Logistics management knowledge of loading and unloading

The flow of goods from production to consumption, loading and unloading operations are indispensable. Loading and unloading handling does not directly create value, but the good or bad of loading and unloading handling affects the cost of logistics. Thus, loading and unloading is one of the components of the logistics system, is for procurement, distribution, transportation and storage needs and operations. Reasonable loading and unloading is one of the important means to improve the efficiency of logistics.

First, the concept of loading and unloading

In the same geographical area (such as the station range, the scope of factories, warehouses, etc.) in order to change the "thing" of the state of storage, support the activities known as loading and unloading. For the container, can also be loaded into the container is called loading, and will be removed from the container is called unloading. To change the "thing" of the spatial position of the activity is called handling, handling refers to a relatively short distance will be moved items. Both full name loading and unloading handling. In practice, loading and unloading and handling is inextricably linked, the two are accompanied by together.

Loading and unloading handling has the following characteristics: ① loading and unloading handling is subsidiary, companion activities. ② loading and unloading is to support, safeguard activities. ③ loading and unloading handling is the convergence of activities.

In the past, loading and unloading is the operation of using more manpower, in recent years began to pursue mechanization, automation, labor-saving and unmanned methods to reduce labor and reduce costs. This trend is the direction to improve the efficiency of loading and unloading handling.

"loading and unloading" and "handling" of the main difference is: "loading and unloading" refers to the commodities in the space of the vertical direction of the main displacement, while the "handling". "Handling" refers to commodities in the region of the short distance, to the horizontal direction of the main displacement. As commodities in the space of the absolute displacement or the occurrence of absolute horizontal displacement of the case is not much, most of the cases is the composite movement of the two, therefore, sometimes the vertical displacement of the main that is "loading and unloading", to the horizontal displacement of the main that is "handling".

The loading and unloading of commodities throughout the whole process of commodity entity movement. Whether it is the transportation, storage and custody of goods, or commodity distribution, packaging and circulation processing are accompanied by loading and unloading operations. In the whole logistics activities, loading and unloading accounted for a large proportion. Therefore, the loading and unloading efficiency, loading and unloading quality, loading and unloading cost of the size of the whole logistics activities are closely related. It can be said that the rationalization of loading and unloading is also an important issue of logistics rationalization, improve loading and unloading operations is to accelerate the turnover of vehicles and ships, accelerate the speed of commodity delivery to speed up the reduction of capital consumption, simplify the packaging and reduce the loss of an important means of improving the overall efficiency of logistics has an important role.

Second, the role of loading and unloading and handling in logistics

1, loading and unloading and handling is an important part of the efficiency of logistics

Loading and unloading and handling is with the transportation and storage of the logistics activities necessary to produce, is the transportation, storage, packaging, circulation and processing logistics activities. Intermediate links for convergence, as well as in the custody of activities such as inspection, maintenance, maintenance of loading and unloading activities, such as loading and unloading of goods, transfer, picking, sorting and so on. In the whole process of logistics activities, loading and unloading activities are frequent, and thus the time occupied by handling activities is an important factor affecting the efficiency of logistics. When the railroad transportation is less than 500 kilometers, the time of loading and unloading is more than the actual transportation time. Ocean shipping between the United States and Japan, a round-trip cycle of 25 days, the time in transit for 1-3 days, while the loading and unloading handling needs 12 days. In addition, from production to consumption of the circulation process, due to the frequent occurrence of loading and unloading activities, loading and unloading handling of good and bad on the logistics cost of the impact is great, loading and unloading handling operations and the items were damaged, defacement caused by the loss is closely related to the cost of packaging of the goods also have a certain impact. The management of loading and unloading handling, mainly on the choice of the use of loading and unloading handling mode, the choice of loading and unloading handling machinery and equipment, reasonable configuration and use, as well as the rationalization of loading and unloading handling to minimize the number of times of loading and unloading handling, to avoid the loss of goods, in order to improve the efficiency of logistics.

2, loading and unloading is the main factor affecting the cost of logistics

With the expansion of the scale of industrial production and automation to improve the degree of material handling costs accounted for a greater and greater proportion of industrial production costs. According to relevant statistics, each production of 1 ton of products, often need 252 tons of loading and unloading handling, the cost of processing costs of 15.5%. The United States industrial production process of loading and unloading handling costs accounted for 20% to 30% of the cost of German enterprises material handling costs accounted for the turnover of l / 3, Japan material handling costs accounted for 10.73% of the gross national product. China's railroad transportation and arrival of the beginning of the loading and unloading operation costs roughly 20% of the freight, shipping accounted for about 40%.

In the logistics process, loading and unloading and handling activities are constantly appearing and repeated, it appears more often than other logistics activities, each loading and unloading and handling activities are to spend a long time, so often become the key to determine the speed of logistics. Loading and unloading and handling activities consume a lot of manpower, so the proportion of loading and unloading and handling costs in the logistics cost is also higher. Therefore, in order to improve logistics efficiency and reduce logistics costs, loading and unloading is an important link. Improve the degree of automation of the material transportation and storage process, to improve logistics management, improve product quality, reduce production costs, shorten the production cycle, accelerate the turnover of funds and improve the overall efficiency of the important significance.

3, loading and unloading is the bridge connecting the other main aspects of logistics

loading and unloading as one of the components of the logistics system, is for the transportation and storage of the needs of the operation. For example, transportation, storage, packaging and circulation processing logistics activities, are linked by loading and unloading and handling activities, as well as in the custody of activities such as inspection, maintenance, maintenance of loading and unloading activities, such as loading of goods on the unloading, transfer and classification, etc. should be accomplished through loading and unloading and handling. However, relative to the place utility generated by the transportation and custody of the time utility, loading and unloading activities itself does not produce value. However, it is an indispensable link.

Third, the principle of rationalization of loading and unloading operations

1, to improve the level of mechanization

Initial stage, the handling of machinery is mostly used in the following cases: overweight items; handling a large amount of manpower, labor intensive, manpower is difficult to operate the goods; powder or liquid Material handling; speed is too fast or distance is too long, manpower can not handle; loading and unloading operation height difference is too large, manpower can not operate.

For labor-intensive, poor working conditions, handling, loading and unloading of frequent, repetitive movements of the link, should be used as far as possible, effective mechanized mode of operation. For example, the use of automated three-dimensional warehouse can be reduced to a minimum degree of human operation, and mechanization, automation level has been greatly improved.

The future direction of development is that, even in the human can operate the occasion, in order to improve productivity, safety, serviceability and adaptability of operations, etc., should also be human operation should be transferred to the realization of the machinery, and the human can play a role in the more advanced work.

2, reduce the ineffective operation

According to a certain operating process to complete the loading and unloading of goods handling, but also to complete many operations. Operation that produces cost, therefore, should avoid ineffective operation, can take a variety of measures, such as reducing the number of operations, so that the handling distance as short as possible, etc.. To improve the purity of handling, only the necessary materials, such as some materials to remove impurities before handling is more reasonable; to avoid over-packaging, reduce the ineffective load; improve the loading efficiency, give full play to the capacity of the handling machine and loading space; hollow objects can be filled with other small items and then carry out the handling; reduce the number of times backward, because the number of times the operation increased not only wasted manpower, materials, but also increase the damage to the goods The possibility of damage is also increased.

3, improve the loading and unloading activity

Loading and unloading activity refers to the state of storage of goods on the loading and unloading of the role of the convenience (or ease) of the degree of cargo known as the "activity", also known as the loading and unloading activity. Activity can be "activity index" for quantitative measurement. For example, the factory materials in the bulk state of the activity index is 0 (moving one by one with manpower to the means of transportation); in the collection of state activity index is 1 (can be a one-time handling); in the state of the support cushion, such as placed in the tray of the activity index of 2 (can be easily handled by the use of machinery); in the state of the loading, such as placed in the trolley, the activity index of 3 (do not need to rely on other machinery can be moved) ; in the conveyor equipment on the movement of materials, their activity index is 4 (goods are already in a state of movement).

In the yard loading and unloading handling process, the next step in the process than the previous step in the process of the activity index is high, therefore, the next step in the process than the previous step in the process of more convenient operation, it is called "activation". The processes and steps of loading and unloading should be designed so that the activity index of the goods is gradually increased, and therefore it is called "step-by-step activation". At the same time that the processes and steps are designed in such a way as to achieve step-by-step activation, measures and methods are also taken to save labor and reduce energy consumption as much as possible. Examples of these methods and measures are: hardening of the operating site as far as possible; movement services as much as possible, clean and precise; in order to meet the operational requirements of the premise of the net weight of the goods and its unit of gross weight ratio as close as possible to l; can be carried out horizontal loading and unloading, rolling loading and unloading, and as far as possible to use the level of loading and unloading and rolling loading and unloading.

The size of the mobility when moving goods reflects the degree of rationalization of logistics. Items placed to facilitate the next move, for example, loaded in containers and cushion the items placed on the ground than scattered items easier to move; loaded on the time to consider easy to unload; in the warehouse to consider easy to get out of the warehouse; but also to create easy to move the environment and the use of easy to move the packaging.

4, the use of gravity and reduce the additional weight

In the handling of goods, loading and unloading and storage, should be used as much as possible to save energy and investment in the self-weight of the goods. For example, the use of terrain differences for loading, the use of gravity shelves stacking and so on. In order to ensure the safety of goods handling, loading and unloading and stacking under the premise of additional tools should be minimized to reduce the weight of the self-weight and the weight of the packaging of the goods.

5, to maintain a balanced and smooth logistics

When the handling of items fluctuate greatly, it will make handling operations become difficult. However, the handling operation is also subject to transportation and other aspects of the constraints of its rhythm can not be completely independent of the decision, it must be a combination of factors properly arranged, so that the flow of goods as far as possible balanced, to avoid the phenomenon of uneven busy and idle.

6, set loading unitization

The scattered objects placed in a unified format set loading unit called set loading unitization. In order to improve the handling, loading and unloading and stockpiling efficiency, improve mechanization, automation and management level, should be based on the ability of the equipment, as far as possible to expand the logistics unit of the goods, such as the use of pallets, boxes, etc.. This is the improvement of the handling operation is the vital principle, can achieve the following purposes: due to the handling unit becomes larger, can play the effectiveness of machinery, improve operational efficiency, handling convenient, flexible; load size uniformity, conducive to the implementation of the standardization of operations; in the process of operation to avoid damage to the goods; the protection of the goods being handled in a favorable manner. At present, the faster development of the container unit is a standardized large unit loaded with goods containers.

7, the links balanced, coordinated

Loading and unloading handling operations is the organic composition of the links of the line, only the links are coordinated, in order to make the whole line of operation to produce the desired results. Should make the loading and unloading of all aspects of the productivity of the coordination, ability to adapt to each other. Because the individual weak link of the production capacity of the decision of the whole loading and unloading handling operations of the integrated capacity, so, for the weak link, take measures to improve the ability to make the loading and unloading handling system of the highest comprehensive efficiency.

8, system efficiency maximization

In the circulation of goods, should strive to improve the efficiency of packaging, loading and unloading, transportation and storage of logistics elements. Due to the existence of the logistics elements of the relationship between the benefits of the reverse, if the separate alone, then, the overall efficiency of the logistics system is not necessarily able to improve, therefore, to study the problem from the perspective of the logistics of the overall situation.

Fourth, loading and unloading handling equipment and loading and unloading handling operations

Loading and unloading handling equipment is one of the important symbols of modernization of loading and unloading handling operations. The type of equipment, the main parameters and various types of mechanical characteristics of understanding, is the use and selection of loading and unloading equipment must have the conditions. Commonly used loading and unloading handling equipment are mainly loading and unloading handling machinery and containers.

1, loading and unloading handling machinery

Loading and unloading handling machinery includes the following types:

Cranes: overhead cranes, jib cranes, bridge cranes, container cranes, alley stacking machines or warehouse stocker, truck cranes, gantry cranes and other types of cantilever cranes.

Conveyor: roller conveyor, belt conveyor, shelf conveyor, hanging conveyor, accumulative conveyor, chain conveyor, retractable conveyor, automatic classification conveyor.

Elevators: manual forklift, counterweight forklift, telescopic forklift, narrow aisle forklift, picking forklift, sheet pallet forklift, unmanned forklift.

Lifting winches, industrial vehicles and other machines.

2, loading and unloading containers

Packaging cartons; plastic boxes; pallets (wooden pallets, iron pallets, plastic pallets, aluminum pallets) and so on.

Fifth, do a good job of loading and unloading handling work on logistics management is important

Do a good job of loading and unloading handling work on logistics management is important to: help accelerate the turnover of vehicles and ships to improve the utilization rate of Hong Kong, stations, libraries; speed up the delivery of goods, reduce the occupancy of liquidity, reducing the breakage of goods and the occurrence of a variety of accidents.

Six, loading and unloading handling operation rationalization should take some effective measures

(a) prevent and eliminate loading and unloading handling in the ineffective operation

loading and unloading handling in the ineffective operation refers to the loading and unloading handling activities beyond the necessary handling, loading and unloading the amount of redundant and inefficient operations.

Elimination and prevention of ineffective operation of loading and unloading operations to improve the economy and efficiency has an important role. We can prevent, eliminate and reduce the ineffective operation of loading and unloading from the following aspects. First of all, to minimize the number of loading and unloading, so that the number of loading and unloading is reduced to a minimum, to avoid no logistics effect of loading and unloading operations. Secondly, to improve the purity of the material to be loaded and unloaded handling, the purity of the material mainly refers to the impurities contained in the material, water and other substances that have nothing to do with the use of the material itself quality. The higher the purity of the material, the higher the degree of effectiveness of the loading and unloading operations. On the contrary, it indicates that the more ineffective operation, the lower the efficiency and conduct. Again, the packaging should be appropriate, especially the circulation of packaging, it is indispensable in the logistics of auxiliary means of operation. Packaging of practical, simple and lightweight will reduce different degrees of handling on the role of packaging on the ineffective labor, so that the efficiency and economy have been improved. Finally, we must try to shorten the distance of the loading and unloading operations, materials in the loading and unloading of handling, to achieve horizontal and vertical displacement in both directions, choose the shortest route to complete this activity, you can avoid the shortest route beyond the ineffective labor brought about by this, thereby reducing the number of people, money and material inputs, reduce logistics costs.

(ii) improve the loading and unloading handling `flexibility

Loading and unloading handling flexibility refers to the loading and unloading operations in the material handling operations when the degree of speed and difficulty. Therefore, in the design and stacking of goods, prior consideration should be given to the ease of loading and unloading of materials handling operations to improve the material activity index.

loading and unloading handling operations to make the material vertical and horizontal displacement, to try to realize the loading and unloading handling operations of the labor-saving in order to improve the efficiency of the operation as much as possible to eliminate the gravity to the loading and unloading handling to bring the adverse effects.

Methods can be taken or more, for example, in the case of conditions can be used to load and unload gravity, which can reduce energy consumption, reduce labor intensity; will be equipped with a power of small transport belt (board) placed diagonally on trucks, vans or platforms for loading and unloading operations, so that the material in the incline of the conveyor belt (board) on the move, this loading and unloading is mainly relying on the gravity of the level of the force completed In the handling operation, you can not move by hand, but the material on a car, by the apparatus to bear the weight of the object, people only need to overcome the resistance brought about by rolling, so that the material can be moved forward horizontally, which is undoubtedly a very labor-saving approach.

(D) reasonable organization of loading and unloading handling equipment, fully improve the level of mechanization of the operation

The organization of material loading and unloading handling equipment is to complete the loading and unloading tasks for the purpose and starting point, and to improve the loading and unloading of loading and unloading equipment quality, productivity and reduce the cost of loading and unloading and handling operations for the center and the purpose of the organization of the activity, which includes the following elements: first, to determine the amount of loading and unloading handling operations in a certain time period, based on the amount of time, the amount of loading and unloading operations. First of all, to determine in a certain period of time the amount of loading and unloading handling operations, according to the logistics plan, the economic contract, the number of loading and unloading, loading and unloading of trucks time limit, etc., to determine the target site specific loading and unloading handling tasks. The loading and unloading handling task volume has been determined in advance by the invariable factors, there may also be temporary changes, and changes in the uncertainty of the larger factors. Therefore, if you want to rationalize the use of loading and unloading handling equipment, it is necessary to plan the amount of tasks and the actual amount of loading and unloading handling operations between the two gaps as far as possible to control and reduce to an acceptable minimum level.

At the same time, loading and unloading handling operation organization work also need to loading and unloading handling operation cargo object quantity, quality, specifications, varieties and other indicators, as well as handling distance and other matters as far as possible to make detailed planning and arrangements. Secondly, according to the productivity of the loading and unloading handling equipment and the size of the loading and unloading handling task and other factors, to determine the number of loading and unloading handling equipment and technical indicators, according to the productivity of the loading and unloading handling equipment, loading and unloading tasks and the number of equipment required, the preparation of loading and unloading handling operation progress plan. Finally, according to the actual situation of loading and unloading handling, under the loading and unloading handling progress plan, arrange the appropriate labor force and work shifts, statistics and analysis of loading and unloading operations to achieve results, evaluation of loading and unloading and handling operations, efficiency and economic efficiency, as well as how to improve and so on.

(E) promote the combination of loading and unloading handling method

In the loading and unloading handling operations, usually according to the type of different materials, weight, shape and nature of different to determine the different loading and unloading handling operations. Handling of material handling methods are mainly three kinds: (1) block processing method is the ordinary packaging of materials one by one for loading and unloading; (2) bulk processing method is the material will not add a small package of material and as is loading and unloading; (3) set of processing method is the material to the pallet, containers, container, bags, etc. as a unit for the combination of loading and unloading after the handling. Packaging materials should be packaged as much as possible, because the realization of packaging and unitization of loading and unloading handling, you can make full use of mechanized operation, improve operational efficiency, reduce loading and unloading handling costs.

Combination of loading and unloading handling operations have many advantages, such as loading and unloading handling unit number of high operational efficiency, can save a lot of loading and unloading handling operations of the time consumed; can improve the flexibility of the material handling; can not use the labor force in direct contact with a variety of materials to achieve the protection of the material and save the effect of the labor force.

(F) rational planning of loading and unloading handling operations and processes

Loading and unloading handling operations refers to the continuity of the entire loading and unloading handling operations process is reasonably arranged to minimize the loading and unloading distance and loading and unloading number of times to improve the effectiveness of loading and unloading handling.

Improve the continuity of loading and unloading handling operations should pay attention to some aspects of:

(1) in the material site, loading and unloading handling machinery should be reasonably articulated and effective arrangements;

(2) different loading and unloading handling operations in the use of each other in conjunction with each other, we should strive to make their loading and unloading handling rate is equal or close to avoid the gap is too large to affect the efficiency;

( 3) fully trust and play the role of loading and unloading handling scheduler, once the loading and unloading handling operation obstacles or stagnation, should immediately take strong measures to remedy to reduce losses.

VII. Conclusion

In the logistics of the various links or the same link between different activities, loading and unloading handling operations are indispensable, there are loading and unloading handling operations involved. Therefore, in the logistics process, loading and unloading handling is the highest frequency of an operation is essential. Loading and unloading handling activities, the efficiency and cost of the high and low, will directly affect the overall efficiency and cost of enterprise logistics.

Loading and unloading handling costs account for a considerable proportion of logistics costs, the rationalization of loading and unloading handling activities is crucial to the rationalization of the logistics system as a whole, we should pay attention to other logistics aspects as much as the importance of loading and unloading handling, rather than ignoring loading and unloading handling links, it is only regarded as a part of the other logistics aspects.

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