The idea of ideas and requirements
1, ideas around the theme: If you want to make the paper written in a clear, clear vein, it is necessary to make the whole text has a through line, which is the theme of the paper. Theme is the essence of an academic paper, it is the embodiment of the author's academic views academic insights.
2. Conceptualization of the layout of the paper, we must strive for structural integrity and unity: in the conceptualization of a paper, sometimes written in chronological order, sometimes written in order of geographic location (space), but more often written in accordance with the logical relationship, that is, in line with the requirements of the objective objectivity of the intrinsic links and laws, in line with the scientific research and the understanding of the logic of things. But whatever the case, should remain logical, coherent and complete.
3. To make the reader analysis: write and publish any article of science and technology, its ultimate goal is to let others read, therefore, the idea of the requirements to do "in the mind of the reader", more reader analysis. With a clear reader object, in order to effectively develop ideas, but also in order to successfully determine the intention, the choice of material and the angle of expression.
Improve the ability to conceptualize
Before writing an academic paper, make an outline, which can greatly help the writer to exercise the idea, improve the ability to conceptualize.
1. Writing an outline can help the writer outline the framework of the whole paper, reflecting their own digestion of the material and logical thinking after the formation of the initial concept, you can plan to write what to write first, what to write later, before and after how to express consistency, where to focus on, and where to make some notes or explanations. According to this plan to write, can make the paper level clear, before and after, the content of the coherent, strict expression.
2. The outline of writing, only need to use some simple sentences or even words and phrases to prompt, the material unit and the corresponding arguments organically organized into a sequential number, the workload is not large, but also easy to do. Sentences used in the outline to prompt the writing, sometimes can be used to do the paper paragraph headings.
Second, the paper writing of the common structure
Juxtaposition structure </b>: the selected material to be arranged, there is no logical constraints between the material unit, even if the order of the material is switched, but also does not affect the expression of the effect.
Serial structure </b>: the selected materials are arranged in order, the material unit has a logical relationship between the order, can not be switched at will. The most basic form of string structure is the constrained string structure, the pattern is schematized as follows: A1→A2→A3......→An (i.e.: no A1, there will be no A2, and the rest analogous).
Umbrella structure </b>: this structure refers to a certain level of argument by two or more arguments supported by the structure, that is, only the same level of two or more material units at the same time when the establishment of the material unit of the previous level can be established.
Compound structure </b>: In fact, in writing the paper, it is not necessary to stick to a pattern. According to the content of the paper's internal logical connection, conceptualization of the interpretation, reasoning and rebuttal of the substantive part of the argument how to interspersed arrangements, development, in order to comprehensively, accurately and succinctly illustrate the problem, you can flexibly use the "composite structure".
Three, the standard format and writing of academic papers
Title (</b> Title, Topic)
The title of the dissertation is a paper to give the first important information about the scope and level of the dissertation, but also must be taken into account to help select the key words and the preparation of the title of the index, indexing, and other secondary literature can be provided by the retrieval of the particular Practical information. The requirements of the dissertation title are as follows:
1, accurate and appropriate: the dissertation title is required to accurately express the content of the dissertation, appropriately reflecting the scope and depth of the research, the title should be closely related to the content of the dissertation. Common faults are: too general, the title does not deduct the text.
2, short and concise: strive for the title of the word count is small, with a selection of words. Generally a thesis title should not exceed 20 words, if the short title is not enough to show the content of the paper or reflect the nature of a series of studies, then you can use the main and subheadings to solve the problem.
3, extension and connotation to be appropriate: extension, is a concept reflected in each object; connotation, is a reflection of the unique attributes of each conceptual object. Propositions, if you do not consider the logic about the appropriate use of extension and connotation, there is a possibility of fallacy, at least improper, must be careful.
4, eye-catching: the title of the paper in the first eye-catching position in the eyes of the reader, but there is still the question of whether the title is eye-catching, the title of the words and phrases used in the performance of the content of the eye-catching, the effect is far apart.
Author's name and department (</b> Author and department)
Signature is to show that the responsibility for the text, the second is to record the role of the fruits of labor, the third is to facilitate the reader and the author's contact and literature search (author index).
Abstract (</b> Abstract)
1, the abstract content: the purpose and importance of engaging in this research; the main content of the study, indicating what has been accomplished; the basic conclusions and findings obtained, highlighting new insights into the thesis; the significance of the conclusions or results.
2. Abstract requirements: rigorous structure, concise expression, semantic precision, concise text, the content of the full summary, its word count is generally no more than 5% of the word count of the paper.
3. Notes on abstract writing
1) Abstracts should exclude the content of the field of the discipline has become common knowledge
2) Do not write into the abstract what should be in the introduction
3) Generally, do not interpret the content of the paper and comments (especially self-evaluation)
4) shall not be simply repeated in the title of the existing information
5) The abstract should not be written in the form of an abstract, but it should be written in the form of a summary of the paper. /p>
5) The abstract should be organized in a logical order of what is written first and what is written second. Sentences are coherent between the top and bottom of the sentence, sentence type should strive to be simple, each sentence should be expressed clearly, without vague, general, ambiguous words. The summary is not subparagraphs.
6) Use the third person. It is recommended to use the notation "a study was conducted on ......", "a survey was conducted on ......" to indicate the nature of the literature and the subject matter of the literature at one time. The nature of the literature and the subject of the literature, do not need to use "this paper", "the author", etc. as the subject.
7) Use standardized terminology, not non-public symbols and terms. If the terminology is new or there is no suitable Chinese terminology, it can be used in the original language or translated with parentheses to indicate the original language.
8) Do not use mathematical formulas and chemical formulas, and do not use illustrations and tables, except for those that cannot be adapted.
9) Do not use citations unless the literature confirms or refutes the published work of others.
10) Abbreviations, acronyms, and code names must be stated when they first appear, except for those that can be clearly understood by readers of neighboring specialties.
Key words (</b> Key words)
Key words belong to a category of subject words. Keywords are subject words that mark the key thematic content of the literature, but are not standardized. A paper can choose 3 to 8 words as keywords. The method of selecting keywords is by the author, after finishing the writing of the paper, looking through the whole text and selecting phrases or words that can indicate the main content of the paper.
亍 ?b> Introduction (</b> Introduction)
The introduction, also known as preface, belongs to the introductory part of the whole paper. Its writing content includes: the reason for the study, purpose, background, previous work and knowledge gaps, theoretical basis and experimental basis, the expected results and its status, role and significance in related fields. The text of the introduction should not be lengthy, the choice of content does not have to be too scattered, trivial, the wording should be concise, to attract readers to read on. The length of the introduction size, there is no hard and fast uniform provisions, depending on the size of the entire paper and the need to determine the content of the paper, the long up to 700-800 words or 1000 words or so, the short can be less than 100 words.
The main body (</b> Main body)
The main body is the thesis of a thesis, belonging to the main body of the thesis, is the core part of the thesis, occupies the main space. The creative results or new research findings embodied in the thesis will be fully reflected in this part.
1, body content: investigation and research objects, experimental and observation methods, instrumentation, materials and raw materials, experimental and observation results, calculation methods and programming principles, data, after processing and organizing the charts and graphs, the formation of arguments and conclusions derived. Of course, the conclusion of which can be a separate part (or section) to develop the narrative.
2, paragraph division: depending on the nature and content of the paper, the paragraph as a relatively independent unit of the article to look at, to be good at dredging up ideas to enhance the rationality of thinking.
3, the composition of the paragraph requirements: the paragraph should be clear, the paragraph should be unified, the paragraph should be complete, the length of the paragraph should be moderate.
4, experimental results and analysis: this part is the key part of the paper, should be elaborated on the main, key and non-generally commonly used content, all through, standard and common instrumentation, only need to provide the model, specifications and main performance indicators. Lack of paper writing experience and literacy, it is easy to write this part of the experimental report, the experimental process is listed one by one, it is easy to make those who must let people know the important content of the flood in a large number of people born in a long text.
5, results and analysis: all the conclusions drawn from the whole text, all the arguments from this, all the reasoning from this. This part of the need to list the experimental data and observations, and analyze and discuss the experimental error. Be careful to scientifically and accurately express the necessary experimental results and discard unnecessary parts. Experimental data or results, usually expressed in tables, graphs or photographs, and try to use graphs, not tables or less tables.
6, results and discussion: for the "discussion" (or "analysis") of this part compared with other parts, it is more difficult to determine what should be written, is usually the most difficult part of writing. A well-written Discussion has the following key features: (1) It should attempt to present the principles, interrelationships, and inductive explanations demonstrated in the Results section, but it should only discuss the Results, not restate them. (ii) Be able to point out where your results and interpretations are consistent or inconsistent with previously published works. (iii) Discuss the theoretical implications of your work and the possibilities for practical application. ④ Be able to point out any exceptions or interrelationships that are problematic, and should clearly identify unresolved issues and directions for resolution.
Conclusion
The conclusion of the thesis should reflect the academic insights gained through experimental and observational studies and theoretical analysis. The conclusion should be the final, overarching conclusion of the paper.
1, the writing of the conclusion is characterized by: accuracy, completeness, clarity and conciseness.
2, the conclusion of the writing content: the results of this paper explains what the problem; on the previous views on what amendments, additions, development, confirmation or denial. The shortcomings of this paper or the legacy of unresolved issues, as well as possible key points and directions for solving these problems.
3, the conclusion of the writing requirements: rigorous wording, logical, specific text, often like the legal provisions, in order 1, 2, 3 ...... listed in the article, the language of the tentative nail, and can only make an interpretation, not ambiguous, ambiguous. The text should not be exaggerated, and attention to the content can not yet be completely sure to leave room for error.
Acknowledgement (</b> Acknowledgment)
In accordance with the provisions of GB7713-87, the acknowledgement statement is placed in the body of the text, reflecting the following aspects of thanks: the National Science Foundation, the contract unit, the financial support and support of enterprises, organizations or individuals; to assist in the completion of the research work and the provision of facilitating conditions for the organization or individual; in the research work of suggestions and provide help to the people. work and provided assistance; the owner of the information, pictures, documents, research ideas and concepts given reproduction and citation rights; and other organizations and people who should be thanked.
References (</b> Reference)
After the academic paper should generally list the references, the purpose of which is threefold: ① in order to reflect the true scientific basis; ② in order to reflect the serious attitude of science, to distinguish between their own views or results or the views or results of others; ③ in order to show respect for the scientific achievements of the predecessor, but also to indicate the source of the cited material. In order to indicate the source of the cited information, easy to retrieve.
In the process of writing an academic paper, there may be a lot of references cited, do I need to list them all?
The answer is no. In fact, only the most cited documents should be listed. In fact, it is only necessary to list the most important and critical references.