electromagnetic compatibility (with the exception of some products specifically covered by the relevant provisions).
CSA Certification (Canada):
CSA is the abbreviation for Canadian Standards Association.
It was founded in 1919 as Canada's first non-profit organization dedicated to the development of industry standards. It is the first non-profit organization in Canada dedicated to developing industrial standards. Safety certification is required for electronic, electrical and other products sold in the North American market. It provides safety certification for all types of products in the areas of machinery, building materials, electrical appliances, computer equipment, office equipment, environmental protection, medical fire safety, sports and recreation.
SASO Certification (Saudi Arabia):
The International Conformity Certification Program (ICCP) was pioneered by the Saudi Arabian Standards Organization (SASO) in 1995 as a comprehensive program of conformity assessment, pre-shipment inspection, and certification of specified products to ensure that imported merchandise conforms to Saudi product standards prior to shipment.
This approach is best suited for exporters or manufacturers with very small shipments. Each shipment requires a Pre-Shipment Inspection (PSI) and Pre-Shipment Testing (PST). After passing both, a CoC certificate is issued (CoC certificates are issued by the SASO Country Office (SCO) authorized by SASO or by the PAI Country Office (PCO) authorized by PAI).
EMC Certification (EU):
EMC (Electro Magnetic Compatibility) is directly translated as "Electromagnetic Compatibility". It means that the electromagnetic energy generated by the equipment neither interferes with other equipment nor is interfered with by the electromagnetic energy of other equipment.
EMC is a term that has a very broad meaning. Like a blind man feeling an elephant, there is a big difference between what you feel and what is actually there. In particular, electromagnetic phenomena that are contrary to the design intent should be viewed as EMC problems.
The detection of electromagnetic energy, anti-electromagnetic interference test, statistical processing of test results, electromagnetic energy radiation suppression technology, lightning and geomagnetic phenomena such as natural electromagnetic phenomena, the impact of electric and magnetic fields on the human body, the international standard of electric field strength, the transmission of electromagnetic energy, related standards and restrictions are included in the EMC.
Products with the EMC logo indicate that the product's electromagnetic compatibility characteristics in line with the European logo, the scope of application of the EMC logo for all types of electrical products.
Nordic product certification:
Nordic countries are Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark. The certification bodies of the four countries have established an agreement to recognize each other's test results. In other words, if your product is certified in any of the four Nordic countries, and if you need certification in the other three countries, you can easily obtain the certificate without having to provide your product for testing.
Nordic product certification scope includes: industrial equipment, machinery and equipment, communications equipment, electrical products, personal protective equipment, household products.
TUV Rheinland product certification:
The TüV logo is a customized safety certification mark for device-free products, which is widely accepted in Germany and Europe. At the same time, companies can apply for the TüV mark in conjunction with the CB certificate, thereby obtaining certificates from other countries through conversion. Moreover, after the products are certified, Germany TüV will recommend these products to the OEMs who come to inquire about the qualified component suppliers; in the process of OEM certification, all the components that have obtained the TüV mark can be exempted from inspection.
Ek Certification (Korea):
Korea's safety certification system uses the EK safety mark. The Korea Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy (MOCIE) Agency for Technology and Standards (ATS) is the government authority that designates EK safety certification organizations. Korea Testing Laboratory (KTL), Korea Electrical Testing Institute (KETI) and Electromagnetic Compatibility Research Institute (ERI) are the certification bodies designated by ATS to issue the EK Safety Mark. Safety testing is the mainstay of the EK Safety Mark certification of products, while EMC testing is complementary.
The safety certification system is set up to eliminate electric shock, fire, mechanical hazards, burns, radiation, chemical and other hazards caused by electrical products, which, on the one hand, takes care of the practicality of the safety management of electrical products and avoids the danger of consumers using electricity; on the other hand, it also improves the safety management mechanism of electrical products as a whole (e.g., the applicable standards for electrical safety and testing procedures) so as to effectively cope with the impact of internationalization. The impact of internationalization. Generally, electrical products with input voltages in the range of 50 volts to 1,000 volts are included in this certification program.
TCO certification (Sweden):
Swedish employees to come to the Union of higher standards on electromagnetic fields, must be ecological, energy, radiation and ergonomics of the four aspects of compliance with the standard, is aimed at human health and ecological environment to set the certification mark for the regulation of the display of electronic and electrostatic radiation pollution of the environment.
IMQ (Italy):
Italian Product Safety Certification Mark.
HK:
Hong Kong Safety Certification Mark
OVE Certification (Austria):
Austria Safety Certification Mark
LVD Certification (EU): LVD
LVD, Low Voltage Directive. LVD is for electrical products with operating voltages between 50V~1000V AC and 75V~ DC. The LVD is a certification for electrical products with operating voltages between 50V~1000V AC and 75V~1500V DC.
EMI Certification (Japan)
There are many acronyms in the field of electrical interference.EMI (Electro Magnetic Interference) is directly translated as electromagnetic interference. This is a synthetic word, and we should consider "electromagnetic" and "interference" separately.
The so-called "interference" refers to two layers of meaning: the performance of the equipment is reduced by the interference and the source of the interference to the equipment. The first layer of meaning, such as lightning makes radio noise, motorcycle driving in the vicinity of the TV screen appeared after the snow, pick up the phone to hear the radio sound, etc., these can be referred to as with "BC I" "TV I" "Tel I", these abbreviations have the same "I" (interference) (BC: broadcasting)
The second layer of meaning, that is, the source of the interference, but also includes the interference of electromagnetic energy before the interference. energy.
The second is "electromagnetic". If a charge is stationary, it is called static electricity. When different potentials move in unison, an electrostatic discharge occurs, generating a current around which a magnetic field is generated. If the direction and size of the current changes continuously, electromagnetic waves are produced.
Electricity exists in a variety of states, and we collectively refer to all of these states as electromagnetic. So EMI standards and EMI testing are determining the state of the electricity being handled, deciding how to detect it, and how to evaluate it.
EMS certification:
ectro Magnetic Susceptibility (EMS) is directly translated as "electromagnetic sensitivity". It means the ease with which performance can be degraded due to electromagnetic energy. To make it easier to understand, we compare electronic devices to people, and electromagnetic energy to a cold virus, and sensitivity is whether or not it is easy to catch a cold. If it is not easy to catch a cold, it means that the immunity is strong, that is, the English word Immunity, that is, strong resistance to electromagnetic interference.
PSE Certification (Japan): PSE Mark - Japan Product Safety Mark , Japan's DENTORL Law (Electrical Appliance and Material Control Law) provides that 498 products must be certified as safe for entry into the Japanese market. Among them, 165 kinds of A products should obtain T-MARK certification, 333 kinds of B products should obtain S-MARK certification.
JIS Certification (Japan):
Voluntary certification system, is the Japan Organization for Standardization (JIS) for the designated department of inspection of electrical products issued by the organization of the product mark, the S mark is mandatory, * S mark is non-mandatory.
No matter which country's safety certification, the creepage distance, electrical strength, leakage current, temperature and other aspects of the strict regulations. Creepage distance refers to the shortest distance measured along the insulating surface between two conductive devices or between a conductive device and the interface of the device. UL and CSA safety standards emphasize the safety requirements of creepage distance, which is to prevent the device between or between the device and the ground to prevent ignition and thus threaten the safety of the person. Requirements for resistance to electric strength is between the AC input line and AC input and chassis from zero voltage added to AC 1500V or DC 2000V, no breakdown or pull arc is qualified. Regarding the leakage current requirement, both UL and CSA require that exposed, non-electrified metal parts should be connected to earth. Leakage current is measured by connecting a 1.5KΩ resistor between these parts and the earth to measure the leakage current. The leakage current of the switching power supply should not exceed 2.5mA under the AC input of 260 V. Temperature requirements, the safety standards attach great importance to the temperature requirements of electrical appliances, and also require flame retardant materials. For switching power supply, the internal temperature should not exceed 65℃, if the ambient temperature is 25℃, the temperature of the components of the power supply should be less than 90℃. Power supplies that do not meet safety standards do not have any direct adverse effects on users when they are first used. However, after using it for a long time, the influence of humid air and dust may lead to a short-circuit in the high-voltage area, which not only causes damage to the power supply itself, but also seriously affects other computer parts.
ROHS Directive: The EU Parliament and the Council of the European Union adopted the RoHS Directive (Chinese version) in January 2003, the full name is The Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment, i.e., in electrical and electronic equipment. Equipment, that is, in electrical and electronic equipment in the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances directive, also known as the 2002/95/EC directive, in 2005 the European Union and in the form of 2005/618/EC resolution on the 2002/95/EC supplemented to specify the maximum limit value of six hazardous substances. Currently RoHs only have test reports but no certificates, because RoHS is only a directive at present, it is not a standard or regulation, so RoHS only has test reports at present, there is no ROHS certificate. In the earliest RoHS directive issued by the European Union, a *** list of six hazardous substances, including: lead Pb, cadmium Cd, mercury Hg, hexavalent chromium Cr6+, polybrominated diphenyl ethers PBDE, polybrominated biphenyls PBB. other hazardous substances may be further supplemented with the development of science and technology. In 2005/618/EC in Annex 1, the quality of the 2002/95/EC 5.1 provisions were supplemented, limited to lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated diphenyl ethers PBDE, polybrominated biphenyls PBB mass percentage upper limit of 0.1% (1000 ppm), the upper limit of the cadmium content of 0.01% (100 ppm).
Green products: In a general sense, products that meet the requirements of the EU RoHS Directive are called green products. Prior to this, there were lead-free products (Pb-Free), mainly for the pins and soldering process of electronic components. The concept of green products covers all the products delivered to the end-users, each part of the product can comply with the requirements of the RoHS Directive. That is, the components used in the product, PCBA, housing, assembly fasteners, packaging, etc. can meet the requirements.