The original idea of IC card was put forward by the Japanese. in December 1969, Japan's Kunitaka Arimura (KuNItakaArimura) put forward a method of manufacturing safe and reliable credit cards, and was patented in 1970, which was then called ID card (IdentificationCard). in 1974, France's Roland Moreno ( In 1974, France Roland Moreno ( RolandMoreno ) invented with integrated circuit chip plastic card, and obtained the patent, this is the early IC card. 1976 France Boole ( Bull ) company developed the world's first IC card. 1984, France's PTT ( Posts, Telegraphs andTelephones ) will be used for the IC card for telephone cards. Due to the good security and reliability of the IC card, it gained unexpected success. Subsequently, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO, International Standardization Organization) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC, International ElectrotechnicalCommission) of the Joint Technical Committee for the development of a series of international standards, specifications, greatly promoting the use of IC cards.
IC card compared to the previous identification card, has the following characteristics: First, high reliability - IC card with anti-magnetic, anti-static, anti-mechanical damage and chemical damage and other capabilities, the information can be saved for more than 100 years, the number of read-write in more than 100,000 times, at least available for 10 years; second is good security; third is a large storage capacity; fourth is the type of multi-. From a global perspective, the scope of application of IC card is now no longer limited to the early communication field, but widely used in financial and financial, social insurance, transportation and tourism, health care, government administration, commodity retailing, leisure and entertainment, school management and other fields.
Currently in China, with the continuous development of the construction of the Golden Card Project, the IC card has been widely used in many fields and has achieved initial social and economic benefits. 2000, the national IC card issuance volume of about 230 million, of which telecom occupies most of the market share. There were more than 120 million IC cards for public telephones, more than 42 million SIM cards for mobile telephones, and about 60 million IC cards of other kinds.In 2001, the total shipment of IC cards was about 380 million, an increase of 26% compared with the previous year; the issuance volume was about 320 million, an increase of 40% compared with the previous year. From the field of application, public telephone IC card issued more than 170 million, SIM card issued 55 million, public transportation IC card for 3.2 million, social security field card issued 14 million, other cards issued 80 million.
Despite the fact that the issuance of IC cards has maintained a high growth rate, market sales are still a very small portion of the IT market. According to CCID statistics, in 2001, China's computer market sales of about 250.2 billion yuan, while the IC card market sales of less than 2.1 billion yuan. IC card market does not yet constitute a bright spot in China's IT industry, the pulling effect on the IT market is not obvious. On the one hand, this restricts IT enterprises to invest in IC card technology, on the other hand, it also indicates the huge development space of China's IC card market. With the increase of government management and support, and the improvement of technology R&D level, the competitive pattern of IC card market will undergo profound changes. As high-end chips, core modules, financial POS machines, production equipment, etc. are mastered by foreign enterprises, resulting in a relative monopoly of some market segments by foreign brands. With the launch of the government smart card project, the gradual opening of the mobile communications market, the technical strength of domestic enterprises and the optimization of the process, so that the market share of foreign brands to a large extent limited, while the domestic brand will have rapid development. Some domestic IC card enterprises growing up from the telecommunication market, relying on strong financial and technical strength, will continue to expand their business in the fields of ID card, finance, social security, transportation, etc., and directly participate in international competition.
2002 and even the next five years, is China's IC card applications to the deep development of the period. China's IC card market pattern will be from disorder to order, the market competition will be from limited to unlimited, IC card market will gradually mature into a micro-profit era. In this situation, the mere amount of cards issued and the number of new products cannot measure the level of development of the IC card industry and market, and the degree of market development ultimately depends on the level of application of IC cards and the social benefits they bring. From the point of view of sustainable development, strengthening industry standardization and promoting IC card enterprises to shift from product- and technology-based to application- and service-oriented will become an important trend in the development of China's IC card market.
In 1970, the French Roland Moreno (Roland Moreno) for the first time can be programmed to set the IC (IntegratedCircuit) chip put in the card, so that the card has more functions. At that time, he described this technology as: inlaid with self-protecting memory card. This gave birth to the world's first IC card.
In the thirty years since then, with the development of ultra-large-scale integrated circuit technology, computer technology and information security technology, IC card types are more abundant and the technology is more mature, and has been widely used at home and abroad. The following is a detailed classification and simple analysis of IC cards from different angles. First, according to the inlaid chip is divided into different:
1. memory card: card chip for the electrically erasable programmable read-only memory EEPROM (Electrically Erasable ProgrammableRead-onlyMemory), as well as the address decoding circuits and command decoding circuits. In order to encapsulate it in a 0.76mm plastic card base, it is made into a 0.3mm thin structure. Memory cards are passive cards, usually using synchronous communication. This card is convenient to store, simple to use, inexpensive, in many occasions can replace the magnetic card. However, this type of IC card does not have the function of confidentiality, and thus is generally used to store information that does not require confidentiality. For example, the first aid card used in medical treatment and the customer menu card used in the catering industry. Common memory cards are ATMEL's AT24C16, AT24C64 and so on.
2. Logic encryption card: this type of card in addition to memory card EEPROM, but also with encryption logic, each read/write the card before the password verification. If the password verification is wrong for several times in a row, the card will self-lock and become a dead card. From the aspect of data management, password verification and identification, the logic encryption card is also a passive type of card, using synchronization for communication. This type of card storage is relatively small, relatively inexpensive, suitable for occasions with certain confidentiality requirements, such as cafeteria dining card, telephone card, public **** business charge card. Common logical encryption card SIEMENS SLE4442, SLE4428, ATMEL AT88SC1608 and so on.
3. CPU card: This type of chip contains microprocessor unit (CPU), storage unit (RAM, ROM and EEPROM), and input/output interface unit. The CPU manages the encryption/decryption and transmission of information, strictly guards against illegal access to the card information, and will lock the corresponding information area (the card) if it is found to be illegally accessed several times. The CPU manages the encryption/decryption and transmission of information, and strictly prevents illegal access to the information in the card, and if several illegal accesses are found, the corresponding information area will be locked (or can be unlocked with a higher level command). However, CPU card's good processing ability and excellent confidentiality performance make it become the main direction of IC card development. CPU card is suitable for occasions with particularly high confidentiality requirements, such as financial card, military secret order transmission card, etc. The international well-known CPU card is widely used in the world. The more famous international CPU card providers are Gemplus, G&D, Schlumberger and so on.
4. Super smart card: on the basis of the CPU card to increase the keyboard, LCD display, power supply, that is, a super smart card, some cards also have a fingerprint identification device. VISA international credit card organizations test a super card that comes with 20 Jian, can display 16 characters, in addition to timing, computer exchange rate conversion function, but also stores personal information, medical, travel data and telephone numbers. data and telephone numbers.
Two, according to the card and the outside world data exchange interface is divided into:
1. Contact IC card: this type of card is through the IC card reading and writing equipment contacts and IC card contacts for data reading and writing. International standard ISO7816 on the mechanical characteristics of such cards, electrical characteristics and other strict regulations.
2. Non-contact IC card: this type of card and IC card equipment without circuit contact, but through non-contact reading and writing technology for reading and writing (such as optical or wireless technology). Its embedded chip in addition to the CPU, logic unit, storage unit, an increase of radio frequency transceiver circuit. The international standard ISO10536 series describes the regulations for contactless IC cards. This type of card is generally used in frequent use, relatively small amount of information, reliability requirements of the occasion.
3. Dual-interface card: combining contact IC card and contactless IC card into one card, which operates independently, but can **** with CPU and storage space.
Three, according to the card and the outside world for the exchange of data transmission is divided into:
1. Serial IC card: IC card and the outside world for the exchange of data, the data flow in accordance with the serial mode of input and output, electrode contacts are less, generally 6 or 8. Serial IC card interface is simple, easy to use, the current use of the largest. The IC card defined by the international standard ISO7816 is such a card.
2. Parallel IC card: IC card and the outside world for data exchange in parallel, there are more electrode contacts, generally between 28 and 68. Mainly has two aspects of the benefits, one is to improve the speed of data exchange, the second is the existing conditions of the storage capacity can be significantly increased.
A variety of smart cards and SIM cards
4. According to the different application areas of the card can be divided into:
1. Financial card: also known as the bank card, and can be divided into two kinds of credit cards and cash cards. The former is used for consumer payments, can be overdrawn according to the pre-set amount of funds; the latter can be used as an electronic wallet or electronic passbook, but not overdrawn.
2. Non-financial cards: also known as non-bank cards, the scope is very wide, actually includes all areas outside the financial card, such as telecommunications, tourism, education and public transportation and so on.
(3) Transportation cards: widely used
(4) Government application cards: now more widely used, such as the recent promotion of social security cards.
Smart card (Smart card or IC Card), also known as smart card, smart card, integrated circuit card and IC card, is a portable card plastic with an integrated circuit chip pasted or embedded. The card contains a microprocessor, I / O interface and memory, provides the data calculation, access control and storage functions, the size of the card, contact definition is currently standardized by the ISO specification unification, the main specification in ISO7810. The common ones are telephone IC card, identity IC card, and some transportation tickets and memory cards.
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