Australia's universal health insurance system is based on the provisions of the Health Insurance Act 1973, which began on July 1, 1975, so that everyone in the country has the same opportunity to enjoy the health insurance, the insured person pays 1.25% of the salary as premiums, he or she and their families can be reimbursed for 85% of the medical expenses, and live in public hospitals, general ward fees can be exempted. In September 1981, the Health Insurance Law was further amended to require all participants to pay the same amount of money as the "insurance fund", 3% of their wages as the "basic insurance premium", and a "progressive insurance premium". A "progressive premium" is payable, with high-income earners contributing a further 5 per cent, middle-income earners 3 per cent and low-income earners 1 per cent of their wages, and it is made clear that the Government will only subsidize 30 per cent of the cost of health insurance. This is the Australian government requires "the rich to pay more" and "do their best" idea, low-wage income class, 1993-1994, where the individual annual income of less than 12,662 Australian dollars, couples with a combined income of less than 21,320 Australian dollars (each with a child). 1 child can also increase 2100 Australian dollars), can not pay health insurance premiums. Australia's health insurance clearly stipulates that: ① every resident must participate in health insurance; ② all residents are free of charge in public hospitals to get the same quality of basic medical services; ③ in the public hospitals do not have the right to choose a doctor and wards, and do not enjoy priority hospitalization and treatment.
Australia in addition to universal health insurance, there are 40% of the residents at the same time to buy private health insurance, divided into single insurance and family insurance in two ways, private health insurance only provides hospital services, can go to private hospitals, can also go to public hospitals to self-funded patients as a medical treatment, but you can choose the engineers and hospitalization priority, the government is responsible for paying 75%. Australia expressly prohibits the sale of medicines to patients in private clinics and hospitals, and therefore implements the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) at the same time. The government publishes the PBS medicines list once a year (about 500 types of medicines), and all retirees and recipients of social assistance (including their children) who purchase medicines within the scope of the PBS are entitled to a subsidy for each prescription, regardless of the actual price of the medicines. All retirees and social assistance recipients (including their children) who purchase drugs within the scope of the PBS, regardless of the actual price of the drugs, pay AUD 2.6 per prescription, and when their expenditure for the year exceeds AUD 135.2, they can receive a free card, with which they can purchase drugs free of charge for the year. For the rest of the people (including those who do not participate in health insurance) pay AUD 16 per prescription (less than AUD 16 according to the actual price of the medicine), and when the expenditure of medicine in the year exceeds AUD 312.3, you can apply for a discount card, and you will only pay AUD 2.6 per prescription when you purchase medicine in the year.
Japan's health insurance system
There are three forms of health insurance organizations in Japan: social health insurance organizations, medical aid organizations and public **** health care organizations. Of these three types of health insurance organizations, the Social Health Insurance Organization is the core; the Medical Aid Organization was established under the Life Protection Law of 1950 to provide medical care, maternity, occupational, and death assistance, as well as assistance with living, education, and housing, primarily for the poor; and the Public **** Health Care Organization is a health insurance system for certain illnesses or persons with disabilities that is based on the Infectious Diseases Prevention Law ( 1897), the Leprosy Prevention Law ( 1897), and the Leprosy Prevention Law ( 1897), and the Public Health Care Organization ( 1897). 1897), the Leprosy Prevention Law (1907), the Mental Hygiene Law (1950), the Tuberculosis Control Law (1951), the Elderly Welfare Law (1963), and 13 other laws make the health insurance system.
The basic approach to health insurance in Japan is that it is financed by individual contributions (8% to 10% of wages, with the individual and the employer each contributing half of the cost), one-time or proportional subsidies from the state and local governments based on the number of people enrolled in each health insurance organization and the use of the medical fee (originally full reimbursement, but since 1984 80% of the reimbursement has been provided, with individuals contributing 20%). ); all health insurance participants have the right to choose any hospital or outpatient clinic they want with their credentials, but not all of them can go to a medical practitioner; in addition to reimbursement of medical expenses after a medical consultation, they can also receive a certain amount of medical subsidies, including sickness absence subsidies (60% of the salary starting from the fourth day and up to six months), childbirth subsidies, unemployment subsidies, and death and burial subsidies; and they can apply for subsidies for the excess portion of the medical expenses when they exceed a certain amount; all participants can apply for subsidies for the excess portion of the medical expenses. The state provides special subsidies for patients suffering from structural diseases and mental illnesses, as well as for their dependent family members; participants aged 70 or older receive free medical care and certain subsidies from the local government; children with disabilities (under the age of 6) receive free medical care; and family members of insured persons are reimbursed for 70% of outpatient care and 80% of inpatient care.
Korea's universal health insurance system
In Korea, all health insurance policyholders must pay health insurance premiums, which account for a varying percentage of personal income, 3% of wages for corporate workers (employers and employees each pay 1.5%); government employees and private school teachers are responsible for 2.3% of wages, the government pays another 2.39% for government employees, and teachers pay 1.5% each for school and the government. The government pays 2.3% of salary for government employees, 2.39% for government employees, and 1.38% and 0.92% for teachers. Farmers and urban residents are divided into 15 classes according to their family income and landholding area, and pay premiums in different classes, of which 50% is paid by the insured family and 50% by the government, and the government also provides a certain amount of financial subsidies every year due to the large loss of this type of insurance fund.
Korea's health insurance system, the main problems are: ① government subsidies are increasing; ② the number of national plan too many associations, resulting in a very uneven ability to integrate risk; ③ uneven use of health resources, especially in rural areas, the lack of doctors and lack of equipment is more serious. Therefore, in recent years, South Korea has taken two major reform measures: First, to try to gradually adjust and reduce the number of plans to expand the number of associations to independently balance the operation of the risk capacity; Second, to take the graduates of medical schools must go to rural or mountainous areas to serve two years of mandatory regulations, or not issue medical licenses.
Singapore's Universal Medisave Scheme
Singapore's Medisave Scheme has made several changes in its contribution method. In 1991, as a provident fund Medisave, each person contributes 23% of his/her monthly income plus 22% of the employer's contribution (i.e., the total provident fund is equal to 45% of the employee's monthly income), and 6% (3% for employee and 3% for employer) of his/her monthly income is withdrawn from this provident fund. From this provident fund, an amount equivalent to 6% of the monthly income (3% for the employee and 3% for the employer) is allocated to the Medisave Account. The "deposits" in the Medisave Accounts are tax-free and earn interest, and are capped at a maximum amount ($7,500 for employees who are entitled to an annuity upon retirement and $15,000 for non-annuitants). Effective July 1, 1992, the Medisave contribution rate was increased from 6% to 7% for insured employees over 35 years of age; effective July 1, 1993, the contribution rate was increased to 8% for insured employees over 45 years of age. The contribution rate for self-employed persons without an employer remained at 3%, but was increased by 1% each year until it was equal to the other contribution rates (6%-8%); and from January 1, 1994, it was made mandatory for self-employed persons such as taxi drivers, hawkers, or shopkeepers to produce a certificate of Medisave contributions when applying for and renewing their business licenses.
Singapore's Medisave program is accompanied by the Medishield scheme, a medical insurance scheme for serious illnesses that require long-term treatment. The general public is willing to participate in this kind of shelter scheme. 1990 December statistics, the health care savings plan insured people have 88% of the health care shelter scheme, they and including their families (under 70 years of age) as long as the monthly payment of SGD 1 to 11 yuan of the premium can participate in this plan, the maximum limit of payment of the medical expenses of 20,000 yuan per year, a lifetime of the maximum neighboring limit of 70,000 yuan. However, the Health Care Shelter Plan is not responsible for the following conditions: (1) hospitalization expenses prior to enrollment; (2) cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic cirrhosis of the liver, systemic lupus erythematosus, localized ischemic heart disease, and degenerative diseases that have been treated within 12 months prior to the effective date of the insurance; (3) congenital anomalies; (4) out-of-area visits; (5) psychiatric treatments; (6) infertility treatments; (7) childbirth expenses; (8) AIDS; (9) suicide; (10) drug addiction and alcoholism; (10) medical expenses; (11) medical expenses; and (12) medical expenses. suicide; (10) drug addiction and alcoholism treatment; (11) cosmetic surgery; and (12) war injuries.